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1. A Practical Approach for Measuring WomenΖƐ Empowerment
Noor Abu Jbara and Geoffrey Darnton
WMG, University of Warwick, UK
noorabujbara@gmail.com
gdarnton@requirementsanalytics.com
Abstract: Women empowerment is an emerging concept that became a core and essential goal for any development
initiative in most countries. Consequently, many scholars have studied the definition of women empowerment and much
effort is made by private, public and third sectors to support and empower women. However, there is no unified definition
for women empowerment until now. Also, there are no defined measurements that measure the effectiveness of such effort.
Accordingly, this paper focuses on women empowerment measurement and how can concerned parties figure out if women
are empowered or not. Some researchers argue that women empowerment can be measured through women’s control of
their income and decision-making process. On the other hand, some link it with women’s rights for education, political
participation, healthy life and gender equality. Consequently, the paper suggests a new approach for empowerment
measurement, which depends on the assessment of personal skills and Key Performance Indicators (women empowerment
indicators - WEI’s) that measure women empowerment before and after receiving an empowerment activity, based on a
pre-defined reference (targets) for each WEI. Where the skills assessment focuses on assessing the personal skills needed
for women to be empowered, such as self-confidence. On the other hand, the WEI’s are divided into personal, social and
technical WEI’s that measure the level of women empowerment in terms of these three aspects. The paper uses primary
and secondary data, where the first author collects primary data from the field and explores the literature to find studies
related to women empowerment measurement. Hence, primary data collection and analysis follows qualitative data
collection and analysis techniques, since the first author has interviewed a group of decision makers who work on women
empowerment programs. The main output of this paper is proposing an approach for measuring women empowerment,
which has the value of maximizing the benefits of women empowerment and ensuring that women have received the right
services, which enable them to be empowered. Accordingly, these measurements can be used as a tool for all individuals or
entities that are providing women empowerment activities.
Keywords: women empowerment, women empowerment indicators, assessment of women's personal skills, women
empowerment measurement and women empowerment definition
1. Introduction
Nowadays, we are living in a changing and fast-moving world that needs well-prepared individuals who are able
to adapt with these changes, be a part of any development plan and be a step ahead from other individuals who
are just following the change and reacting based on it. Having these individuals contributes to creating a mature
society that directs the changing wheel to the benefits of individuals, societies and economies. However, having
these individuals requires creating a balanced society that provides equal opportunities and exerts effort for
building individuals who have the necessary and required skills, knowledge, mentality and experience to be an
effective part in their societies.
So, in order to be a part of the change and contribute in enabling individuals and creating a balanced society,
where both sexes are responsible for cultural and economic growth, the authors have decided to focus on
supporting all concerned parties who work on enabling women to be an effective part in economies and
societies, through helping such parties to sustain their efforts and to ensure that women are offered the right
services they need to be empowered.
Women are capable and able to be economically independent and have all the necessary skills to do that. At the
same time, such parties are making efforts to support women and utilize their capabilities for the benefit of
themselves, their families, their societies and their economies. Unfortunately, no effort is paid to measure
women’s improvement and empowerment. Accordingly, after deep research, the first author suggests an
approach for measuring women empowerment through personal skills assessment and women empowerment
indicators (WEIs) assessment, in order to maximize women’s benefits and create a continuous pipeline of joint
efforts that help women to be developed and empowered based on a defined reference and baseline.
2. Research methodology
This paper has built based on primary and secondary research. For the secondary data, the first author has
explored the literature, in order to find the latest research regarding women empowerment definition and
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2. Noor Abu Jbara and Geoffrey Darnton
women empowerment measurement. Also, it has been decided to collect primary data, through following a
qualitative data collection technique, which is “interviews”, in order to ask the interviewees about their opinions
regarding women empowerment measurement.
The targeted audience for interviews were Jordanian entities and startups who are supporting women and
working on women empowerment. Table 1 shows a general description for interviewees, in terms of their role
and their entity type.
Table 1: Interviewees information
Interviewee Job Role Entity type
(1) Founder Startup that empowers Jordanian women, through cooking, as it provides women with a
platform to sell their products.
(2) Founder Association for empowering Jordanian women, through producing and promoting
handicraft products.
(3) Board
member
An association that supports professional and business Jordanian women, through
providing business-to-business and personal networking and training courses.
(4) Co-
Founder
Startup that empowers Jordanian women, through providing and connecting them with
home-based jobs.
(5) CEO Company that employs Jordanian women to do handicraft products, after training.
(6) Founder Initiative that empowers Jordanian women who are studying in university, through
offering training courses, awareness sessions and promoting their products.
(7) CEO and
Owner
Consultation Company that applies women empowerment projects in Jordan, as they help
women in all the business stages from ideation to launching to growth.
Figure 1 shows the main decisions regarding the data collection for this paper, in terms of types of data, in
addition to data collection techniques (Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, 2016).
Figure 1: Data collection main decisions
3. Women empowerment definition
Women empowerment is one of the essential pillars of any developing initiative that aims to build a balanced
society that has a shared economic, academic and social contribution from both sexes; women and men.
Consequently, many scholars have studied the definition of women empowerment, without putting effort into
reaching a unified definition for it till now. However, Mosedale has argued that women empowerment is one of
the challenging concepts to be applied and measured, due to the following facts: (Mosedale, 2005).
ƒ Disempowering a party causes the need of empowerment. Consequently, the need for women
empowerment is because they are disempowered compared with men.
ƒ Women empowerment shall be claimed and asked by women themselves, as it cannot be gifted from a third
party. However, the role of third parties is to support women while they are empowering themselves, in
addition to preparing suitable conditions for empowerment.
ƒ The concept of empowerment can be achieved if women have control of their own decisions and able to
take it.
ƒ Women empowerment is a continuous process that does not have a certain goal, limit or end. As the results
of women empowerment can be measured relatively to other women or to women’s previous situation
before empowerment.
Data Collection
Primary Data Qualitative data
Interviews
(semi structured,
electronic)
Š”‘—‰Š
•‘™„ƒŽŽ
•ƒ’Ž‹‰
Secondary data Literature
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3. Noor Abu Jbara and Geoffrey Darnton
So, in order to study the definition of women empowerment deeply, the first author has explored and analysed
the definitions suggested by six scholars. Table 2 shows the definitions of women empowerment based on the
opinion of these scholars and summarises the main concept of each definition.
Table 2: Women empowerment definitions
Author Definition Main concept
The United
Nations
Development
Fund for
Women
(Mosedale,
2005)
“Having access to and control over the means to make a living on a
sustainable and long-term basis and receiving the material benefits of this
access and control.”
The ability to
secure a
sustainable living
means.
(Carr, 2000) “Women empowerment goes beyond short-term goals of increasing women’s
access to income and looks for longer term sustainable benefits, not only in
terms of changes to laws and policies that constrain women’s participation in
and benefits from development, but also in terms of power relationships at
the household, community and market levels.”
Having power
relationships in
homes,
community and
market.
(Mosedale,
2005)
“The process by which women redefine and extend what is possible for them
to be and do in situations where they have been restricted, compared to men,
from being and doing. Alternatively, women’s empowerment is the process by
which women redefine gender roles in ways which extend their possibilities for
being and doing.”
The process of
extending and
redefining what
is possible for
women.
(Kabeer, 1999) “It is about the process by which those who have been denied the ability to
make strategic life choices acquire such an ability.”
To gain the right
of making
strategic choices
(Karl, 1995) “It is a process of awareness and capacity building leading to greater
participation, to greater decision-making power and control and to
transformative action.”
To have better
decision-making
power and
control.
(Juhod, 2016) “It means equality in economic resources, training, and knowledge that
enhances women’s economic position by removing all obstacles that prevent
their empowerment from the economic side and guarantee women access to
full participation in the national economic structure and equality in access to
economic resources that include land, capital and technologies. Additionally,
women should have the right to access vocational training, knowledge and
means of communication that are considered effective tools for enhancing the
economic position of women.”
The equality in
economic
resources,
training, and
knowledge.
Accordingly, it can be noticed from Table 2 that the concept of women empowerment focuses on giving women
the power and resources to own and control their decisions, to expand the possible limits and to secure a
sustainable income. So, the women empowerment definition that can be concluded, based on the discussed
definitions is:
“Extending and redefining what is possible for women, through changing the laws that limit their
participation in communities and economies and limit their benefits from any development
initiative. In addition to giving them the power in their homes, communities and market, as well as
creating equality in economic, training and knowledge resources, in order to give them the access
to secure a sustainable living and have the control to make strategic decisions related to their
lives”.
Evans has argued that in order to empower women and achieve the goals behind that, there are prerequisites
that shall be met before, which are; having social places, where women can discuss and improve their ideas,
also having role models for women who were empowered and broke the rules. In addition to having an ideology
that justifies the reasons behind giving women their rights, and finally a network that facilitates and helps with
empowering women and makes a social movement for it (Evans, 1979).
4. Women empowerment measurement
Much effort has been exerted to find a suitable way to measure women empowerment. However, there are
many points of view regarding this point. Kantor has argued that women empowerment can be measured
through measuring two main things, which are: women’s control for the income of their businesses, in addition
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4. Noor Abu Jbara and Geoffrey Darnton
to their participation in the decision-making process at their home (Kantor, 2003). Also, Kabeer has added that
women empowerment is a combination of social and economic aspects, so it can be measured through the
following (Kabeer, 1999a):
ƒ Women’s freedom, which represents their right for education and their right to move freely.
ƒ Equality in gender roles and decision making between men and women.
ƒ Equality in marriage and divorce aspects.
ƒ Financial independence, where women control their income and how it is shared with the family.
ƒ Marriage advantages, in other words, women have chosen their husbands, where the age and educational
differences between them are small.
Additionally, Mason and Smith have argued that women empowerment is deployed in order to enhance
women’s access to education, employment and healthcare. So, it can be measured by the following (Mason and
Smith, 2003):
ƒ Having the power of economic decision making, where women participate in family’s economic decisions,
especially for the decisions related to the money they own.
ƒ Having the power of decisions related to family size, where women can participate in decisions related to
the number of children they may have.
ƒ Having the right to move freely, where women can move and visit any places without any restrictions.
ƒ Husband control, where husbands are controlling women by force or not, and if women are afraid to
disagree with their husbands’ opinion or not.
Finally, there are many global measurements, which measure women empowerment performance in countries
across the world, such as the Gender-related Development Index (GDI), the Gender Inequality Index (GII) and
Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM).
However, the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) in their “Human Development Report” has
published these measures. In these indexes, UNDP gives a number or index for each country (Charmes and
Wieringa, 2003). Also, they divide countries into main four categories, which are; very high human development,
high human development, medium human development and low human development countries (United
Nations Development Program, 2016). Table 3 shows the differences between these three indexes, in terms of
their description and indicators.
Table 3: Differences between the UNDP indexes
Element
GEM
(Charmes and Wieringa,
2003)
GII
(United Nations Development
Program, 2016)
GDI
(United Nations Development
Program, 2016)
Description “It measures the inequality
between males and females,
based on three dimensions”
“It measures the gender inequality,
based on three dimensions”
“It measures the gender gaps
in human development
achievements, based on three
dimensions”
Dimensions Female share in political
power (seats in Perlman)
Female share in managerial
positions in administrative
and professional sectors
Women income
Health, by measuring the maternal
mortality ratio and adolescent
birth.
Empowerment, through measuring
the percentage of parliamentary
seats occupied by women and
percentage of women who have at
least secondary education.
Women labor market participation
Long and healthy life.
Knowledge.
Standard of living.
To conclude, there are several ways that measure women empowerment, which were suggested by scholars,
such as women’s economic control and participation, decision making participation in family, education right
and level, movement right, equality in marriage and divorce aspects, husband control, political participation,
share in managerial position (labor market) and healthy life. Table 4 shows a comparison summary of all women
empowerment measurement for each scholar or index mentioned before.
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5. Noor Abu Jbara and Geoffrey Darnton
Table 4: Comparison summary of women empowerment measurements
Measurement element Kantor Kabeer Mason and Smith GEM GII GDI
Economic control and participation √ √ √ √ √
Decision making participation √ √ √
Education right and level √ √ √
Movement right √ √
Equality in marriage and divorce √
Husband control √
Political participation √ √
Share in managerial position √ √
Healthy life √ √
However, women empowerment measures have been taken further in this paper in the primary data collection,
as a question related to women empowerment measurement has been asked of interviewees. Accordingly, the
findings of this section and the findings of interviews will be used to suggest a new approach to measuring
women empowerment.
5. Women empowerment measurement based on primary and secondary data
As mentioned before, in order to find a comprehensive measurement for women empowerment, interviewees
have been asked to suggest practically what women’s empowerment means for them and how they can measure
it. Table 5 shows the opinion of each interviewee regarding the measurement of women empowerment.
Table 5: Women’s empowerment measurements suggested by interviewees
Interviewee Women empowerment measurement
1 Providing equal opportunity for men and women who’re interested in joining their platform.
2
Measuring the following within a certain and defined period of time:
Woman achievements.
Improvement process, in terms of her skills, personality, product quality and development.
Increasing number of sales orders.
3 Based on the women contribution to GDP, if it increased that means that she is empowered.
4
Once the woman has the needed knowledge, awareness, tools, support and the space to innovate and
apply what she wants to do, without having any economic, social and governmental barriers.
5
Seeing the woman’s life level is growing up and her family’s standards are becoming higher.
Seeing women have the power to do what they like, when they like.
6
Through pre and post evaluation for the woman (before and after the program).
When the woman convinces her family to open her business, she is empowered.
7
Through the increase in number of linkages (customers and suppliers).
Sales volume (the increase in the number of sales).
The increase in number of employees (indirect).
To conclude, most interviewees have agreed that to measure women empowerment, a certain base shall be
defined, in order to be the reference for women improvement. So, the first step is to define the current situation
of women, then to test their economical, social and personal improvements within a certain period of time
based on that base. However, business growth and sustainability are considered as practical and tangible
measures for women empowerment. On the other hand, as it has been discussed before, many scholars have
worked on finding a suitable way for measuring women empowerment and measuring the results of any
empowerment activities and efforts that may be paid for women, where some of them have suggested social
measurements and some of them have suggested economical measurements.
Accordingly, Table 6 shows a summary of women empowerment measurements based on interviews and the
scholars’ (literature) points of view.
It can be noticed that both parties agreed that women empowerment can be measured, based on women’s
economic control and participation, decision making participation, education right and level, movement right,
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6. Noor Abu Jbara and Geoffrey Darnton
equality in marriage and divorce aspects, political participation and the release from the social barriers
surrounding women.
Table 6: Women’s empowerment measurement comparison
Measurement element Kantor Kabeer
Mason and
Smith
GEM GII GDI Interviewees
Economic control and participation √ √ √ √ √ √
Decision making participation √ √ √ √
Education right and level √ √ √
Movement right √ √
Equality in marriage and divorce √
Get rid of social barriers √ √
Political participation (seats in
Parliament)
√ √
√
Share in managerial position √ √
Healthy life √ √
Equal gender opportunities √
Business Growth √
Personal development √
Enhancing family’s/men’s mentality √
Expanding network base √
6. Suggested approach for women empowerment measurement
Based on the outcomes of the primary and secondary data, the first author has suggested a comprehensive
approach for measuring women empowerment that combines two assessment methods, which are the
assessment of women’s personal skills and the women empowerment indicators (WEI’s). Knowing that both
assessments were built to measure women empowerment improvement after receiving certain empowerment
activities. However, based on a previous study done by the first author, it has been proven that women are
qualified and have the ability to grow and to be economic active members. On the other hand, they need to be
empowered and supported to believe in their abilities, fight for their rights and find suitable options that make
them economically independent. Consequently, scholars have argued that entrepreneurship is considered one
of the effective economic empowerment methods for women (Datta and Gailey, 2012). From this point of view,
the first author decided that empowerment activity is helping women in opening, growing and sustaining their
own businesses, as a solution for their challenges.
The assessment of women's personal Skills
The assessment of women's personal skills depends on defining some personal skills that are required in
women’s personalities, in order to be empowered and to be economically independent (open their businesses).
The main steps that shall be followed, in order to measure women empowerment through skills assessment can
be summarised by the following:
ƒ Defining the required skills with the minimum level of each one (basic, competent and advanced).
ƒ Meet women before receiving empowerment activity and measure their level in each personal skill.
ƒ Identify the skills that need improvement to reach the required level.
ƒ Meet women after receiving the empowerment activity and measure their level in the personal skills.
ƒ Identify and analyse the skills that have been improved and the ones that have not been improved.
The Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) has argued in their women’s entrepreneurship report that a group
of factors contribute in women’s entrepreneurial perception and their abilities to open their own business,
which are networking, self-confidence (to reduce the fear of failure factor), motivation, entrepreneurial
intention and having a clear vision (GEM, 2017). Accordingly, the first author has defined the needed skills for
measuring women empowerment, based on these factors. Table 7 shows the definition of the skills and the
required level.
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7. Noor Abu Jbara and Geoffrey Darnton
Table 7: Skills assessment
Skill Basic Component Advanced
Self confidence - - Required level
Deep trust and belief in personal
value and abilities (Bénabou and
Tirole, 2002)
Woman does not
believe in or trust
her abilities
Woman knows her
value and abilities
Woman totally believes and
is sure about her value and
abilities
Entrepreneurial intention - - Required level
The presence of the willingness and
aim to open a new business within
three years or less (GEM, 2017a)
Woman is not sure
about her intention
to open a new
business
Woman has the
intention, without
having a clear vision
about the timing
Woman is sure that she will
open a new business within
three years
Motivation - - Required level
Having the enthusiasm and influence
to pursue an entrepreneurial
opportunity (Shane, Locke and
Collins, 2003)
Woman is not
motivated to open
her business
Woman is motivated
to open her business
within 5 years
Woman is motivated to
open her business within
maximum 3 years
Networking - - Required level
The ability to build and maintain
professional connections (University
of Cambridge, 2018)
Woman does not
have professional
network
Woman has limited
professional network
and is not able to
maintain them
Woman has big professional
network and is able to
maintain and grow them
Having a clear vision and idea - - Required level
The presence of a specified business
idea with a clear vision (Shane, Locke
and Collins, 2003)
Woman does not
have a specific and
clear idea or vision
Woman have a
specified idea with a
limited vision
Woman have a specified
idea with a totally clear
vision for goals and aims
Women empowerment indicators (WEI’s)
The assessment based on women empowerment indicators depends on defining certain key performance
indicators that measure the improvement of women after receiving an empowerment activity.
The indicators are divided into three categories, which are: personal indicators, social indicators and business/
technical indicators. The personal indicators measure how women are empowered in the personal level, in terms
of work life balance, decision-making control and entrepreneurial personal skills improvement. Also, the social
indicators measure how women are supported by society and family. On the other hand, the business indicators
measure how women start and open their businesses and how they become economically independent.
However, the main steps that shall be followed, in order to measure women empowerment through the women
empowerment indicators can be summarised by the following:
ƒ Build women empowerment indicators (WEI’s), as mentioned in Table 8.
ƒ Meet woman, to assess her based on WEI’s.
ƒ Document the current situation of the woman.
ƒ Meet woman to assess her after receiving an empowerment activity.
ƒ Compare woman's empowerment level before and after receiving the empowerment activity.
Table 8: WEI’s assessment
WEI Importance How to calculate Expected value
Personal
Percentage of working
hours per week
To measure the work life
balance
Total working hours per week/
total number of hours * 100%
27% or less
(assuming that the
total working hours
per week are 45)
Percentage of decision
making contribution (if
she is married)
To measure woman’s
participation in family
decision making process
Number of decisions that woman
contributes in/ total number of
decisions * 100%
100%
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8. Noor Abu Jbara and Geoffrey Darnton
WEI Importance How to calculate Expected value
Percentage of personal
skills that woman needs
improvement in
To measure women’s needs
for improvement
Number of personal skills that
need improvement (based on the
assessment of personal skills)/
total number of personal skills *
100%
0%
Woman network
improvement per year
To measure the increase in
the number of women’s
connections (professional)
during the year
Number of new connections -
Number of previous connections
4
Social
Percentage of family
support (number of
supportive members/
total family members)
To measure the level of family
support
Number of supportive members/
total family members * 100%
100%
Number of orders that
have not been
completed due to social
constraints annually
To measure the number of
orders which have been
affected by a social constraint,
such as the presence of kids
or lack of trust on women
businesses
Count the number of failed
orders, due to social constraint
during the year.
0
Number of work related
decisions that have
been affected
negatively by a male
figure (husband,
father,…)
To measure the number of
work related decisions that
have been taken by a male
and affected the business
negatively
Count the negative decisions that
have been taken by a male
0
Business and technical
Percentage of sales
increase
To measure woman’s business
launch and growth
Sales after receiving
empowerment activity/ sales
before receiving empowerment
activity/ sales before
Minimum 10%
Number of new
customers per quarter
Count the number of new
customers each three months
Minimum 4
Percentage of savings To measure the level of
woman’s financial
management
Total amount of savings/ total
profit * 100% 20%
Percentage of economic
dependency per month
To measure woman’s
independency
Amount of money taken from
another person/ total expenses
0%
7. Conclusion
Women empowerment is a critical concept that has deep social, personal and economical effect on women, as
it is linked with women’s ability to control their decisions, secure and control their income, have power in their
homes, participate in economic development and have the right to learn and improve. Women empowerment
can be developed, through creating a supportive eco-system that incubates women and provides an
environment that engages them with their selves, families, societies and economies. However, securing a
sustainable empowerment that has a tangible and continuous effect on women, requires defining some
measurements, which test the impact and ensure that women have received the right efforts that enable them
to be empowered and be economically independent. The primary and secondary researches have agreed that
women empowerment can be measured by women’s decision making participation, economic participation,
education rights, movement rights, political participation, personal development, gender equality and
expanding the network.
From this point of view, the first author has suggested a new approach for women empowerment measurement,
that depends on women’s personal skills assessment and women empowerment indicators assessment, where
women are assessed before and after receiving an empowerment activity, based on a defined skills, such as self
confidence, motivation, networking and having a clear vision. In addition to a define personal, social and
technical empowerment indicators, such as percentage of working hours, percentage of decision making
contribution, percentage of family support and percentage of sales increase.
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9. Noor Abu Jbara and Geoffrey Darnton
This paper has contributed in recommending a comprehensive “women empowerment definition” based on the
findings of the secondary data. Also, this research has contributed in recommending a practical measurement
for women empowerment, based on primary and secondary data. Moreover, the paper has contributed in
enhancing the author’s knowledge regarding women empowerment.
On the other hand, there are many recommendations for future researches, such as applying the measurements
and testing the suggested approach by one of the entities who are involved in women empowerment activities,
studying the critical personal skills that affect women and have major contribution in their empowerment and
dividing women empowerment measurements into levels, based on women’s maturity and empowerment level.
Finally, there was not enough space in this paper to provide examples of applying these ideas to a sample of
women. The second author assisted with supervision of this research and preparation of this paper.
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