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Ans 14
1.
Human Anatomy &
Physiology SEVENTH EDITION Elaine N. Marieb Katja Hoehn Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PowerPoint® Lecture Slides prepared by Vince Austin, Bluegrass Technical and Community College C H A P T E R 14 The Autonomic Nervous System
2.
Autonomic Nervous System
(ANS) The ANS consists of motor neurons that: Innervate smooth and cardiac muscle and glands Make adjustments to ensure optimal support for body activities Operate via subconscious control Have viscera as most of their effectors Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
3.
ANS in the
Nervous System Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 14.1
4.
ANS Versus Somatic
Nervous System (SNS) The ANS differs from the SNS in the following three areas Effectors Efferent pathways Target organ responses Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
5.
Effectors The
effectors of the SNS are skeletal muscles The effectors of the ANS are cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
6.
Efferent Pathways
Heavily myelinated axons of the somatic motor neurons extend from the CNS to the effector Axons of the ANS are a two-neuron chain The preganglionic (first) neuron has a lightly myelinated axon The ganglionic (second) neuron extends to an effector organ Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
7.
Neurotransmitter Effects
All somatic motor neurons release Acetylcholine (ACh), which has an excitatory effect In the ANS: Preganglionic fibers release ACh Postganglionic fibers release norepinephrine or ACh and the effect is either stimulatory or inhibitory ANS effect on the target organ is dependent upon the neurotransmitter released and the receptor type of the effector Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
8.
Comparison of Somatic
and Autonomic Systems Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 14.2
9.
Divisions of the
ANS ANS divisions: sympathetic and parasympathetic The sympathetic mobilizes the body during extreme situations The parasympathetic performs maintenance activities and conserves body energy The two divisions counterbalance each other Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
10.
Role of the
Parasympathetic Division Concerned with keeping body energy use low Involves the D activities – digestion, defecation, and diuresis Its activity is illustrated in a person who relaxes after a meal Blood pressure, heart rate, and respiratory rates are low Gastrointestinal tract activity is high The skin is warm and the pupils are constricted Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
11.
Role of the
Sympathetic Division The sympathetic division is the “fight-or-flight” system Involves E activities – exercise, excitement, emergency, and embarrassment Promotes adjustments during exercise – blood flow to organs is reduced, flow to muscles is increased Its activity is illustrated by a person who is threatened Heart rate increases, and breathing is rapid and deep The skin is cold and sweaty, and the pupils dilate Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
12.
Division Origin of
Fibers Length of Fibers Location of Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Ganglia Sympathetic Thoracolumbar region of the spinal cord Short preganglionic and long postganglionic Close to the spinal cord Parasympathetic Brain and sacral spinal cord Long preganglionic and short postganglionic In the visceral effector organs Anatomy of ANS
13.
Copyright © 2006
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 14.3
14.
Cranial Outflow Cranial
Nerve Ganglion Effector Organ(s) Occulomotor (III) Ciliary Eye Facial (VII) Pterygopalatin Submandibular Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Salivary, nasal, and lacrimal glands Glossopharyngeal (IX) Otic Parotid salivary glands Vagus (X) Located within the walls of target organs Heart, lungs, and most visceral organs Sacral Outflow S2-S4 Located within the walls of the target organs Large intestine, urinary bladder, ureters, and reproductive organs Parasympathetic Division Outflow
15.
Copyright © 2006
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 14.4
16.
Sympathetic Outflow
Arises from spinal cord segments T1 through L2 Sympathetic neurons produce the lateral horns of the spinal cord Preganglionic fibers pass through the white rami communicantes and synapse in the chain (paravertebral) ganglia Fibers from T5-L2 form splanchnic nerves and synapse with collateral ganglia Postganglionic fibers innervate the numerous organs of the body Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
17.
Copyright © 2006
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 14.5
18.
Sympathetic Trunks and
Pathways The paravertebral ganglia form part of the sympathetic trunk or chain Typically there are 23 ganglia – 3 cervical, 11 thoracic, 4 lumbar, 4 sacral, and 1 coccygeal Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
19.
Sympathetic Trunks and
Pathways Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 14.6
20.
Sympathetic Trunks and
Pathways A preganglionic fiber follows one of three pathways upon entering the paravertebral ganglia Synapse with the ganglionic neuron within the same ganglion Ascend or descend the sympathetic chain to synapse in another chain ganglion Pass through the chain ganglion and emerge without synapsing Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
21.
Pathways with Synapses
in Chain Ganglia Postganglionic axons enter the ventral rami via the gray rami communicantes These fibers innervate sweat glands and arrector pili muscles Rami communicantes are associated only with the sympathetic division Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
22.
Pathways to the
Head Preganglionic fibers emerge from T1-T4 and synapse in the superior cervical ganglion These fibers: Serve the skin and blood vessels of the head Stimulate dilator muscles of the iris Inhibit nasal and salivary glands Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
23.
Pathways to the
Thorax Preganglionic fibers emerge from T1-T6 and synapse in the cervical chain ganglia Postganglionic fibers emerge from the middle and inferior cervical ganglia and enter nerves C4-C8 These fibers innervate the heart via the cardiac plexus, as well as innervating the thyroid and the skin Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
24.
Pathways to the
Thorax Other T1-T6 preganglionic fibers synapse in the nearest chain ganglia Postganglionic fibers directly serve the heart, aorta, lungs, and esophagus Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
25.
Pathways with Synapses
in Collateral Ganglia These fibers (T5-L2) leave the sympathetic chain without synapsing They form thoracic, lumbar, and sacral splanchnic nerves Their ganglia include the celiac, the superior and inferior mesenterics, and the hypogastric Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
26.
Pathways to the
Abdomen Sympathetic nerves innervating the abdomen have preganglionic fibers from T5-L2 They travel through the thoracic splanchnic nerves and synapse at the celiac and superior mesenteric ganglia Postganglionic fibers serve the stomach, intestines, liver, spleen, and kidneys Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
27.
Pathways to the
Pelvis Preganglionic fibers originate from T10-L2 Most travel via the lumbar and sacral splanchnic nerves to the inferior mesenteric and hypogastric ganglia Postganglionic fibers serve the distal half of the large intestine, the urinary bladder, and the reproductive organs Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
28.
Pathways with Synapses
in the Adrenal Medulla Fibers of the thoracic splanchnic nerve pass directly to the adrenal medulla Upon stimulation, medullary cells secrete norepinephrine and epinephrine into the blood Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
29.
Segmental Sympathetic Supplies
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Table 14.2
30.
Visceral Reflexes
Visceral reflexes have the same elements as somatic reflexes They are always polysynaptic pathways Afferent fibers are found in spinal and autonomic nerves Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
31.
Visceral Reflexes Copyright
© 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 14.7
32.
Referred Pain
Pain stimuli arising from the viscera are perceived as somatic in origin This may be due to the fact that visceral pain afferents travel along the same pathways as somatic pain fibers Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 14.8
33.
Neurotransmitters and Receptors
Acetylcholine (ACh) and norepinephrine (NE) are the two major neurotransmitters of the ANS ACh is released by all preganglionic axons and all parasympathetic postganglionic axons Cholinergic fibers – ACh-releasing fibers Adrenergic fibers – sympathetic postganglionic axons that release NE Neurotransmitter effects can be excitatory or inhibitory depending upon the receptor type Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
34.
Cholinergic Receptors
The two types of receptors that bind ACh are nicotinic and muscarinic These are named after drugs that bind to them and mimic ACh effects Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
35.
Nicotinic Receptors
Nicotinic receptors are found on: Motor end plates (somatic targets) All ganglionic neurons of both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions The hormone-producing cells of the adrenal medulla The effect of ACh binding to nicotinic receptors is always stimulatory Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
36.
Muscarinic Receptors
Muscarinic receptors occur on all effector cells stimulated by postganglionic cholinergic fibers The effect of ACh binding: Can be either inhibitory or excitatory Depends on the receptor type of the target organ Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
37.
Adrenergic Receptors
The two types of adrenergic receptors are alpha and beta Each type has two or three subclasses (a1, a2, b1, b2 , b3) Effects of NE binding to: a receptors is generally stimulatory b receptors is generally inhibitory A notable exception – NE binding to b receptors of the heart is stimulatory PPLLAAYY InterActive Physiology ®: Nervous System II: Synaptic Transmission, pages 8–9 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
38.
Effects of Drugs
Atropine – blocks parasympathetic effects Neostigmine – inhibits acetylcholinesterase and is used to treat myasthenia gravis Tricyclic antidepressants – prolong the activity of NE on postsynaptic membranes Over-the-counter drugs for colds, allergies, and nasal congestion – stimulate a-adrenergic receptors Beta-blockers – attach mainly to b1 receptors and reduce heart rate and prevent arrhythmias Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
39.
Drugs that Influence
the ANS Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Table 14.4
40.
Interactions of the
Autonomic Divisions Most visceral organs are innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers This results in dynamic antagonisms that precisely control visceral activity Sympathetic fibers increase heart and respiratory rates, and inhibit digestion and elimination Parasympathetic fibers decrease heart and respiratory rates, and allow for digestion and the discarding of wastes Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
41.
Sympathetic Tone
The sympathetic division controls blood pressure and keeps the blood vessels in a continual state of partial constriction This sympathetic tone (vasomotor tone): Constricts blood vessels and causes blood pressure to rise as needed Prompts vessels to dilate if blood pressure is to be decreased Alpha-blocker drugs interfere with vasomotor fibers and are used to treat hypertension Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
42.
Parasympathetic Tone
Parasympathetic tone: Slows the heart Dictates normal activity levels of the digestive and urinary systems The sympathetic division can override these effects during times of stress Drugs that block parasympathetic responses increase heart rate and block fecal and urinary retention Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
43.
Cooperative Effects
ANS cooperation is best seen in control of the external genitalia Parasympathetic fibers cause vasodilation and are responsible for erection of the penis and clitoris Sympathetic fibers cause ejaculation of semen in males and reflex peristalsis in females Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
44.
Unique Roles of
the Sympathetic Division Regulates many functions not subject to parasympathetic influence These include the activity of the adrenal medulla, sweat glands, arrector pili muscles, kidneys, and most blood vessels The sympathetic division controls: Thermoregulatory responses to heat Release of renin from the kidneys Metabolic effects Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
45.
Thermoregulatory Responses to
Heat Applying heat to the skin causes reflex dilation of blood vessels Systemic body temperature elevation results in widespread dilation of blood vessels This dilation brings warm blood to the surface and activates sweat glands to cool the body When temperature falls, blood vessels constrict and blood is retained in deeper vital organs Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
46.
Release of Renin
from the Kidneys Sympathetic impulses activate the kidneys to release renin Renin is an enzyme that promotes increased blood pressure Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
47.
Metabolic Effects
The sympathetic division promotes metabolic effects that are not reversed by the parasympathetic division Increases the metabolic rate of body cells Raises blood glucose levels Mobilizes fat as a food source Stimulates the reticular activating system (RAS) of the brain, increasing mental alertness Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
48.
Localized Versus Diffuse
Effects The parasympathetic division exerts short-lived, highly localized control The sympathetic division exerts long-lasting, diffuse effects Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
49.
Effects of Sympathetic
Activation Sympathetic activation is long-lasting because NE: Is inactivated more slowly than ACh Is an indirectly acting neurotransmitter, using a second-messenger system And epinephrine are released into the blood and remain there until destroyed by the liver Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
50.
Levels of ANS
Control The hypothalamus is the main integration center of ANS activity Subconscious cerebral input via limbic lobe connections influences hypothalamic function Other controls come from the cerebral cortex, the reticular formation, and the spinal cord Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
51.
Levels of ANS
Control Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 14.9
52.
Hypothalamic Control
Centers of the hypothalamus control: Heart activity and blood pressure Body temperature, water balance, and endocrine activity Emotional stages (rage, pleasure) and biological drives (hunger, thirst, sex) Reactions to fear and the “fight-or-flight” system Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
53.
Embryonic Development of
the ANS Preganglionic neurons are derived from the embryonic neural tube ANS structures in the PNS – ganglionic neurons, the adrenal medulla, and all autonomic ganglia – derive from the neural crest Nerve growth factor (NGF) is a protein secreted by target cells that aids in the development of ANS pathways Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
54.
Developmental Aspects of
the ANS During youth, ANS impairments are usually due to injury In old age, ANS efficiency decreases, resulting in constipation, dry eyes, and orthostatic hypotension Orthostatic hypotension is a form of low blood pressure that occurs when sympathetic vasoconstriction centers respond slowly to positional changes Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
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