Airport planning - Railways, airports, docks and harbour engineering (RAHE)

SNS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Kurumbapalayam (Po), Coimbatore – 641 107
An Autonomous Institution
Accredited by NBA – AICTE and Accredited by NAAC – UGC with ‘A’ Grade
Approved by AICTE, New Delhi & Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
COURSE NAME: CE8702 RAILWAYS, AIRPORTS AND HARBOUR ENGINEERING
IV YEAR / VII SEMESTER
UNIT III
AIRPORT PLANNING
Topic 1 : Air Transport Characteristics
12/4/2020
SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem /
Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil
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SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil
Syllabus
.
Air transport characteristics - airport classification – ICAO - air port
planning : site selection typical airport ,Case studies, Parking and
circulation area.
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Airport
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Airport
.
An airport is a facility where passengers connect from ground
transportation to air transportation.
An airport is a location where aircraft such as airplanes, helicopters
take off and land.
Aircraft may also be stored or maintained at an airport.
An airport should have runway for take offs and landings, buildings
such as hangars and terminal buildings.
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Major Airports in India
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International Airports in India
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AERODROMES
A defined area on land or water (including any buildings,
installations and equipment) intended to be used either wholly or in
part for the arrival, departure and surface movement of aircraft.
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Technical terms
Aerodrome
 Area intended to be used for arrival and departure of aircraft.
Supersonic aircraft
 Aircraft which travels with the speed greater than speed of sound.
Airfield
 Area used for landing and take off an aircraft.
Airport capacity
No of aircraft movements which an airport can process per hour.
Apron
 Defined area of airport to accommodate aircrafts for loading and
unloading of cargo, passengers, parking, refueling, etc
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Technical terms
Beaufort scale
 Used to measure the wind velocity.
Control tower
 Tower is situated at the top of the terminal building.
 Walls enclosed in a glass enabling the operator to have an
unobstructed view of entire air field.
Hanger
 Large shed at airport for servicing and repairing of air craft.
Holding apron
 Portion adjacent to the ends of runways for allowing to check aircraft
instruments and engine operations free to take off.
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Technical terms
International airport
 Handles international air traffic according to the rules formed by ICAO
(International Civil Aviation Organization)
Runway
 Narrow strip of land for landing and take off
Taxiway
 Defined part paved for the use of taxing aircraft to and from the
runway and loading apron
Wind rose
 The diagram showing duration, direction and intensity of wind over a
certain period in a specified region.
ICAO
 International Civil Aviation organization was set up on april 4, 1947
with head quarters at montreal, Canada
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Air transport characteristics
Unbroken journey
over land and sea
Rapidity
highest speed
Expensive
investment is high
Special preparations
wheelers link, metrological stations, flood lights and
search lights etc.
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Advantages
High speed
Comfortable and quick service
No investment in construction of track
No physical barriers
Easy access
Emergency services
Quick clearance
Most suitable for carrying light goods at high value
National defense.
Space of exploration
Advantages and Disadvantages
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.
Disadvantages
Very costly
Small carrying capacity
Uncertain and unreliable
Breakdown and accidents
Requires large investment
Special skill
Legal restrictions
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12/4/2020 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil
Thank You
HAPPY LEARNING
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UNIT III
AIRPORT PLANNING
Topic 2 : Airport Classification
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Airport Classification
The classification and other guidelines are known through the
organization only.
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.
1. ICAO-International Civil Aviation Organization
The International Civil Aviation Organization, is a specialized agency of
the United Nations.
It codifies the principles and techniques of international air navigation
and fosters the planning and development
of international air transport to ensure
safe and orderly growth.
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2. FAA-Federal Aviation Administration
The Federal Aviation Administration of the United States is a
national authority with powers to regulate all aspects of civil
aviation.
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a. Based on take off and landing
 Conventional take off and landing airport runway length of greater
then 1500m
 Reduced take off and landing airport runway length 1000 to 1500m
 Short take off and landing airport runway length 500 to 1000m
 Vehicle take off and landing airport operational area 25 to 500 Sq.m
generally used for the operation of helicopter
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b. Based on geometric design
The ICAO uses a two element references code to classify the geometric
design standards for airports.
The code element consists of a numeric and alphabetic designation.
The code number 1 through 4 classify the length of the runway
available
The code letters A through E classify the wingspan and outer main
gear wheel span for the aircraft for which the airport has been designed.
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b. Based on geometric design.
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c. Based on FAA classification (1 knot = 1.9 km/hr)
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d. Based on function
1. Civil aviation
a. International airport
b. Domestic airport
c. Regional airport
2. Military aviation
Military aviation is the use of military aircraft and other flying
machines for the purposes of conducting or enabling aerial warfare,
including national airlift (air cargo) capacity to provide logistical supply to
forces stationed in a theatre or along a front.
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.
a. International (Dubai International Airport)
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a. International airport
An international airport has direct service to many other airports.
Handle scheduled commercial airlines both for passengers and cargo.
Many international airports also serve as "HUBS", or places where non-
direct flights may land and passengers switch planes.
Typically equipped with customs and immigration facilities to handle
international flights to and from other countries.
Such airports are usually larger, and often feature longer runways and
facilities to accommodate the large aircraft. (FBO, MRO etc..)
(MRO-Maintenance, repair & overhaul, FRO-fixed-base operator)
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.
b. Domestic airport
c. Regional airport
(Louisiana Regional Airport, US)
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b. Domestic airport
A domestic airport is an airport which handles only domestic flights or
flights within the same country.
Domestic airports don't have customs and immigration facilities and are
therefore incapable of handling flights to or from a foreign airport.
These airports normally have short runways which are sufficient to
handle short/medium haul aircraft.
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.
c. Regional airport
A regional airport is an airport serving traffic within a relatively small
or lightly populated geographical area.
A regional airport usually does not have customs and immigration
facilities to process traffic between countries.
Aircraft using these airports tend to be smaller business jets or
private aircraft (general aviation).
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Thank You
HAPPY LEARNING
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UNIT III
AIRPORT PLANNING
Topic 3 : Airport Planning
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Airport Planning
1.Introduction
Airport planning refers to preparation of a scheme before hand for
development of airports.
Requirements of an airport are to ensure safe and speedy transport of
air travel passengers.
It has to facilitate reception and departure of aircrafts with least
possible delays.
(i) Important objectives of airport planning:
(a) Justify the need for an airport.
(b) Formulated a layout plan for the airport and design of runways,
taxi ways and airport buildings.
(c) Prepare cost estimation and
(d) Propose institutional arrangements
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Airport Planning
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(ii) Components of airport planning:
(a) Assessment of traffic potential.
(b) Site selection
(c) Design and drawing of airport components.
(d) Cost estimation
(e) Evaluation of economic viability, engineering feasibility
and environment impact.
(f) Financial sources.
(g) Institutional arrangement
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Airport Planning
(iii) Good airfield layout characteristics:
(a) Landing. Take off and taxing – independent operations.
(b) Shortest taxiway.
(c) Safe runway length
(d) Safe approaches.
(e) Excellent control tower visibility.
(f) Adequate loading apron space.
(g) Comprehensive terminal building facilities.
(h) Land area for future expansion.
(i) Cost effective construction, maintenance and operation.
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Airport Planning
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2.Socio-economic characteristics of catchment areas
(i)Assessment of traffic potential
Assessment of traffic potential for a proposed airport in terms of
passenger and cargos is a crucial element in establishing the need for
an airport.
The first step in assessment of traffic potential is to delineate
(சித்தரித்து) catchment area of the proposed airport in the national
network of airports.
After demarcation (வரையரை) of imaginary influence area,
socioeconomic characteristics of the population are studied.
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Airport Planning
(ii) Population
a. Total population.
b. Rate of growth of population.
c. Estimation of future population.
(iii) Economic characteristics
a. pattern of employment – industries , business , government ,
private, others.
b. income group –composition of families under high income group
and middle income group.
c. average per capita income of persons in income groups of HIG and
MIG. (HIG-High income group. MIG- Middle income group)
d. pattern of expenditure – proportion of expenditure for different
items and more particularly for travel.
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Airport Planning
(iv) Travel- characteristics
a. frequency of air travel.
b. modal choice.
Socio-economic characteristics of the region are compared with that
of other comparable regions, where airports are already in existence.
From the comparative analysis, annual passenger volume and
expected cargo volume are assessed.
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Airport Planning
3. Site selection for airports
Site selection is a critical element in airport planning.
Efficiency, safety and capacity of airports to a greater extent depend on
suitability of sites.
Therefore, site analysis for
alternate sites is under taken
and the best among them is chosen.
Parameters for site selection
include physical and economic
characteristics of sites and
on-site and off-site facilities
available .
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Airport planning
4. Factor influencing size of an airport
(i) Type of airport i.e, domestic or international, or defense. Size of an
airport depends upon whether it is an international or domestic one.
(ii) Traffic potential of an airport region.
(iii) Aircraft characteristics such as aircraft capacity, aircraft speed,
minimum circling radius, minimum turning radius, noise level, and take off
and landing distances
(iv) Site characteristics such as topography and land availability.
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Airport Planning
5. Design and drawing of airport components
Airport planning involves the preparation of following plans.
(i) Topographical plan.
(ii) Layout plan.
(iii) Design of runway, taxiway, and buildings.
(iv) Vehicular circulation
and parking area plan.
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Airport Planning
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(i) Topographical plan:
Topographical plan indicates all natural and manmade features on
a site , besides boundaries of the site.
Boundaries of cleared and graded area, contour lines and access
roads are marked on the topographical plans.
Width for which features are incorporated depends upon the type
and size of the airport.
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Airport Planning
(ii)Layout plan:
It is the process of laying out various elements is arranged. An
airport lay-out plan shows the positioning of various components of an
airport.
(a) airport landing area- approach zone.
(b) Airport terminal area –runway, taxiway, apron, airport building,
vehicular parking Area and airport road network.
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Airport Planning
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(iii) Design of runway: (Similar designs are carried out for
taxiways)
(a) Runway orientation.
(b) Length of runway- basics and corrected runway lengths.
(c) Runway width
(d) Width and length of safety area.
(e) Transverse gradient.
(f) Longitudinal and
effective gradient.
(g) Rate of change of
longitudinal gradient.
(h) Site distance.
(i) Design of runway
pavement.
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Airport Planning
(iv) Vehicular circulation and parking area:
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Airport Planning
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(iv) Vehicular circulation and parking area:
Air travel passengers and visitors to airports normally use
motorized personal transport such as cars and vans to arrive at or to
leave airports.
Therefore, road circulation and parking patterns are vital aspects
in airport planning.
Road circulation pattern in an airport should facilities easy and
safe ingress and egress.
Based on peak hour demand, parking duration and parking
accumulation and basic vehicular parking pattern is designed.
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Airport Planning
6. Cost estimation
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Airport Planning
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6. Cost estimation
(i) Capital cost:
Rough estimation is prepared for following constituents.
(a) Cost land acquisition and cost of land development.
(b) Formulation of design and drawing.
(c) Construction of terminal area and landing area.
(d) Cost of air traffic control devices.
(e) Cost of provision of visual aids.
(ii) Maintenance cost:
Annual maintenance cost including repair and renovation for all
components of airports of airports is realistically assessed and provide.
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Airport Planning
7. Economic evaluation
The evaluation is done by analyzing costs and benefits, both tangible
and intangible.
The project is evaluated against economic viability, engineering
feasibility, environmental stability, social acceptability and spatial
development.
 Economic costs and benefits include capital costs, and maintenance
cost.
Economic benefits are receipts through sale proceeds, and rental values.
8. Institutional arrangement
(i) Organizations: Institutional arrangement is concerned with
organization for planning, design, execution, maintenance and
mobilization of resources.
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Airport Planning
8. Institutional arrangement
The organizational pattern depends on the type of airports and sector in
which it is developed viz.; public or private.
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Airport Planning
(ii) Financial resources:
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Airport Planning
(ii) Financial resources:
Airport Finance’ deals with various methods of generating funds for
projects.
Financial resources for airport projects are generated normally from
governmental sector.
However, with the introduction of B.O.T concepts, private sectors have
also come forward to build new airports in the country.
Capital investment in road project is generally recovered from the road
users in the form of direct and indirect taxations.
The same logic may be applied for airport also.
B.O.T-------Build–Operate–Transfer
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Happy Learning
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UNIT III
AIRPORT PLANNING
Topic 4 : Airport Components - I
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Components of Airport
Runway
Taxiway
Apron
Terminal building
Control tower
Hanger
Parking
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Runway
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Runway
Runway is a paved land strip on which landing and takeoff operations
of aircrafts takes place.
It is in levelled position without any obstructions on it.
Special markings are made on the runway to differ it from the normal
roadways. Similarly, after sunset, specially provided lightings are helped
the aircrafts for safe landing.
Many factors are considered for design of runway.
The direction of runway should be in the direction of wind.
Sometimes cross winds may happen, so, for safety considerations
second runway should be laid normal to the main runway.
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Runway
.
The number of runways for an airport is depends upon the traffic.
 If the traffic is more than 30 movements per hour, then it is
necessary to provide another runway.
Runway can be laid using bitumen or concrete.
 Bitumen is economic but concrete runways have long span and
requires less maintenance cost.
The width of runway is dependent of maximum size of aircrafts
utilizing it.
The length of runway is decided from different considerations like
elevation of land, temperature, take off height, gradients etc.
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Runway
There are different runway patterns are available and they are
1. Single runway
2. Two runways
3. Hexagonal runway
4. 45-degree runway
5. 60-degree runway
6. 60-degree parallel runway
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Runway
.
Single Runway
Single runway is the most common form. It is enough for light traffic
airports or for occasional (எப்ப ோதோவது) usages.
This runway is laid in the direction of wind in that particular area.
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Runway
Two Runway
Two runway contains two runway which are laid in different directions
by considering cross winds or wind conditions in that particular area.
The runways may be laid in the form of L shape or T shape or X shape.
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Runway
Hexagonal Runway
This is the modern pattern of system of runway laying.
 In which the takeoff and landing movements of aircrafts can be
permitted at any given time without any interference.
This is most suitable for heavy traffic airports or busiest airports.
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Runway
45 Degree Runway
45 degree run way is opted when the wind coverage for same airfield
capacity is greater.
This is also termed as four-way runway.
King khalid international Airport
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Runway
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Runway
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Runway
.
60 Degree Runway
When the wind in that area is prevailing in many directions, so, it is
difficult to decide the direction in which runway is to be laid.
 In that case, 60-degree runway is opted which looks like triangular
arrangement of runways.
60 Degree Parallel Runway
It is the extension of 60-degree runway, which is opted when the
wind coverage is greater in other two directions then it is obvious that
the third runway is to be chosen.
But if the air traffic is more, then it is difficult to control the
operations.
Hence, another runway is required parallel to the using one. For that
purpose, 60-degree parallel runway is suitable.
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Taxiway
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Taxiway
.
Taxiway is path which connects each end of the runway with terminal
area, apron, hanger etc.
These are laid with asphalt or concrete like runways.
In modern airports, taxiways are laid at an angle of 30 degree to the
runway so that aircrafts can use it to change from one runway to other
easily.
 The turning radius at taxiway and runway meets should be more
than 1.5 times of width of taxiway.
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Apron
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Apron
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Apron
Apron is a place which is used as parking place for aircrafts.
 It is also used for loading and unloading of aircrafts.
Apron is generally paved and is located in front of terminal building or
adjacent to hangers.
The size of area to be allotted for apron and design of apron is
generally governed by the number of aircrafts expected in the airport.
The aircraft characteristics also considered while design.
Proper drainage facilities should be provided with suitable slope of
pavement.
Sufficient clearances must be provided for aircrafts to bypass each
other.
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12/4/2020 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil
Happy Learning
Be a hero, Always say,
“I have no fear”
- Swami Vivekananda
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UNIT III
AIRPORT PLANNING
Topic 5 : Airport Components - II
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Terminal Building
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Terminal Building
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Terminal Building
.
Terminal building is a place where airport administration facilities
takes place.
 In this building, pre-journey and post journey checking’s of
passengers takes place.
Lounges, cafes etc. are provided for the passengers.
Passengers can directly enter the plane from terminal buildings
through sky bridge, walkways etc.
Similarly, the passengers from plane also directly enter into the
terminal building
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Terminal Building
1. Design objectives.
2. Facilities to be provided
3. Noise control
4. Planning consideration
5. Site selection
6. Space requirement
1.Design objectives
i. Airline objectives
ii. Airport management objectives
iii.Community objectives
iv.Passenger objectives
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Terminal Building
.
2.Facilities to be provided
i. Banks with foreign exchanges (sometimes open for 24hrs)
ii. Passengers bud baggage handling for boarding
iii.Baggage claim section
iv.Enquiry counters
v. Post offices where letter can be dispatched, telephone calls made.
vi.Waiting hall for passengers and visitors
vii.Restaurant and bars
viii.Medical unit and first aid centre
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Terminal Building
2.Facilities to be provided
ix. Medical unit and first aid centre
x. Book shops and news paper sale booth
xi. Cloak room
xii.Office for aircraft staff
xiii.Custom control
xiv.Passport and health controls
xv.Toilet in every floor with facilities for disabled persons.
xvi.saloons
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Terminal Building
3.Noise control
 More noise inside the terminal building due to presence of
passengers
 Control towers Using sound proof materials
4.Planning considerations
(i) Centralized system
(ii) Decentralized system
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Terminal Building
Centralized and Decentralized systems
Centralized -Primary
Centralized-Secondary
Decentralized
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Control Tower
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Control Tower
The control tower is a place where aircrafts under a particular zone
is controlled whether they are in land or in air.
The observation is done by the controller through radars and
information is carried through radio.
The controller from the control tower observes all the aircrafts with
in that zone and informs pilots about their airport traffic, landing
routes, visibility, wind speeds, runway details, etc.
Based on which the pilot decides and attempts safe landing. So,
control tower is like nerve system of an airport.
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Hangers
.
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Hanger
Hanger is a place where repairing and servicing of aircrafts is done.
 Taxiway connects the hanger with runway so, when a repair needed
for an aircraft it can be moved to hanger easily.
It is constructed in the form of large shed using steel trusses and
frames.
Large area should be provided for Hanger for comfortable movement of
aircrafts.
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Parking
.
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Parking
This is a place provided for parking the vehicles of airport staff or
passengers which is outside the terminal building or sometimes under
the ground of terminal building.
Short term parking ( less the 3 hrs)
Long term parking
Away from the main terminal
Rends are usually discounted for long term users
Remote parking
Quite distance from terminal
Rent are most economical
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Characteristics of a good layout
1. Efficient space utilization
2. Flexibility
3. Accessibility
4. Efficient space utilization
5. Minimum movement
6. Ensuring Co-ordination
7. Visibility
8. Reduced discomfort
9. Adherence to statutory regulation
10.Preservation of materials and equipment
https://accountlearning.com/top-10-characteristics-or-features-of-a-
good-layout/
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Happy Learning
“Education is the movement
from darkness to light”
- Allan Bloom
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UNIT III
AIRPORT PLANNING
Topic 6 : Airport Site selection
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Airport Site Selection
1. Regional plan
2. Airport use
3. Proximity to other airports
4. Ground accessibility
5. Topography
6. Obstructions
7. Visibility
8. Wind
9. Noise nuisance
10.Future development
11.Grading, drainage and soil characteristics
12.Availability of utilities from town
13.Economic considerations
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1. Regional Plan
The site selected should fit well into the regional plan. There by forming it
an integral part of the nation of airport.
2. Airport Use
The selection of site depends upon the use of an airport.
Whether for civilian or for military operations, during the emergency,
civilian airports are taken over by the defense.
Therefore, the airport site selected should be such it provides natural
protection to the area from air raids.
 Consideration is of prime importance for the airfields to be lending
combat zones.
If the site provides thick bushes, the planes can be stored. inside unnoticed.
Sometimes they is such that the planes can be hidden by the ground
installations.
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3. Proximity to Other Airports
The site should be selected at a considerable distance from existing
airports so that the aircraft landing in one airport not interfere with
the movement of aircraft at other.
 The required separation between the airports mainly upon the
volume of air traffic, the type of aircraft and air traffic control.
The following minimum spacing been suggested as a guide for
planning:
 For airports serving small general aviation aircrafts under VFR
conditions = 3.2 km (2 miles)
 For airports serving bigger aircrafts, say two piston engine, under
VFR conditions = 6.4 km (4 miles)
VFR- Visual flight rules
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.
 For airports operating piston engine aircrafts under lFR
conditions = 25.6 km (16 miles)
 For aircrafts operating jet engine aircrafts under lFR conditions =
160 km (100 miles)
If the suggested minimum spacing between the airports cannot be
provided, then the landing and take-off of aircrafts in each airport are
properly timed to avoid interference.
This reduces the capacity of each airport.
IFR-Instrument flight rules
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 For airports operating piston engine aircrafts under lFR conditions =
25.6 km (16 miles)
 For aircrafts operating jet engine aircrafts under lFR conditions =
160 km (100 miles)
If the suggested minimum spacing between the airports cannot be
provided, then the landing and take-off of aircrafts in each airport are
properly timed to avoid interference.
This reduces the capacity of each airport.
IFR-Instrument flight rules
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4. Ground Accessibility
Site should be so selected that it is readily accessible to the users.
 The airline passenger is more concerned with his door to door time
rather than the actual time in air travel.
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4.Ground Accessibility
The time to reach the airport is, therefore, an important
consideration specially for short-haul operations.
The 'time to reach an airport in a passenger car, from the or
residential centers, should normally not exceed 30 minutes.
The best location is a site adjacent to main highway. This provides a
quick access and minimizes the cost of an entrance road.
Availability of public transportation facilities, e.g., bus, taxi etc,
further qualifies the suitability of the site and may also improve the
business potentiality at the airport.
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5.Topography
This includes natural features like ground contours, trees, streams etc.
A raised ground e.g. a hill top is usually considered to be an ideal site for
an airport. The reasons are:
Less obstruction in approach zones
Natural drainage
More uniform wind
Better visibility due to less fog
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6. Obstructions
When aircraft is landing or taking off, it loses or gains altitude very
slowly as compared to the forward speed for this reason, long clearance
areas are provided on either side of runway known as approach areas
over which the aircraft can safely gain or lose altitude.
The areas should be kept free of obstructions
The obstructions may consist of fences, trees, pole lines, building and
other natural or man made objects.
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6.Obstructions
Sometimes the ground itself may slope upwards from the end of the
runways to such an extent that it forms an obstruction to the aircraft
operation.
If obstruction exists around a site over which an airport is to be built, the
removal is essential at any cost.
The future growth of undesirable structures is controlled by zoning laws.
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7. Visibility
Poor visibility lowers the traffic capacity of the airport
It should be free from fog, smoke, etc.,
Fog – settle where wind blow is minimum
Smoke – from industrial area; future development to be studied.
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.
8. Wind
Runway is oriented that landing and takeoff is done by heading into
the wind
Wind data – collected for 5 years (direction, duration and intensity of
wind)
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8. Wind
Helps in proper orientation of runway and influences the shape of
the site needed for the development of airport
Site should be located to windward direction of the city – minimum
smoke from the city.
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.
8. Wind
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8. Wind
Sometimes, fight path is oriented along the direction of prevailing
winds – highly developed with residential and industries.
However, if runway is constructed at right angles to the previous the
area is found to be scarcely developed.
If the intensity over the site is low for large percentage of time, it will
be possible to use the latter direction of runway during the above
period and consider it as the preferential runway for take-off.
Thus some extra runway may have to constructed merely to reduce
the noise nuisance.
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9. Noise Nuisance
The extent of noise nuisance depends upon the climb out path of
aircraft, type of engine propulsion and the gross weight aircraft.
Site selection – landing and take off path – free from residential or
industrial area.
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9. Noise Nuisance
Some times buffer zone have to be provided between the take off end of
a runway – if not provided some acoustical barrier have to be provided.
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10. Grading, Drainage and soil characteristic
The original ground profile of a site with any grading operations,
determines the shape of an area and the general pattern of the drainage
system.
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10. Grading, Drainage and soil characteristic
The possibility of floods at the valley sites should be investigated.
Sites with high water tables, which may require costly sub - soil
drainage should be avoided.
The most desirable type of soil for airport construction is the one
which contains a amount of pervious material such as gravel, sand, etc.,
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.
11. Future Development
Considering that the air traffic volume will continue to increase in
future, more number of runways may have to be provided for an
increased traffic.
Similarly, more facilities may be required for processing of
passengers, baggage and cargo and for shelter of aircraft.
Additional traffic control devices may also have to be installed.
Zoning coordinates should be implemented to prevent the growth of
undesirable structures within the area.
Larger area should be acquired initially.
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12. Availability of utilities from Town
An airport has to be provided with facilities like water supply, sewer,
telephone, electricity etc.,
In the selection of site, the availability of these utilities from the town
should be given due consideration.
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.
13. Economic Consideration
The cost estimates should be prepared for the entire airport
construction considering both initial and ultimate stages.
The estimates should include land cost, clearing and grading of land,
drainage, removal of hazards, paving, lighting, construction of
buildings, access roads and automobile parking areas.
Amongst the various alternate sites,
one which is economical should be
preferred.
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Factors affecting selection of site for Airport
Availability of adequate area
Accessibility
Topography, soil condition and drainage
Availability of construction materials
Cost of development
Cost of maintenance
Traffic volume and type of traffic
Cross-wind component
Proximity of airways
Safety factors
Revenues
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Happy Learning
“The most important thing about the Technology is
How it change people”
- Jaron Lanier
112

UNIT III
AIRPORT PLANNING
Topic 7 : ICAO stipulations and Layouts
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ICAO stipulations (நிபந்தனைகளுடன்)
ICAO Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPs)
A Standard is any specification whose application is recognized as
necessary for safety or regularity of international air navigation and to
which Contracting States will conform.
A Recommended Practice is any specification whose uniform
application is recognized as desirable for the safety, regularity or
efficiency of international air navigation.
The rights of Contracting States (i.e.; countries) are fully respected
with no discrimination.
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ICAO SARPs -- 18 Annexes
1. Personnel Licensing
2. Rules of the Air
3. Meteorological Services for
Int’l Air Navigation
4. Aeronautical Charts
5. Units of Measurement Used
in Air and Ground Ops.
6. Operation of Aircraft
7. Aircraft Nationality and
Registration Marks
8. Airworthiness of Aircraft
9. Facilitation
10. Aeronautical
Communications
11. Air Traffic Services
12. Search and Rescue
13. Aircraft Accident Investigation
14. Aerodromes
15. Aeronautical Information
Services
16. Environmental Protection
17. Security
18. Transport of Dangerous Goods
by Air
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Typical airport layouts
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.
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The prime factor to be consider in the design of an aircraft is the
selection of the runway configuration. Different types of configuration is to
be discussed as follows
The combination of all Airport leads to a smooth functioning of traffic,
Optimal distance of taxies and provides Shortest route for the passengers
Classifications involved in airport Layout
1. Balanced Airport Layout
2. Types of airport layout
3. Military Airport Layout
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Balanced Airport Layout
.
A balanced Airport Layout Should possess the following characteristics
1.Runway length Should be safe
2.Space of loading apron Should be safe
3.Less cost of construction
4.Feasibility for future Expansion
5.landing, Take-off Should function independently
6.Approaches Should be safe
7.Economical maintenance Cost
8.Taxiway Distance fro loading apron to runway end be shortest
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Types of airport layout
(a) Airport Layout- Single Runway
(b) Airport Layout- Two Parallel Runways
(c) Airport Layout- Three non-intersect Runways
(d) Airport Layout-Three intersection Runways
(a) Airport Layout- Single Runway
The position of hanger, Apron, Terminal Building And taxiways Along
with the runway are shown as follows
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(b) Airport Layout- Two Parallel Runways
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(c) Airport Layout- Three non-intersect Runways
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(d) Airport Layout-Three intersection Runways
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Tangential airport Layout
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.
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Military Airport Requirement have to be looked into an different way
than that of a commercial Airport.
Some of the important Airport Factors to be considered are as follows
1.Maxium number of trees have to be preserved
( ோதுகோக்கப் டுகிைது).
2.Surfece of a runway has to be Specially treated with the Specific
colour.
3.Made as inconspicuous (ததளிவில்லோத) as possible.
4. overall Layout may appear to be unusual and irregular.
5. Topography Should be suitable for underground installation.
6. Storage Spaces for the Aircraft may be distribution widely and
Scattered.
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Case studies
.
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Case studies
 Chennai Layout
 Delhi Layout
 Goa Layout
 Bangalore Layout
 Calicut Layout
 Coimbatore Layout
 Tiruchirapalli Layout
 Salem Layout
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Happy Learning
130

UNIT III
AIRPORT PLANNING
Topic 8 : Parking
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Parking and circulation area (for passengers users)
.
This is a place provided for parking the vehicles of airport staff or
passengers which is outside the terminal building or sometimes under
the ground of terminal building.
Short term parking ( less the 3 hrs)
Long term parking
Away from the main terminal
Rends are usually discounted for long term users
Remote parking
Quite distance from terminal
Rent are most economical
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Right angle parking
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Angle parking (45 ̊/ 30 ̊ / 60 ̊)
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Parking (Aircraft)
Aircraft can be Grouped adjacent to the terminal building in a variety of
ways.
These groupings are referred as to the aircraft parking System
1.Frontal or Linear System
2.Open Apron or Transporter System
3.Finger or Pies System
4.Satellite System
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Parking (Aircraft)
1.Frontal or Linear System
In the frontal or linear system the aircraft are parked along the face of
the terminal building.
This is a simple system but adoptable to the airport with low airline
activity.
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Parking (Aircraft)
2. Open Apron or Transporter System
In this open Apron System the aircrafts are parked in rows.
The passenger Have to walk a long distance in Exposed weather
condition to reach the outmost Row.
In order to protect the passenger from
the adverse weather condition
vehicular transport have to be
provided for Enplaning and deplaning.
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Parking (Aircraft)
.
3. Finger or Pies System
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Parking (Aircraft)
3. Finger or Pies System
In the finger or Pier System the connection to the Aircraft is Achieved
through the pier Extending from the main terminal Area .
It can be T-Shaped, Y- Shaped, or Straight.
Each pier a row of Aircraft gate position on both sides. Aircraft are
parked around the axis of the pier is noise-in of parallel parking
arrangement.
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Parking (Aircraft)
.
4. Satellite Parking
Satellite are Small buildings located on an Apron.
 In this types of System the aircraft are parked around the satellite.
The satellite building is connected to the main terminal building by
underground tunnels.
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Happy Learning
141

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