Drainage system

1. DRAINAGE SYSTEM
By Asst. Professor S.Kumar
Budha College of Architecture

2. TERMINOLOGY

3.  Soil pipe: A soil pipe is a pipe through which human excreta flows.
 Waste Pipe: It is a pipe which carries only the waste water, such as that from a sink, bath, or shower. It does not carry
human excreta.
 Vent pipe; it is a pipe which is provided for the purpose of the ventilation of the system. A vent is open at top and
bottom, to facilitate exit of foul gases. It is carried at least one meter higher than the roof level.
 Rain water pipe: It is a pipe which carries only the rain water.
 Anti-siphonage pipe: It is pipe which is installed in the house drainage to preserve the water seal of traps.
SIZES OF PIPES
 Soil pipe: 100-150mm
 Waste pipe: horizontal: 30-50mm
 Waste pipe: vertical : 75mm
 Rainwater pipe : 75-100mm
 Vent pipe: 50mm
 Anti siphoange pipe:
 Connecting soil pipe: 50mm
 Connecting waste pipe: 40mm

4. AIMS OF DRAINAGE SYSTEM
 To maintain healthy conditions in the building.
 To dispose off waste water as early and quickly as possible.
 To avoid the entry of foul gases from the sewer or the septic tank.
 To facilitate quick removal of foul matter.
 To collect and remove waste matter systematically .

5. TRAPS

6. TRAPS
 A water seal trap is an integral part of gullies and WCs, being moulded in during manufacture.
 Smaller fittings, i.e. sinks, basins, etc., must be fitted with a trap.
 Foul air from the drain and sewer is prevented from penetrating buildings by applying a water trap to all sanitary
appliances.
 Designed to retain a small quantity of the waste water (from the discharge of fitting to which they are attached )as a
barrier to prevent foul air entering the building.
 The depth of a Trap Seal would depend upon the usage of a pipe.
 The trap seal varies from 25 to 75 mm deep.
 Sinks, baths and showers - 38 mm,
 WCs and gullies - 50 mm
Good Traps should have following Qualities:
 Traps should be self-cleaning.
 Interiors surface should be smooth so that the flow is not obstructed which enables self cleansing.
 Should provide enough water seal with large surface area.
 An assess door should be provided for cleaning the trap.
 It should be made of non- adsorbent material.

7. Depending upon the shapes the traps are classified as:
P-Trap
Q-Trap
S-Trap

8. Nahni Trap
TRAPS

10. LOSS OF TRAP WATER SEAL

11. Loss of Trap Water Seal
If a trap seal loss, smells from the sanitary appliances would enter the building.
Therefore the water seal in the trap must be maintained under all circumstances.
Cause of water seal loss
Leakage
Self siphonage
Induced siphonage
back pressure
Capillary action
Wavering out
Evaporation Of Water From Traps
Leakage
The most obvious cause of water seal loss is leakage due to defective fittings or poor workmanship. Otherwise, it may be
caused by poor system design and/or installation:
Self siphonage - as an appliance discharges, the water fills
the waste pipe and creates a vacuum to draw out the seal.
Causes are a waste pipe that is too long, too steep or too
small in diameter.

12. Induced siphonage - the discharge from one appliance
draws out the seal in the trap of an adjacent appliance by
creating a vacuum in that appliance's branch pipe. Causes
are the same as for self-siphonage, but most commonly a
shared waste pipe that is undersized.

13. Capillary action - a piece of rag, string or hair caught on the trap outlet.
Back pressure - compression occurs due to resistance
to flow at the base of a stack. The positive pressure
displaces water in the lowest trap.
 Causes are a too small radius bottom bend, an
undersized stack or the lowest branch fitting too close to
the base of the stack.
Wavering out - gusts of wind blowing over the
top of the stack can cause a partial vacuum to
disturb water seals.

14. Resealing and Anti-siphon Traps
Where trap water seal loss is apparent, the problem may
be relieved
by fitting either a resealing or an anti-siphon trap.
Types of resealing trap:
McAlpine Resealing trap - this has a reserve chamber into
which water is retained as siphonage occurs. After siphonage,
the retained water descends to reseal the trap.
Grevak Resealing trap - contains an anti-siphonage pipe
through which air
flows to break any siphonic action.

15. Resealing and Anti-siphon Traps
Where trap water seal loss is apparent, the problem may
be relieved by fitting either a resealing or an anti-siphon trap.
Types of resealing trap:
McAlpine Resealing trap - this has a reserve chamber into
which water is retained as siphonage occurs. After siphonage,
the retained water descends to reseal the trap.
Grevak Resealing trap - contains an anti-siphonage pipe
through which air
flows to break any siphonic action.
Econa Resealing trap - contains a cylinder on the outlet into
which water
flows during siphonic action. After siphonage the water in the
cylinder replenishes the trap.
Anti-siphon trap - as siphonage commences, a valve on the
outlet
crown opens allowing air to enter. This maintains normal
pressure
during water discharge, preventing loss of water seal.

16. SANITARY PIPEWORK

17. TWO PIPE SYSTEM
 The waste stack received the discharge ablutionary fitments and
conveyed this to the ground level where it was delivered above
the water seal in a trapped gully connected to the drainage
system.
 The soil stack receives the discharge from soil appliances and
delivered it direct to the underground drainage system.
 The waste and soil water did not combine until they reached the
below ground drainage system.

18. ONE PIPE SYSTEM
 In the system all soil and waste water discharge into one
common pipe and all branch ventilating pipes into one main
ventilating pipe.
 This system largely replaces the two pipe system and lent
itself very well to use in multi storey developments.
 It is far more economical than the two pipe system.

19. Fully Vented One-pipe System
The fully vented one-pipe system is used in buildings where there
are a large number of sanitary appliances in ranges, e.g. factories,
schools, offices and hospitals.
The trap on each appliance is fitted with an anti-siphon or vent
pipe.
This must be connected within 300 mm of the crown of the trap.
Individual vent pipes combine in a common vent for the range,
which is inclined until it meets the vertical vent stack.
This vent stack may be carried to outside air or it may connect to
the discharge stack at a point above the spillover level of the highest
appliance.
The base of the vent stack should be connected to the discharge
stack close to the bottom rest bend to relieve any compression at this
point.

20. SINGLE STACK SYSTEM
The single stack system was developed as a means of simplifying the extensive
pipework .
The concept is to group appliances around the stack with a separate branch pipe
serving each.
 Branch pipe lengths and falls are constrained.
Lengths and falls of waste pipes are carefully selected to prevent loss of trap water
seals.
Initially the system was limited to five storeys, but applications have proved
successful in high rise buildings of over 20 storeys.
Branch vent pipes are not required unless the system is modified.
To prevent loss of trap water seals:-Water seals on the waste traps must be 75
mm (50 mm bath and shower).
Branch pipe slope or fall:
Sink and bath -18 to 90 mm/m
Basin -20 to 120 mm/m
WC - 9 mm/m.
The stack should be vertical below the highest sanitary appliance branch.
If an offset is unavoidable, there should be no connection within 750 mm of the
offset.
The branch bath waste connection must be at least 200 mm below the centre of
the WC branch to avoid crossflow. This may require a 50 mm nom. dia. parallel pipe
to offset the bath waste pipe, or an 'S' trap WC to offset its connection.
The vent part of the stack may reduce to 75 mm nom. dia. when it is above
the highest branch.
Reduces the cost of soil and waste systems.

21. Modified single stack system
The ventilated stack system is used in buildings where close
grouping of sanitary appliances occurs - typical of lavatories in
commercial premises.
Appliances may be fitted with resealing or anti-siphon traps .
 The appliances need to be sufficiently close together and
limited in number not to be individually vented.
Branch waste pipes can be ventilated.
Larger than standard diameter waste pipes may be fitted.
 To prevent the loss of trap water seals
 WC branch pipe min. 100 mm bore and the angle θ =
90.5° to 95°.
To prevent the loss of trap water seals
 basin main waste pipe min. 50 mm bore and the angle θ =
91° to 92.5°.
Five basins or more / length of the main waste pipe exceeds
4.5 m  a 25 mm bore vent pipe connected to main waste
pipe at a point between the two basins farthest from the
stack.
Urinals (bowls):5 maximum
50 mm pipe Branch pipe as short as possible
Gradient between 18 and 90 mm/m.

22. SEPTIC TANK

23. SEPTIC TANK
Brick or Concrete Septic Tank
 A septic tank is used where main drainage is not available .
A septic tank is self-cleansing and will only require annual desludging.
 It is a private sewage disposal plant, which is quite common for buildings in rural areas.
The tank is a watertight chamber in which the sewage is liquefied by anaerobic bacterial
activity. This type of bacteria lives in the absence of oxygen which is ensured by a sealed cover
and the natural occurrence of a surface scum or crust.
Traditionally built tanks are divided into two compartments with an overall length of three
times the breadth.
Final processing of sewage is achieved by conveying it through subsoil drainage pipes or a
biological filter.
Capacity of septic tank is determined from the formula: C = (180 x P) + 2000
where: C = capacity in litres
P = no. of persons served
E.g. 10 persons; C = (180 x 10) + 2000 = 3800 litres (3.8 m3).

24. SEPTIC TANK

25. Klargester Settlement/Septic Tank
The Klargester settlement tank is a simple, reliable and cost-effective sewage disposal system manufactured from glass
reinforced plastics for location in a site prepared excavation.
The tanks are produced in capacities ranging from 2700 to 100 000 litres, to suit a variety of
applications from individual houses to modest developments including factories and commercial premises.
The sewage flows through three compartments (1,2,3) on illustration where it is liquefied by anaerobic bacterial activity.
In similarity with traditionally built tanks, sludge settlement at the base of the unit must be removed annually. This is
achieved by pushing away the floating ball to give extraction tube access into the lowest chamber.
Processed sewage may be dispersed by subsoil irrigation or a biological filter.

26. SOAKWAYS

27. Soakaways
Where a surface water sewer is not available, it may be possible to dispose of rainwater into a soakaway.
A soakaway will only be effective in porous soils and above the water table.
 Water must not be allowed to flow under a building.
soakaways should be positioned at least 3 m away (most local authorities require 5 m).
A filled soakaway is inexpensive to construct, but it will have limited capacity.
Unfilled or hollow soakaways can be built of precast concrete or masonry.
Soakaway capacity can be determined by applying a rainfall intensity of at least 50 mm per hour to the following formula:
C =( A x R)/3
where C = capacity in m3
A = area to be drained in m2
R = rainfall in metres per hour.
E.g. a drained area of 150 SQM
C =(150 x 0.050 )/3 = 2.5 CuM

28. DRAINAGE LAYOUT

29. Combined and Separate Systems Drainage Systems :-
 The type of drainage system selected for a building will be determined by the local water authority's established sewer
arrangements. These will be installed with regard to foul water processing and the possibility of disposing surface
water via a sewer into a local water course or directly into a soakaway.
 The layout of foul drains depends on whether foul water and rainwater are discharged to a common drain system or to
separate drain systems, which in turn depends on whether there is one sewer carrying both foul and rainwater or
separate sewer for foul and rainwater.
Combined system :
 This uses a single drain to convey both foul water from sanitary appliances and rainwater from roofs and other surfaces
to a shared sewer.
 The system is economical to install, but the processing costs at the sewage treatment plant are high.
Separate system :
 This has foul water from the sanitary appliances conveyed in a foul water drain to a foul water sewer.
 The rainwater from roofs and other surfaces is conveyed in a surface water drain into a surface water sewer or a
soakaway.
 This system is relatively expensive to install, particularly if the ground has poor drainage qualities and soakaways
cannot be used. However, the benefit is reduced volume and treatment costs at the processing plant.

30. Combined and Separate Systems Drainage Systems

31. A Rain water gully or trapped gully used where there is a combined sewer
that takes both foul water discharges and rain water from roofs and paved areas.
Rain water shoe is used where there is a separate drain and sewer system
for foul water discharges and rain water from roofs and paved areas.