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POWERPOINT PRESENTATION BY:
SNEHA SUSAN MATHEW (15MSI0065)
*DEGENERACY IN
GENETIC CODE
*
*TRANSLATION
 THE PATHWAY OF PROTEIN
SYNTHESIS IS CALLED
TRANSLATION BECAUSE THE
LANGUAGE OF NUCLEOTIDE
SEQUENCE ON mRNA IS
TRANSLATED IN TO THE
LANGUAGE OF AMINO ACID
SEQUENCE.
 THE PROCESS OF
TRANSLATION REQUIRES A
GENETIC CODE, THROUGH
WHICH THE INFO CONTAINED
IN THE NUCLEIC ACID
SEQUENCE IS EXPRESSED TO
PRODUCE A SPECIFIC
SEQUENCE OF AMINO ACID.
*
 SET OF RULES BY
WHICH
INFORMATION
ENCODED WITHIN
GENETIC MATERIAL
IS TRANSLATED INTO
PROTEINS.
 TERM GIVEN BY
GEORGE GAMOW.
SALIENT FEATURES OF
GENETIC CODE
*
THREE ADJACENT
NITROGEN BASES
CONSTITUTE A CODON
WHICH SPECIFIES THE
PLACEMENT OF ONE
AMINO ACID IN A
POLYPEPTIDE.
1 CODON = 1 AMINO
ACID
*
*ONE CODON CODES FOR ONLY
ONE AMINO ACID.
*EXAMPLE: AUG CODES FOR
METHIONINE.
*
*THE CODE IS NEARLY UNIVERSAL.
*AUG – METHIONINE
*AUG -- VALINE
*FOR EXAMPLE: FROM BACTERIA
TO HUMANS UUU WOULD CODE
FOR PHENYLALANINE ( phe ).
*
*THE GENETIC CODE IS
CONTINOUS AND DOES NOT
POSSESS PAUSES AFTER THE
TRIPLETS.
*IF A NUCLEOTIDE IS ADDED OR
DELETED, THE WHOLE GENETIC
CODE WILL READ DIFFERENTLY.
THERE ARE 64
POSSIBLE
COMBINATIONS OF 3
LETTER NUCLEOTIDE
SEQUENCES .
61 REPRESENTS AMINO
ACIDS AND 3 ARE STOP
CODONS.
NIRENBERG AND HAR
GOBIND KHORANA
PREPARED THE
GENETIC CODON
TABLE FOR VARIOUS
AMINO ACID.
*CODON TABLE
*
*SOME AMINO ACIDS MAY BE INFLUENCED
BY MORE THAN ONE CODON.
*AMINO ACIDS ARE SPECIFIED BY TWO TO
SIX CODONS.
*EXAMPLE: phe – UUU, UUC
*Arginine- CGU,CGC,CGA,AGA,AGG.
*DEGENERACY RESULTS THERE ARE MORE
CODONS TO ENCODE 20 AMINO ACIDS.
*DEGENERACY
*GUU = VALINE GUA = VALINE
* GUC = VALINE GUG = VALINE
UUU: XYU
UUC: XYC
UUA: XYA
UUG: XYG
*IN DEGENERATE
CODONS,GENERALLY THE
FIRST TWO NITROGEN
BASES ARE SIMILAR
WHILE THE THIRD ONE IS
DIFFERENT.
*
*ACCORDING TO THIS HYPOTHESIS,
ONLY THE FIRST TWO BASES OF THE
CODON HAVE A PRECISE PAIRING WITH
THE BASES OF THE ANTICODON OF
mRNA WHILE THE PAIRING BETWEEN
THE THIRD BASES OF CODON AND
ANTICODON MAY WOBBLE(NON-
SPECIFIC).
Nucleotide
at 5' end of
anticodon
Nucleotide
at 3' end of
anticodon
G U or C
C G
A U
U A or G
I (indosine) A, U or C
*
*ANY CHANGE IN THE
IN THE GENETIC CODE
CAUSES MUTATION.
*
*AUG GUG AGC AGG ADDITION
*AUG GUG ACG CAG G
*THANKYOU

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Degeneracy in genetic code

  • 1. POWERPOINT PRESENTATION BY: SNEHA SUSAN MATHEW (15MSI0065) *DEGENERACY IN GENETIC CODE
  • 2. *
  • 3. *TRANSLATION  THE PATHWAY OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS IS CALLED TRANSLATION BECAUSE THE LANGUAGE OF NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE ON mRNA IS TRANSLATED IN TO THE LANGUAGE OF AMINO ACID SEQUENCE.  THE PROCESS OF TRANSLATION REQUIRES A GENETIC CODE, THROUGH WHICH THE INFO CONTAINED IN THE NUCLEIC ACID SEQUENCE IS EXPRESSED TO PRODUCE A SPECIFIC SEQUENCE OF AMINO ACID.
  • 4. *  SET OF RULES BY WHICH INFORMATION ENCODED WITHIN GENETIC MATERIAL IS TRANSLATED INTO PROTEINS.  TERM GIVEN BY GEORGE GAMOW.
  • 6. * THREE ADJACENT NITROGEN BASES CONSTITUTE A CODON WHICH SPECIFIES THE PLACEMENT OF ONE AMINO ACID IN A POLYPEPTIDE. 1 CODON = 1 AMINO ACID
  • 7. * *ONE CODON CODES FOR ONLY ONE AMINO ACID. *EXAMPLE: AUG CODES FOR METHIONINE.
  • 8. * *THE CODE IS NEARLY UNIVERSAL. *AUG – METHIONINE *AUG -- VALINE *FOR EXAMPLE: FROM BACTERIA TO HUMANS UUU WOULD CODE FOR PHENYLALANINE ( phe ).
  • 9. * *THE GENETIC CODE IS CONTINOUS AND DOES NOT POSSESS PAUSES AFTER THE TRIPLETS. *IF A NUCLEOTIDE IS ADDED OR DELETED, THE WHOLE GENETIC CODE WILL READ DIFFERENTLY.
  • 10. THERE ARE 64 POSSIBLE COMBINATIONS OF 3 LETTER NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCES . 61 REPRESENTS AMINO ACIDS AND 3 ARE STOP CODONS. NIRENBERG AND HAR GOBIND KHORANA PREPARED THE GENETIC CODON TABLE FOR VARIOUS AMINO ACID.
  • 12. * *SOME AMINO ACIDS MAY BE INFLUENCED BY MORE THAN ONE CODON. *AMINO ACIDS ARE SPECIFIED BY TWO TO SIX CODONS. *EXAMPLE: phe – UUU, UUC *Arginine- CGU,CGC,CGA,AGA,AGG. *DEGENERACY RESULTS THERE ARE MORE CODONS TO ENCODE 20 AMINO ACIDS.
  • 13. *DEGENERACY *GUU = VALINE GUA = VALINE * GUC = VALINE GUG = VALINE
  • 15. *IN DEGENERATE CODONS,GENERALLY THE FIRST TWO NITROGEN BASES ARE SIMILAR WHILE THE THIRD ONE IS DIFFERENT.
  • 16. * *ACCORDING TO THIS HYPOTHESIS, ONLY THE FIRST TWO BASES OF THE CODON HAVE A PRECISE PAIRING WITH THE BASES OF THE ANTICODON OF mRNA WHILE THE PAIRING BETWEEN THE THIRD BASES OF CODON AND ANTICODON MAY WOBBLE(NON- SPECIFIC).
  • 17. Nucleotide at 5' end of anticodon Nucleotide at 3' end of anticodon G U or C C G A U U A or G I (indosine) A, U or C
  • 18. * *ANY CHANGE IN THE IN THE GENETIC CODE CAUSES MUTATION.
  • 19. * *AUG GUG AGC AGG ADDITION *AUG GUG ACG CAG G