Public Powerpoint for Animal Biology class 2016-20035 at NSU Broken Arrow campus. Presentation on Pheromones of phyla Chordata, Cnidaria, and Arthropoda using publicly available information and images referenced online.

1. Pheromones
By: Ashley Strain, Shane Benjamin, Hayley Fischer,
Andrew Fisher, Taylor Skorupski

2. Pheromone Introduction
• A chemical substance produced and released into the
environment by an animal, especially a mammal or an insect,
affecting the behavior or physiology of others of its species.
This includes mating as well.
• Pheromones are ectohormones meaning they act outside the
body of the individual that is secreting them.
• Pheromones are usually produced by glands located on the
skin, or by ducts within the body that have ducts leading to
the body's exterior; the second variety of glands are known
as exocrine glands.

3. Pheromone introduction
• Pheromones are commonly used in insect control.They
can be used as bait to attract males into a trap, prevent
them from mating, or to disorient them.
• Pheromones are a means of communication among
insects families

4. Types of Pheromones Signaling
• Alarm pheromone
 Insects set an alarm to warn for danger.
• Trail pheromone
 A guide for food or back to their homes
• Death pheromone
 Insect dies and needs to be removed
• Sexual arousal pheromone
 Alert other insects they are ready to mate
• Sexual deception pheromone
 Fool insects to coming to them and then feasting on them
• Instruction pheromone
 Instruct on what tasks need to be done
• Epideictic pheromones
 Tell other females to lay their eggs elsewhere

5. Pheromone Signaling

6. Types of Communication:
Chemical communication
Visual communication
Acoustic communication

7. Chemical Communication
• Chemical communication
• Called semiochemicals or
infochemicals that help to mediate
interactions between organisms
• Different molecules to travel from
signaler to receiver
• Involved with sexual interactions
• Most common form of
communication because it last
longer then visual or acoustic
• Metabolically "inexpensive" because
only small quantities are needed
• This is effective during day or night
http://www.mdpi.com/insects/insects-05-
00439/article_deploy/html/images/insects-05-00439-g001-
1024.png

8. Visual Communication
Instantaneous, not specific
Can be used over long distances
Can be used while moving and are
fast
Effective in all directions
Can generate own light and be seen
at night
Used for mating

9. Acoustic Communication
• AcousticCommunication
 Not limited by environmental
barriers
 Effective over distances and around
corners
 Highly variable, fast change & high
information content
 These signals can be quickly started,
stopped or modified to send a
specific message
 Used as a mating call by the certain
vibrations
 Can be used in different ways such
as stridulation, membrane vibration,
knocking, hissing and wing vibration
http://www.zoo.cam.ac.uk/departments/insect-acoustic-
communication/OvBalz.jpg

10. Pheromonesofthehoneybee
colony
Taylor Skorupski

11. Introduction:
● Pheromones are hormones secreted as liquids from
glands in honeybee adults, larvae, or pupae
● They induce behavioral responses in other bees by
coming into physical contact with bee’s antennae and
mouthparts, whose receptors interpret the signals
● Pheromones can act in either the liquid or gas phase to
induce such changes
● Can be categorized into either releaser or primer
pheromones

12. ● Releaser Pheromone stimulate short term,
behavioral responses and change behavior of
recipient
● Primer Pheromones induce longer term
physiological changes in bees
● Pheromones produced by brood and queens tend
to be primer pheromones important to social
dynamics within the colony
● Pheromones produced by worker bees tend to be
releaser pheromones

13. Behavioral Pheromones
The pheromone produced by the Nassonoff gland, which opens onto the side of the
abdomen, has many purposes, including attracting workers and queens.
Conversely, o-aminoacetophenone is a pheromone produced by virgin queens and
released with faeces. In small groups, the pheromone repels and is used when a
new queen feels threatened by the workers.
The main alarm pheromone is released with the sting, and is a mix of many
compounds. Benzyl acetate causes only flight behaviour, whereas 1-butanol, 1-
octanol, and hexyl acetate cause only the recruitment of more bees from within the
hive. Other compounds (1-hexanol, butyl acetate, isopentyl acetate, and 2-nonanol)
act in more than one behavioural context.

14. Marker Pheromones
Honeybees also use Nassonoff gland pheromones for marking food sources, in marking the
hive, in scenting prospective hive locations by scouts, and in gathering swarms in flight.
Nassanoff gland activity is best seen when a swarm is hived. When a new hive site is found,
some bees mark the entrance with a wet, white material from the end of the abdomen. The
other bees will then enter. When bees find a new source of food, they also mark it with the
same chemical. A powerful marker pheromone is octyl acetate, also found in the sting
pheromone.
The odour of each colony is different, and probably results from a combination of
endogenous (pheromone or pheromone-like) materials and exogenous (food) materials in
each hive. Colonies cannot normally be combined into one hive without the bees fighting
and killing one another. Beekeepers usually get round this by placing a newspaper between
the two colonies. By the time the bees have eaten through, their odours have mixed and
become indistinguishable. During heavy honey flows colonies can be united without
difficulty, as the difference in colony odour seems to disappear, or be submerged by the
scent of nectar.

15. Queen Mandibular Pheromone
The queen bee exerts her influence over the hive by means of the Queen Mandibular
Pheromone (QMP). This acts as a mating attractant for the drones, and to suppress the
reproductive systems of the workers, ensuring that the queen is the only reproductive female in
the hive.
QMP contains 9-oxodec-(E)-2-enoic acid, both enantiomers of 9-hydroxydec-(E)-2-enoic acid,
methyl para-hydroxybenzoate and 2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)ethanol.
QMP is only effective in suppressing ovary development in workers when all components are
present. Young virgin queens cannot oxidise 9-ODA to 9-HDA, whereas mated queens and
older virgin queens can perform this oxidation. QMP is distributed around the hive by food
sharing, and as long as the queen substance circulates by this method, the workers know that
the queen is present. If the queen is removed, QMP no longer circulates the hive, and the
workers begin to feed royal jelly to larvae to produce a new queen. QMP also acts to keep the
swarm together when the queen leaves the hive with the swarm.

16. Cnidaria
Pheromone
Signaling

17. Cnidaria
 Sea Anemones
 Hydrozoa- Hydras
 Scyphozoa- Jellyfish
 Cubozoa- box jellies
 Anthozoa- corals
 Radial Symmetry-parts arranged around a central axis
 Inner and outer layers
 2 body forms
 Polyp- resembles a vase
 Medusa-resembles a mushroom with tentacles
 Aqueous Pheromones are soluble and diffused by currents

18. Jellyfish
 Releaser pheromones evoke an immediate
response
 Alarm pheromone-scatter
Epidermal Substance-Injury
 Mating pheromone

19. PHYLUM CHORDATA
• INCLUDES HUMANS AND OTHER
VERTEBRATES
• NOT ALL ARE VERTEBRATES
• 43,700 SPECIES
• THIRD-LARGEST PHYLUM

20. CHORDATA FEATURES
Openings that
connect the
inside of the
throat to the
outside of the
neck
Pharyngeal Slits Dorsal Nerve
Cord
Notochord
Post-anal Tail
An extension
of the body
past the anal
opening
A bundle of
nerve fibers
running
dorsally on the
posterior side
Cartilage
supporting the
nerve cord

21. SUBPHYLUMS IN CORDATA
• THREE SUBPHYLUMS:
• UROCHORDATA (TUNICATES)
• CEPHALACHORDATA
(LANCELETS)
• VERTEBRATA (VERTEBRATES)
• JAWLESS FISH
• CARTILAGINOUS FISH
• BONY FISH
• AMPHIBIANS
• REPTILE
• BIRDS
• MAMMALS

22. SUBPHYLM OF VERTEBRATES: MAMMALS
Chordata  Vertebrates  Mammals  Primates 
New and Old World Primates
New World Primates Old World Primates
Howler Monkeys are the
largest New World Primate! Rhesus Monkeys

23. PRIMATE BEHAVIORS INFLUENCED BY
PHEROMONES
Sexuality Offspring
care/other
care giving
Grooming
Communication
Aggression/Violence

24. PRECEPTION OF PHEROMONES
• SEEN IN FETAL
DEVELOPMENT BUT
BECOMES VESTIGIAL BY
ADULTHOOD
• Old World Primates do not
have this structure
• New World Primates do have
the VNO
Vomeronasal
Organ
Located behind the
nasal cavity

25. PHEROMONE RECEPTORS
• PHEROMONES DETECTED THROUGH V1R
AND TRP2 RECEPTORS
• ATTACHED TO G PROTEINS
• TRANSLATE CHEMICAL
SIGNALS FROM THE
OUTSIDE LEADING TO A PHYSICAL
CHANGE INSIDE

26. PHEROMONES AFFECTS IN PRIMATES
• THE VNO AND THE PHEROMONE RECEPTORS RESPOND BY CAUSING SEXUAL
AND SOCIAL BEHAVIORAL CHANGES IN THE PRIMATES
• INTERACTIONS IN BETWEEN PRIMATES CAN BE AFFECTED BY PHEROMONE
SIGNALING:
• REPRODUCTION
• MATE RECOGNITION
• INTERMALE AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIORS
• FEMALE TO FEMALE COMMUNICATION
• COMMUNICATION TO OFFSPRING

27. RESEARCH
• CURRENT GENETIC RESEARCH IS BEING DONE TO ANALYZE THESE RECEPTORS.
• FOCUS OF RESEARCH:
• ROLE OF PHEROMONES IN THE ROLE OF SIGNALING
• THE STRUCTURE OF THE PHEROMONE SYSTEMS
• MICE ARE CURRENTLY BEING USED AS MODEL ORGANISMS FOR THIS RESEARCH
DUE TO THEIR EXTREME DECREASE IN SEXUAL AND SOCIAL BEHAVIORS WHEN
THE RECEPTORS ARE OBSTRUCTED.

28. Conclusion
http://www.fjf.co.jp/en/ecomone/product/pheromone/img/pherom
e1.gif

29. http://catdir.loc.gov/catdir/samples
/cam033/2002024628.pdf

31. Sources
 http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/chordata/chordata.html
 http://www.macalester.edu/academics/psychology/whathap/ubnrp/pherom
one10/primate%20pheromones.html
 https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=pheromone+signaling+in+gorilla&hl=en
&as_sdt=0&as_vis=1&oi=scholart&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj5jPOA4rjJAhVBOT4KH
QOmCzQQgQMIGjAA
 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4090154/
 http://www.iupui.edu/~mstd/a103/primate%20lecture%203.html

32. Sources
Photos
 https://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio203/f2013/lacoursi_nath/classification.htm
 http://biologicalexceptions.blogspot.com/2014/07/lets-get-loud.html
 https://blogs.biochem.ncsu.edu/retrocyclin-a-long-lost-human-protein-that-could-help-
reduce-the-spread-of-hiv/
 http://primates.com/morality/index.html
 http://boston.eventful.com/events/hear-wild-things-science-animal-communication-/E0-001-
028345175-0
 http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/primate-diaries/httpblogsscientificamericancomprimate-
diaries20110711frans-de-waal/
 http://www.daniellaberge.net/grooming/primatesgrooming1.htm
 http://greatergood.berkeley.edu/article/item/beyond_sex_violence
 http://sites.sinauer.com/animalcommunication2e/chapter06.05.html