Harbour engineering - Railways, airports, docks and harbour engineering (RAHE)

SNS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Kurumbapalayam (Po), Coimbatore – 641 107
An Autonomous Institution
Accredited by NBA – AICTE and Accredited by NAAC – UGC with ‘A’ Grade
Approved by AICTE, New Delhi & Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
COURSE NAME: CE6604 RAILWAYS, AIRPORTS AND HARBOUR ENGINEERING
IV YEAR / VII SEMESTER
Unit 5 – Harbour Engineering
Topic 1 : Definition of Basic Terms

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SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil
Syllabus
.
Definition of Basic Terms: Harbor, Port, Satellite Port, Docks, Waves and
Tides – Planning and Design of Harbours: Harbour Layout and Terminal
Facilities – Coastal Structures: Piers, Break waters, Wharves, Jetties,
Quays, Spring Fenders, Dolphins and Floating Landing Stage – Inland
Water Transport – Wave action on Coastal Structures and Coastal
Protection Works –Coastal Regulation Zone, 2011.

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Harbour
It is partly enclosed area which provides safe and suitable accommodation
for supplies, refueling, repair, loading and unloading cargo.

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Port
.

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Port
A port is a harbour where marine terminal facilities are provided.
A port is a place which regularly provides accommodation for the transfer
of cargo and passengers to and from the ships.
Port = Harbour + Storage Facility + Communication Facility + Other
Terminal Facility.
From above,
It can be stated that a port includes a harbour i.e. every port is a harbour.

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Satellite port
A satellite port is a port, either created or pre-existing, in a nearby
community to a port that is nearing capacity and requires relief from the
current heavy loads. For example, a few years ago the port of Mumbai,
India was being used to capacity

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Dock

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Dock
Dock
A dock is the area of water between or next to one or a group of
human-made structures that are involved in the handling of boats or
ships or such structures themselves
Dry Dock
 It is a chamber provided for maintenance, repairs and construction
of ships. It includes walls, floor and gate.
Wet Dock
 Due to variation in tidal level, an enclosed basin is provided where in
number of ships can be berthed.
 It has an entrance which is controlled by a lock gate.

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Waves
Waves are periodic undulations of the sea surface. Water waves are
generated by transfer of energy from air moving over the water.
Causes of Sea Waves:-
Wind,
Revolution of the earth,
Gravitational force of the moon and sun,
Earthquake,
Land slide and seashore.

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Waves
Types of Sea Waves:-
Deep sea waves
Shallow sea waves
Oscillatory waves (unbroken waves, travelling in deep water)
Translatory waves
Capillary waves
Surfs (low height and long waves produced by wind)
Surges (produced by cyclone)
Tsunami (produced by eruption of volcano or earthquake)

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Waves
Deep sea wave
Oscillatory waves
Capillary waves

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Wave
Wave Velocity:-
Where, L = Length and T = Wave Period
Fetch:-
Straight line stretch of open water available for wave growth without
the interruption of land is called fetch.
Where, H = Wave Height (m)
F = Fetch (km)
Wave Length:-
Where, L = Length of wave (m) =
T = Wave Period (sec)

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Wave break
Waves break when the forward velocity of the crest particles exceeds
the velocity of the wave propagation itself in deep water.
Ocean waves on breaking against marine structure give rise to….
 Compression due to direct horizontal force,
 Shearing action at the projection on the face of the wall,
 Suction effect due to return water,
 Sea bed & Foundation disturbance due to downward force.
Above effects results in…..
 Inertia Force
 Vibration
 Internal Pressure
 Expansion and contraction of cavities of the structure.

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Wave Reflection
Wave Reflection:-
Non breaking waves are acting on a vertical wall (break water), do
not loose their energy by the impact but are reflected.
Due to continuous interaction of the incidents and reflected waves, a
wave of higher height (2 to 3 times) is formed which is called
Standing Waves (Clapotis).

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Waves and Tides
Methods To Minimize Wave Reflection Inside The Harbour:-
 Break water must in such a way that the reflected waves are not
diverted towards piers or any other structure.
 The interior slopes of breakwater can be designed for the wave to
break, which spend the wave energy.
 Special spending beaches can be planned at points of maximum waves
take place.
Tides
 Due to gravitational force of sun and moon there is rise and fall in
ocean waters called TIDES.
 The rise in water level is called high tide and fall in water level is called
low tides.
 In Mediterranean sea, height is 0.5 to 1.0 m.
 In the Gulf of fundy, height is 15 to 20m.

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Tide
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Connected to Atlantic Ocean,
Completely enclosed by land.
It is on the Atlantic Coast.

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Types of Tides
Spring Tide:- These are highest tides which occur when sun, moon and
earth fall in line.

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Types of Tide
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Neap Tide:- These are lowest tides which occur when the lines
connecting the earth with the sun and the moon form right angle.

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Type of Tide
Semi-diurnal Tide:- These are the tides which occurs twice each lunar
day.
Lunar Day means time taken by moon to make a complete revolution
around the earth.
Diurnal Tide:- These are high tides occur only one time a day.
E.g. at Florida.
Mixed Tide:- If one of the two daily high tides does not reach the height of
the previous tide, it is called a mixed tide.
E.g. U. S. A, California.

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Types of Tide
Tidal Bore:- These are high crested waves caused by the rush of flood tide
up a river. Regular occurrence in bay of fundy.
Uses of Tides:-
Tides can be used for harnessing the power.
Tides are used for entry and exit of ships in the harbour.
Fisherman takes an advantage of tides.
Ports remain clean due to tides.
High tide water can be used for harvesting salt.

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Topic 2 : Definition of Basic Terms

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Harbour Planning and Design
The number and size of ships to be accommodated in one time are main
criteria for the requirement of are for a harbour.
It also depends on the length and width needed for movement of ships
and from breath and the type of cargo being carried.
Location of various elements of harbour such as entrance,
Approach channel
Turning basin
Break water
Waves
Jetties
Docks, etc.,

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Requirements Of Good Harbour:- (General)
It should be connected with roadway and railway.
Surrounding land should be fertile and densely populated.
Ship channels must have sufficient depth for draft or vessel.
Breakwaters must be provided to protect against destructive wave
action.
The bottom should furnished secure anchorage to hold ships against
the wind force.
Numbers of quay, piers and wharfs should be sufficient for loading and
unloading cargo.
It should have facilities like fuel, repair and etc. for ships.
Harbour area should be sufficiently large.
It should have enough cold storage.
Harbour Planning and Design

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Classification of Harbour
Classification based on the protection needed
Natural Harbour:-
Harbour protected by storms and waves by natural land
contours, rocky out crops, or island that is called Natural Contour. (Eg.
Kandla port, Cochin port & Mumbai Harbour)

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Classification of harbour
.
Classification based on the protection needed
Natural Harbour

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Semi - Natural Harbour:-
A semi – natural harbour is protected on the sides by the contours
of land and requires manmade protection only to the entrance.
(Eg. Mandvi, Veraval & Visakhapatnam port).

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Semi - Natural Harbour:-
Artificial Harbour:-

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An artificial harbour is one which is manmade and protected
from storms and waves by engineering works.
(Eg. Chennai Harbour)

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Classification based on utility
Commercial Harbour:-
It is an harbour in which docks are provided with necessary
facilities for loading and unloading of cargo.
(Eg. Chennai Harbour)

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Requirements of Commercial Harbour:-
(i) Spacious accommodation for the mercantile marine.
(ii) Ample quay space and facilities for transporting, loading and unloading
cargo.
(iii) Storage sheds for cargo.
(iv) Good and quick repair facilities to avoid delay.
(v) More sheltered conditions as loading and unloading could be done with
advantage in calmer waters.
Commercial harbours could be situated on coasts or estuaries of big
rivers or even on inland river coasts.
They do not normally have any emergency demand like a harbour of
refuge and practically the size and number of ships using such harbours
are known factors.

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Refuge Harbour:-
These are used as a heaven for ships in a storm or it may be part of a
commercial harbour.
(Eg. Chennai Harbour & Visakhapatnam Harbour)

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Classification of harbour
.
Requirements of harbour of refuge:
(i) Ready accessibility.
(ii) Safe and commodious anchorage.
(iii) Facilities for obtaining supplies and repairs.
On dangerous coast-lines, disabled or damaged ships, under stress
of weather conditions will need quick shelter and immediate repairs.
All types of naval craft, small and big will need refuge in an
emergency and hence such refuge harbours should provide
commodious accommodation.
V10dern big ships will require a lot of elbow room for purposes of
manoeuvring or turning about.

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Military Harbour:-
It is a naval base for the purpose of accommodating naval ships or
vessels and it serves as a supply depot.
(Eg. Mumbai Harbour & Cochin Harbour)

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Fishing Harbour:-
These harbours have facilities for departure and arrival of
fishing ships. They have also necessary arrangement to catch fish.

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Requirements of fishing harbour:
(i) Harbour should be constantly open for departure and arrival of fishing
ships.
(ii) Loading and unloading facilities and quick despatch facilities for the
perishable fish catch like railway sidings and roads.
(iii) Refrigerated stores with ample storing space for preserving the catch.

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Classification based on location
1.Ocean Harbour 2.River Harbour
3.Canal Harbour 4.Lake Harbour
Ocean Port:-
This is a port intended for large ocean going ships.
River Port:-
River port is located on the banks of the river inside the land.
Entry Port:-
This is location where foreign citizens and goods are cleared through
custom house.
Free Port:-
This is an isolated and enclosed area within which goods may be
landed, stored, mixed, repacked, manufactured and reshipped without
payment of duties.

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Topic 3 : Features of a Harbor

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Features of a Harbor/ Coastal structures
1. Entrance Channels
2. Berthing Basin
3. Piers
4. Break Water
5. Turning Basin
6. Wharves
7. Jetties
8. Quays
9. Spring Fenders
10. Dolphins
11.Floating Landing Stage

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Depth and width are kept more at entrance.
Width depends upon density of traffic and no of entrances.

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2. Berthing and Turning Basin
Berthing basins are used for the parking of ships.
While turning for the turning of ships.

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3.Piers
Piers are the structure built at angle with the shore.
On both sides of a pier berths are provided.
Type:-
Open or solid construction
Open pier are constructed over open water on exposed timber or
concrete piles.
Open pier are used where minimum restriction of currents is
specified.
These piers are relatively more economical as narrow piers in deep
water.

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3.Piers

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3.Piers

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Break waters

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Break water

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4.Break Water
Breakwater is a protective barrier constructed to form an artificial
harbour with a water area so protected from the effect of sea waves as to
provide safe accommodation for shipping.
(1) Alignment Should be:
 As straight as possible
Intersection angle not >60°
In open sea, alignment should be curved to reduce the effects of
waves.
(2) Design data:
Nature of coastal currents (நீர ோட்டங்கள்)
Wind characteristics
Wave characteristics
Properties of sea-level material

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4.Break Water
(3) Design considerations:
Maximum wind and wave forces for design,
Protection measures to prevent scour of bed.
Height of breakwater to be more than that of the highest wave, the
difference is the 'freeboard'.
(4) Forces on breakwaters:
Hydrostatic force on the inside.
Wind and wave forces on the outside.
Chemical action of sea-water and the effects of marine life on the
materials of construction have to be considered.

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4.Break Water
Classification of breakwaters
(a) Mound breakwater (Rubble-mound breakwater)
(b) Composite breakwater
(c) Vertical wall type breakwater
(d) Special types of breakwaters.
Considerations in the choice of the type:
Depth of water
Nature of sea-bed material
Availability of construction materials
Availability of equipment
Resources and time constraints

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(a)Mound breakwater (Rubble-mound breakwater)
Also called 'Rubble-mound breakwater, it is popular for its
simplicity of construction.
It usually consists of three zones:
Hearth or the core: It increases the bulk; the stones may weigh 10
to 20 kg each. It is the least pervious of the zones.
Filter on secondary consumers: Much bigger tones than those in the
core are used – 0.5 to 1.5 t. The function is to destroy the energy of
the waves penetrating the armour layer above it.
Armours: Stone blocks weighting up to 30 tonnes each are used.
Resist most of the wave energy-dumped stones gives rise to
maximum voids in the zone.

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Rubble-mound breakwaters have good energy dissipation
characteristics.
Preparation of foundation is not required.
Sudden failures do not occur because of the flexibility due to high
porosity.
But huge quantities of stones are required and frequent maintenance
is needed due to settlement.
Design is only empirical, strengthened by patented concrete.

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Rubble-mound breakwaters strengthened by patented concrete blocks or
simple concrete blocks.
Concrete blocks of the desired shape and size can be cast with a suitable
mix proportion to achieve the desired strength.
These blocks are laid around armour stones on the seaward side of the
mound to act as additional armours.
Patented shapes are tetrapods, tribars and quadripods.

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Merits of Mound type Breakwater:-
 No special equipment needed,
 Require unskilled labour,
 Large size rubbles can be used without dressing,
 Constructed on any type of foundation,
Construction is porous, hence no possibility of uplift.
Demerits of Mound type Breakwater:-
 Require huge quantity of material,
 Initial cost high,
Regular maintenance,
 Harbour side can not be used for mooring ships,
 Occupancy large area of basin.

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4.Break Water
(a) Mound breakwater (Rubble-mound breakwater)
(b) Composite breakwater
(c) Vertical wall type breakwater
(d) Special types of breakwaters.
Considerations in the choice of the type:
Depth of water
Nature of sea-bed material
Availability of construction materials
Availability of equipment
Resources and time constraints

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(B) Composite breakwater
The solid super structure protected by a parapet on the sea face,
Provides a platform for handling cargo,
It has a rubble base over which a vertical wall type
breakwater is constructed,
Combination of mound and vertical wall type breakwater,

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(B) Composite breakwater
Solid concrete superstructure at low water level, to serve as a
platform for cargo.
Methods of construction of mound breakwaters
Barge method
Staging method
Low-level method

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Methods of Protection of Breakwater:-
 By arrangement of heavy concrete blocks,
 By paving using granite blocks,
 Using tetrapodes and tribars.

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Vertical Wall Type Breakwater:-
 Concrete block gravity wall
 Stone and concrete masonry
 Concrete caissons
 Rock filled sheet pile cells
 Rock filled timber cribs
 Concrete or steel sheet pile walls

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Merits of Wall type Breakwater:-
 Narrower entrance, hence greater protection to the sheltered
area,
 Harbour side of the breakwater can be used for mooring ships,
 recommended where shortage of rock,
 Maintenance is practically eliminated,
 It increase size of harbour basin,
Reduces the amount of material.
Demerits of Wall type Breakwater:-
 Skilled labourers are required,
 Special equipments are required for construction,
 Repairing is difficult,
 Require a firm foundation.

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Comparison of Mound type & Vertical Wall type Breakwater:-
Mound Type Vertical Wall Type
Wave breaks at the breakwater. Reflect the wave energy.
Large entrance. Narrower entrance.
Regular maintenance necessary.
Maintenance is practically
eliminated.
Can be constructed on any type of
foundation.
Require a firm foundation.
Recommended where plenty of rocks
available.
Recommended when there is
shortage of rock.
Require unskilled labour. Require skilled labour.

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6. Wharves
These are platforms at which vessels take on and discharge passengers
and cargo on one side and earth retained on other.
 It’s a platform built parallel to shoreline,
 Should give sufficient depth of water for the ship to float,
 Wharves built parallel with the shore are called quays,
 Built to retain or protect the embankment or filling.

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6.Wharves.

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6.Wharves

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Types of wharves
1.Open construction wharves:-
Wharves of open construction have their decks supported by piles or
cylinders.
 It can be either high level decks or relieving type platforms,
 Can be made of timber, R.C.C, or both,
 Pre cast or pre stressed slab or beam are economical.

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Types of wharves
2.Solid type wharves:-
These are composed of earth or rock fill partly confined by some
sort of bulkhead.
Depth less than 15m, bottom suitable for support of gravity type of
structure, steel pile cells are best suited,
Cells act as a gravity wall of sufficient weight,
Resist over turning or sliding at base.

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2. Berthing Basin
3. Piers
4. Break Water
5. Turning Basin
6. Wharves
7. Jetties
8. Quays
9. Spring Fenders
10. Dolphins

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7.Jetties
A narrow structure projecting from the shore into water with berths
on one or both sides and sometimes at the end also.
In the form of piled projections,
Constructed outside the
harbour or inside the harbour
When built in combination with
a breakwater then it is known as
breakwater pier.

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7.Jetties

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Uses Jetties
Jetty is a solid platform constructed perpendicular to the shoreline or
breakwater,
It provides berth to ships,
It is used for handling inflammable materials like petrol, diesel,
kerosene, crude oil etc.
It can be used for dredging in the approach channel.
Types of Jetties
1.Solid structure:-
It is usually of mound breakwater type,
Used more for the prevention of silting in the entrance channel.
2.Piled structure:-
A. Open pile jetties
Cheaper than the solid type but having same durability
Can’t be used where jetty is required to be very wide.

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2.Piled structure:-
A. Open pile jetties
Timer, R.C.C., steel
Steel jetties are supported on screw piles
Timer and R.C.C. are suitable for large jetties.

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2.Piled structure:-
B. Piled and cylinder jetties
Piles are completely encased in concrete cylinders
Piles carry loads of whole structure and cylinders don’t Capable of
sustaining heavy impacts from ships.

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8.Quay
 Quayis a structure on the shore of a harbour or on the bank of a river
or canal where ships may dock to load and unload cargo or
passengers.

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8.Quay

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9.Fenders

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9.Fenders

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9.Fenders
 A fender is a form of a cushion is provided on a jetty face for ships to
come in contact.
 The fender can be made of different materials in various forms.
 It absorbs the impact of ship and protect them from damage .
Qualities of good fenders:-
They should have a high capacity for absorbing energies during
berthing of a ship.
They should be simple in design and construction and easily
replaceable.
It must be able to resist tangential forces effectively.
They should not be easily damaged during berthing.
They should not damage ship’s hull.(main body

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9.Fenders
Types of Fenders:-
(A) Wooden Fender
Simplest form of wooden fender are in the form of horizontal
wooden member.
They absorb energy because of deflection when struck by a ship
(B) Rubber Fenders
The simplest form of rubber fenders are rubber tires hung over
the side of the dock.
Rubber fenders are supported by wire rope attached to eye bolt
set in the concrete dock wall

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10.Dolphins
They are the marine structures located at the entrance of the locked
or alongside a pier or a wharf.
Uses:-
 To absorb the impact force of the ships.
 To provide mooring (நங்கூ மிட்டு) facilities i.e. for typing up
ships.
 They are also used to shorten the length of piers and wharves.

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10.Dolphins
Types:-
(A) Breasting Type
Provided in front of the sea face of the pier of wharf.
Designed to take the impact of ship while docking and are
equipped with fenders
(B) Mooring Type
Located behind the seaward force of the berth.
They are provided with bollards or mooring posts and with
capstans where heavy lines are to be handled
Smaller than breasting dolphins.

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10.Dolphins

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Usually floating and anchored platform at the end of a pier or
wharf for the landing and embarking of passengers and freight; it may be
sometimes : pier, dock.

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Topic 6 : Terminal Facilities

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Terminal facilities
Feeder Transport
Ware House and cold storage
Appliance and Equipment for handling Cargos
Repair Shops
Dredging Equipments
Mooring Accessories
Internal model transport service
Accommodation Structures
Navigational Aids

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Terminal facilities
Feeder Transport
Feeders collect shipping containers from different ports and transport
them to central container terminal.

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Ware house and cold storage
Ware house is the storage area
Cargo storage facilities for long period
They situate away from berths and provide suitable handling of cargos
between ships and shores
The type of storage with fully air conditioned or fully frozen is cold storage.
Terminal facilities

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Terminal facilities
Appliances and equipment for handling cargos
The equipments like cranes, side shifters, elevators , belt conveyors

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Terminal facilities
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Repair shop

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Terminal facilities
Dredging equipments

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Terminal facilities
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Mooring Accessories
Mooring lines are usually made by manila (Abaca fiber) rope, synthetic
materials like nylon.

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Terminal facilities
Internal model transport service
 Internal mode of transport service to transfer goods in local bodies
 This transport done by railways, roadways and small boats.

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Terminal facilities
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Coastal structures for accommodation

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Terminal facilities
Navigational Aids
1.Buoys
When there red and green horizontal strip it shows you at the junction of
two channels
Atons indicate primary channel
Green prefer channel in right
Red prefer channel in left

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2.Fog Signals
It was horn to alert the ship from rocky coastal lines
3.Day Bacons
It is the unlighted nautical seamarks
Sign board attach to day bacon is called as day mark
Terminal facilities
4.Light house

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Topic 7 : Inland Water Transport

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Inland Water Transport.
Canals, lakes, rivers, water courses, inlets, and bays that are nearest to
the shores of a nation and subject to its complete sovereignty.

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India has an extensive network of inland waterways in the form of rivers,
canals, backwaters and creeks.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inland_waterways_of_India#Inland_Waterw
ays_and_National_Waterways_development

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Potential of inland Water Transport.
India has 7500 km long coastline with approximately 14,500 kms of
navigable waterways.
This offers a huge potential for developing a cheaper and greener mode
of transport.

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Only a small percentage of trade is currently carried out through inland
waterways and coastlines.
 Inland water transport account for about 0.4% of trade and thus yet to be
explored.
It has been found that logistics costs in India account for about 18% of the
country’s GDP, which is much higher than other countries.
This makes Indian goods costlier and hence less competitive.
Logistics costs in the country can be brought down considerably by
transporting more and more goods by waterways.

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Inland waterways has the potential of emerging as the leading logistical
artery for the entire India, which pass through India’s most densely populated
areas and resource-rich regions, and generates an estimated 40 % of India’s
traded goods.
The network of a water-road-rail link will help the region’s industries and
manufacturing units to have a seamless flow of goods to markets in India and
abroad.
Further, it will also give wider market access to the farmers of this
agriculturally-rich Gangetic plain.

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.
Benefits of inland waterways transport.
Low cost:
Inland waterways need less capital for development and less
maintenance costs.
Energy efficient:
Inland water transport is considered to be the most cost-effective
mode of transport from the point of view of fuel efficiency.

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Environment friendly:
CO2 emissions from container vessels are much lesser than road
transport vehicles.
Capacity: It has an enormous capacity to carry bulk cargo, goods etc.

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.
Navigable
 In India, around 14,500km
of river channels are
navigable.
Only 2000 km is used.

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Growth: The development of waterways will stimulate industrial growth
and tourism.
It will also promote export and import as it reduces logistics cost of moving
cargo between ports and hinterland. Fewer accidents and less congestion
compared to roads.
Accessibility: It can provide access to remote areas. For instance, North-
eastern states now receive coal, food grains through inland water transport

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.
Inland waters, also known as internal waters, are subject to the total
sovereignty of the country as much as if they were an actual part of its
land territory.

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Inland Water Transport

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.

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Waking to the huge potential, the government aims to increase the inland
waterway cargo movement. Once operational, the waterway will form a part
of the larger multi-modal transport network being planned along the river.
https://goo.gl/maps/psb9LxfnNUdh8fjRA

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Topic 8 : Coastal Regulation Zone 2011 (CRZ)

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Coastal regulation zone 2011
.

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The coastal land up to 500m from the High Tide Line (HTL) and a stage
of 100m along banks of creeks, estuaries, backwater and rivers subject to
tidal fluctuations, is called the Coastal Regulation Zone(CRZ).
Under the Environment Protection Act, 1986 of India, notification was
issued in February 1991, for regulation of activities in the coastal area by
the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF).

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Prohibited Activities
Setting up of new industries and expansion of existing industries except,
Those directly related to waterfront or directly needing foreshore
facilities
Facilities for generating power by non-conventional energy sources
Setting up of desalination plants in the areas not classified as CRZ-I(i)
based on an impact assessment study including social impacts
reconstruction, repair works of dwelling units of local communities
including fishers in accordance with local town and country planning
regulations.

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.
Prohibited Activities
Manufacture or handling oil storage or disposal of hazardous
substance as specified in the notification of Ministry of Environment
and Forests
a) Transfer of hazardous substances from ships to ports.
b) Facilities for receipt and storage of petroleum products.
Dumping of city or town wastes including construction debris,
industrial solid wastes, fly 4 ash for the purpose of land filling
Reclamation for commercial purposes such as shopping and housing
complexes, hotels and entertainment activities.
Mining of sand, rocks and other sub-strata materials

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Permissible Activities
Clearance under CRZ notification to the concerned State or the Union
territory Coastal Zone Management Authority
a) Disaster Management Report, Risk Assessment Report and
Management Plan
b) CRZ map indicating HTL and LTL demarcated by one of
the authorized agency in 1:4000 scale
c) The CRZ map normally covering 7km radius around the project
site.
The CRZ map normally covering 7km radius around the project site.
No Objection Certificate from the concerned State Pollution Control
Boards or Union territory Pollution Control Committees for the projects
involving discharge of effluents, solid wastes, and sewage.

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.
Classification of CRZ
 CRZ I
 CRZ II
 CRZ III
 CRZ IV

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CRZ I
The areas that are ecologically sensitive and the geomorphologic features
which play a role in the maintaining the integrity of the coast.
(a) Mangroves, in case mangrove area is more than 1000 sq mts, a
buffer of 50meters along the mangroves shall be provided.
(b) Corals and coral reefs and associated biodiversity.
(c) Sand Dunes.
(d) Mudflats which are biologically active.
The area between Low Tide Line and High Tide Line

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CRZ II
The areas that have been developed upto or close to the shoreline.
Developed area is referred to as that area within the existing municipal
limits.
CRZ III
Areas that are relatively undisturbed and those do not belong to either CRZ-
I or II which include coastal zone in the rural areas (developed and
undeveloped) and also areas within municipal limits or in other legally
designated urban areas, which are not substantially built up.

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CRZ IV
The water area from the Low Tide Line to twelve nautical miles on the
seaward side.
 Shall include the water area of the tidal influenced water body from the
mouth of the water body at the sea up to the influence of tide which is
measured as five parts per thousand during the driest season of the year.

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Harbour engineering - Railways, airports, docks and harbour engineering (RAHE)

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