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English lm unit 2
1. i
10
English
Learner’s Material
Department of Education
Republic of the Philippines
Celebrating Diversity through
World Literature
This book was collaboratively developed and reviewed by
educators from public and private schools, colleges, and/or universities.
We encourage teachers and other education stakeholders to email
their feedback, comments, and recommendations to the Department of
Education at action@deped.gov.ph.
We value your feedback and recommendations.
2. ii
Celebrating Diversity through World Literature – Grade 10
English - Learner’s Material
First Edition 2015
ISBN:
Published by the Department of Education
Secretary: Br. Armin A. Luistro FSC
Undersecretary: Dina S. Ocampo, PhD
Development Team of the Learner’s Material
Consultants: Dr. Edizon A. Fermin and Prof. Marla C. Papango
Authors: Liza R. Almonte, Lerma L. Flandez, Angelina Lourdes A. Hermosa, Nedia
Lagustan, Liberty A. Mangaluz, Elenita R. Miranda, Paul Anthony B. Mendoza,
Lito A. Palomar, Grace B. Annette Barradas-Soriano, and Karen B. Villanueva
Reviewers: Ruth Alido, Mara Angelie Banares, Jonalyn T. De la Cruz, Benjamin Hanson
S. Juan, Jennifer E. Lopez, Carlo Erba Manalo – Pacinos, Dr. Sterling Plata,
Jeanette M. Romblon, Leilani T. Señires, and Dr. Roderick Tadeo
Language Editor: Dr. Ma. Antoinette Montealegre
Production Team: Dir. Jocelyn DR. Andaya, Dr. Melinda P. Rivera, Mr. Ricardo G. Ador
Dionisio, and Ms. Anna Marie B. San Diego
Illustrators: Angielyn G. Bariñan, Eric S. De Guia, and Jayson M. Gaduena
Layout Artists: Matthew Leysa, Camille Francesca Mondejar, and Jerby Mariano
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3. vii
MODULE 2: Establishing Solidarity
Lesson 1: Finding Common Ground
YOUR JOURNEY
YOUR OBJECTIVES
YOUR INITIAL TASKS
Task 1: What You See Is What You Get 117
Task 2: Predict and Expect 117
Task 3: Read Me 119
Task 4: FYI 121
YOUR TEXT
Inferno – Canto III – The Vestibule of Hell – The
Opportunists by Dante Alighieri
Task 5: Think Through 123
Task 6: Read and Imagine 123
Task 7: Sense Chart 129
Task 8: Applying What You Read 129
Task 9: Making Definitions 130
TABLE OF CONTENTS
YOUR DISCOVERY TASKS
Task 10: Read to Write 131
Task 11: Identify and Classify 134
Task 12: Have Your Say 134
YOUR FINAL TASK
Task 13: Express Yourself 136
Task 14: News Writing and Reporting 139
MY TREASURE
Lesson 2: Building Ties
YOUR JOURNEY
YOUR OBJECTIVES
YOUR INITIAL TASKS
Task 1: What Do You Perceive 145
Task 2: Listen and Imagine 145
Task 3: Read to Lead 147
Task 4: I Want Pizza 151
YOUR TEXT
The Song of Roland
Task 5: Read Roland 152
Task 6: Understanding the Song of Roland 156
Task 7: Understanding Theme 157
YOUR DISCOVERY TASK
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Task 8: Give Your Stand 159
YOUR FINAL TASK
Task 9: Say Your Piece 159
MY TREASURE
Lesson 3: Being Sensitive to Others
YOUR JOURNEY
YOUR OBJECTIVES
YOUR INITIAL TASKS
Task 1: Pictures Talk 165
Task 2: Mind Your World 165
Task 3: Watch That Label 166
Task 4: Bias Detectives 167
YOUR TEXT
From Francisco Petrarch’s, The Canzoniere Featured
Sonnets: Laura, The White Doe and Spring
Task 5: Love Is Everywhere 169
Task 6: Think about the Poems 173
Task 7: Figure the Meaning 173
Task 8: Sound the Sonnet 174
Task 9: Distinct Sonnets 177
Task 10: Tick Your Fancy 177
YOUR DISCOVERY TASKS
Task 11: Listen to a Point 178
Task 12: Agree or Disagree 178
Task 13: Read for Info 178
Task 14: Define Those Words 180
Task 15: Bring in the Source 182
Task 16: Write Your Bibliography 188
YOUR FINAL TASKS
Task 17: Try Your Passion 189
Task 18: Speak for Keeps 189
MY TREASURE
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Lesson 4: Empathizing with Others
YOUR JOURNEY
YOUR OBJECTIVES
YOUR INITIAL TASKS
Task 1: Great Names to Name 196
Task 2: Bias Detectives 2 197
Task 3: Read for Bias 198
Task 4: Think to Solve 199
YOUR TEXT
The Decameron’s Federigo’s Falcon
by Giovanni Boccaccio
Task 5: Background Check 200
Task 6: Think Tank 207
Task 7: TMT (Tone, Mood, Theme) 208
Task 8: Like the Others 208
YOUR DISCOVERY TASKS
Task 9: Know Your Heart 210
Task 10: Purpose Galore 215
Task 11: To Affirm or to Negate 217
Task 12: Affirm or Negate for the Country 218
Task 13: Watch for Conventions 221
YOUR FINAL TASKS
Task 14: Speak for Keeps 222
MY TREASURE
Lesson 5: Accepting Individual Differences
YOUR JOURNEY
YOUR OBJECTIVES
YOUR INITIAL TASKS
Task 1: Exaggerating the Generals! 229
Task 2: People Are People 230
Task 3: I Am What I Am 231
Task 4: Essential Essence 231
YOUR TEXT
The Hunchback of Notre Dame by Victor Hugo
Task 5: The Oper-Tech System 232
Task 6: Dare to Answer! 234
Task 7: From the Story, We Differ 235
Task 8: Lookout for the Outlook! 236
Task 9: I Agree…She Doesn’t 236
Task 10: My Motion 237
6. x
Task 11: The Explicits and Otherwise 238
Task 12: The Legal Cite 239
YOUR DISCOVERY TASKS
Task 13: Varying Groups 242
YOUR FINAL TASKS
Task 14: The Battle of Wits 243
MY TREASURE
Lesson 6: Embodying Solidarity
YOUR JOURNEY
YOUR OBJECTIVES
YOUR INITIAL TASKS
Task 1: Overdoing the Generals! 248
Task 2: Solid during the Odds 248
Task 3: Making E-Sense 248
YOUR TEXT
The Three Musketeers by Alexander Dumas
Task 4: I Mean 249
Task 5: From Cover to Cover 249
Task 6: Time for a Check-up! 253
Task 7: Literary Value 253
Task 8: Whip It! 254
Task 9: Agree or Disagree 257
YOUR DISCOVERY TASKS
Task 10: The Team in Theme 257
YOUR FINAL TASKS
Task 11: Weigh In! 258
MY TREASURE
8. 110
PRE-TEST
MODULE 2
Generel Directions: Read carefully each item and follow directions as indicated. Write
the letter of the most appropriate answer on your answer sheet.
1-2. dentify from the statements the best examples of unsupported generalization and
exaggeration.
A. Differences in principles foretell chaotic relationship.
B. She cried a bucketful of tears when her pet dog passed away.
C. The sun rises in the East and sets in the West.
D. A family is an entity where no one should be left behind.
3-4. What are the two sides in the Oxford-Oregon debate?
A. Rebuttal
B. Affirmative
C. Proposition
D. Negative
5-6. Identify the two aims of a debate program.
A. To enhance the students’ intellectual abilities
B. To enhance the students’ social/communicative skills
C. To enhance students’ locational skills
D. To enhance students’ writing skills
7-11. Identify five affirmative expressions from the statements below.
A. No doubt about
B. Pardon me, but…
C. You have a good point, however…
D. I have nothing against it
E. Definitely
F. That is indeed great
G. Certainly
12-13. From the choices given above, identify two special expressions in negation.
14. This type of citation uses the author’s last name and the year of publication
A. parenthetical citation
B. LMA citation
C. in-text citation
D. paragraph-number citation
15. This type of citation uses the author’s last name, the year of publication, and the
page number
A. parenthetical citation
B. LMA citation
C. in-text citation
D. paragraph-number citation
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16. This type of speech persuades others through logical reasoning and analysis.
A. impromptu speech
B. roast speech
C. extemporaneous speech
D. argumentative speech
17. The text implicitly stated that President Ramon Magsaysay was ________.
A. a man of disguise
B. a man of principle
C. a man of values
D. a man of action
18. The statement, “Then you will have the artesian well here right away” as directly
stated in the text is a/an
A. explicit information
B. implicit information
C. general information
D. firsthand information
19. The purpose of the author in writing the text is to _____.
A. inform
B. entertain
C. persuade
D. expose
20. At the beginning of the passage, the mood is ______.
A. eerie
B. energetic
C. quiet
D. romantic
“Then you will have the artesian well here right away,” he said. He
ordered the area commander to get pipes and pumps from the armed forces
supply depot, and demanded they should be brought to the spot immediately.
He asked the army to bring in bulldozer, troops, and trainees for labor and
also organize the civilians.
With a deep sigh, Dulce drifted towards the window. In the fading light she
could barely see the figure riding up the path. As soon as he sprang from his horse
and strode to the front door, Dulce knew it was Lance. Quickly she thrust the letter
she had been reading into her dress pocket. The door to the drawing room swung
open.
“What have you done with our son?” Lance bellowed, his face distorted with
rage.
“He is in a safe place,” Dulce replied, and with a sudden movement, she
yanked at the bell cord to summon the servant.
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21. At the end of the passage, the mood is ______.
A. tense
B. humorous
C. mysterious
D. calm
22. From the passage, it could be implied that
A. Dulce and Lance are having disagreement over their son.
B. Dulce favors her son’s action.
C. Lance doesn’t approve of his wife’s decision.
D. All of the above
23. The author of the passage wants us to think that ______.
A. a mother knows what is best for her son
B. a conflict normally occurs at home
C. people vary in disposition
D. Lance is very protective of his son
24. The author’s purpose in writing the passage is to ______.
A. tell a story about husband and wife
B. make people realize about the importance of communication
C. describe the setting within the family
D. none of the above
The lines below were taken from the narrative poem, “The Walam Olum” by
Delaware Indian. Choose the graphical representation that best explains the text.
11. 113
He made them all to move evenly,
Then the wind blew violently, and it cleared, and the water flowed
off far and strong.
And groups of islands grew newly, and there remained
25.
26.
27.
Here is a comic strip. Be able to determine the bias reflected in it. Then, answer
the questions that follow.
28. To whom is the bias directed in this comic strip?
A. boys
B. girls
C. both boys and girls
D. adult girls
29. What is the meaning reflected in this comic strip?
A. It assumes that all the girls have difficulty with Math
B. It assumes that some girls have difficulty with Math
C. It assumes that only girls who are studying have difficulty with Math
D. It assumes that boys and girls have difficulty with Math
30. When you are asked to define the weight of an object in terms of the number
that appears when that object is placed on a weighing scale, you are actually
defining the term _______
A. Operationally
B. Technically
C. Lexically
D. Contextually
“At first, in that place, at all times, above the earth,”
On the earth, [was] an extended fog, and there the great Manito
was.
At first, forever, lost in space, everywhere, the great Manito was.
He made the extended land and the sky.
He made the sun, the moon, and the stars.
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Directions: Here are lines from the poem “Three Words of Strength.” Read the poem
carefully and answer the questions that follow.
Put thou the shadow from thy brow,
No night but hath its morn.
Know this: God rules the host of heaven,
The inhabitants of earth.
Not love alone for one.
But man, as man thy brothers call,
And scatter like a circling sun,
Thy charities on all.
31. What is the underlying theme of the poem?
A. God loves everyone.
B. God loves those who are suffering.
C. God loves those who help themselves.
D. God loves those who know how to love in return.
32. What elements in the poem helped you in determining its theme?
A. Each stanza has a meaning that relates to each other.
B. Persona in the poem speaks about the message.
C. Rhyme and rhythm add to the culmination of the theme.
D. Symbolism in the poem relates with each other to create a unified theme.
Directions: Read one of the entries in “Anne Frank’s Diary,” then, be able to determine
the literary device present in one of her journal entries.
Tuesday, 7th March, 1944
Dear Kitty,
I don’t think of all the misery, but of the beauty that still remains. This is one
of the things that Mummy and I are so entirely different about. Her counsel when
one feels melancholy is: “Think of all the misery in the world and be thankful you
are not sharing in it!” My advice is: “Go outside, to the fields, enjoy nature and the
sunshine, go out and try to recapture happiness in yourself and in God. Think of all
the beauty that’s still left in and around you and be happy!”
I don’t see how Mummy’s idea can be right, because then how are you
supposed to behave if you go through the misery yourself? Then you are lost. On
the contrary, I’ve found that there is always some beauty left – in nature, sunshine,
freedom, in yourself; these can all help you. Look at these things, then you find
yourself again, and God, and then you regain your balance.
And whoever is happy will make others happy, too. He who has courage
and faith will never perish in misery!
Yours,
Anne
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33. After reading the diary entry, what feeling or mood is conveyed by the author?
A. Optimism
B. Bitterness
C. Pessimism
D. Determination
34. How does the author send the message to her readers?
A. By citing philosophical context in presenting her ideas
B. By sharing her personal belief and comparing it with another
C. By giving examples of other people’s experiences
D. By opposing the views of other people
35. Given this information about the author and based on the author’s diary entry, what
do you think is the author’s purpose in writing her diary?
A. To strengthen her faith in God and to unify her family
B. To communicate her thoughts with friends, family, and the government
C. To keep her occupied during the times that she and her family were hiding
D. To share her thoughts and feelings about the strength of the human spirit
and God’s goodness
36. “Animals have emotions and personalities.” How would you show politeness even
though you disagree on the issue?
A. ”You’re wrong!”
B. “I respect you for that, but I do not agree with you.”
C. “You talk nonsense.”
D. “That is outrageous!”
37. Do not compare yourself to others for there will always be lesser and greater
persons than you are - Desiderata. Take your stand and affirm with the statement.
A. “That’s absolutely correct!”
B. “I respect you for that, but…”
C. “No doubt about it”
D. Both A and C
38-41. Arrange the steps on how we plan and draft a speech.
A. Identify your audience.
B. Consider how to grab your listeners’ attention.
C. Find support for your position.
D. Clarify your position.
E. Decide how to present your arguments.
Directions: (42-50) Compose an argumentative essay employing different techniques
(e.g., analogy, comparison and contrast, definition and analysis)
The author, Anne Frank, was a 13-year-old Jewish girl who chronicled
her experiences in a secret attic during the Second World War. She’s a Jew who
was among those hunted by the Nazi during the Holocaust – systematic killing
of about six million Jews. The diary was found by friends and given to her father
after her death in a concentration camp.
14. 116
Module 2
LESSON 1
______________________________________________________________
Finding Common Grounds
YOUR JOURNEY
Have you had conflicts with others? How did you feel about it? What did you
do?
There must have been times when you jump into a solution without knowing
and analyzing the cause of misunderstanding we have with others. Searching for
signals which may be subtle is a way of recognizing the root of the conflicts and
disagreements.
“I think in most relationships that have problems, there’s fault on both sides.
And in order for it to work, there has to be some common ground that’s shared. And
it’s not just one person making amends.”
- Steve Carell
YOUR OBJECTIVES
For you to follow the path of your journey, you have to:
• assess the effectiveness of the ideas presented in the material
viewed, taking into account its purpose
• switch from one listening strategy to another to extract meaning from
the listening text
• transcode information from linear to non-linear texts and vice versa
• explain illustrations from linear to non-linear texts and vice versa
• give technical and operational definitions
• express appreciation for sensory images used
• observe correct grammar in making definitions
• employ appropriate pitch, stress, juncture, intonation, in oral delivery
• identify parts and features of argumentative essays
• formulate claims of fact, policy, and value
Be reminded that at the end of the module, you are expected
to deliver an argumentative speech emphasizing how to resolve
conflicts among individuals or groups. Your final output in this lesson
is to present a news report.
15. 117
YOUR INITIAL TASKS
Task 1 WHAT YOU SEE IS WHAT YOU GET!
Observe the picture below and identify details that symbolize the things to consider
in resolving conflicts. Do you think the persons in the picture are trying to make
amends to resolve a conflict? Discuss with a partner.
Task 2 PREDICT AND EXPECT
A. You will listen to a song entitled “Common Ground” by Kodaline.
Predict words or phrases that you expect to hear from the song through
its title. Write your answer in the box. Do this in your notebook.
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B. Listen to the song, then check the words or phrases you listed.
It's easy to win,
It's harder to lose
To admit that you're wrong
When you've got something to prove.
You said it was easy
I tell you they are wrong.
So get busy learning,
are you already gone?
People will tell you
What you want to hear
But the people who know you well
Can make it all clear.
Life isn’t easy,
You got to be strong.
So get busy learning,
Are you already gone?
And all will be forgotten
And we all fall apart,
Yeah all will be forgotten
But the common ground,
It’s a good place to start.
Sure all will be forgotten,
Yeah we will all be forgotten, fall apart.
We will all be forgotten,
But common ground,
Is a good place to start.
Common ground is a good place to start.
COMMON GROUND
by Kodaline
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C. Pencil In
While listening to the song for the second time, sketch in the box
an object you visualize in the song. Explain and discuss with a partner
afterwards.
D. What’s in the song?
Analyze and answer.
QUESTIONS ANSWERS
1. What is the song all about?
2. How did you feel while
listening to the song?
3. What advice is given in the
song? Do you agree with it?
Why/Why not?
4. Would you follow the advice
given? Why or why not?
5. Explain what is emphasized
in the song.
Task 3 READ ME
The family is the smallest unit of` society and it is everything. Yet there is no
such thing as a “perfect family.”
Can you recall one unforgettable misunderstanding that happened in your
family? How did your family cope with the tension it caused?
Read the text about the causes of conflicts in a family.
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4 Causes of Family Conflict
by K. Lee Banks
Family harmony provides a sense of belonging and a feeling of security
unlike many other types of relationships. When conflict arises, it threatens that
security. Whether the disharmony initiates from within the family unit or from
external sources, individual family members and the family as a whole can
experience a range of negative emotions and consequences. Unresolved conflict
may irreparably damage a marriage and the entire family, if family members do not
seek help.
One major source of family conflict is within the area of finances-specifically,
the lack of enough money to pay bills, maintain the mortgage or rent, buy sufficient
food and other necessities and have any remaining money for recreation, job or
career may contribute to conflict within a family. If a parent’s job keeps him/her
away from home most of the time, the spouse at home with the children often feels
neglected or overwhelmed. Conversely, if the parent becomes unemployed, this
causes its own form of stress and conflict, as finances dwindle and uncertainty
sets in about the future.
Another cause of family conflict is the inevitable rivalry that occurs between
siblings. Children typically seek their parents’ attention and approval, even if this
requires tattling on, or sometimes causing harm to a sibling. Whether a child
expresses jealousy of a sibling, competes with him/her or teases him/her non-stop,
it is destined to cause conflict. Each child deserves an equal amount of parental
love and acceptance, yet sometimes a parent may favor one child over another.
This merely intensifies the conflict.
While mutual agreement on the subject of child discipline is crucial, the lack
of consensus opens up another potential area for family conflict. If one parent acts
as the “disciplinarian,” the other parent typically becomes the “consoler” to whom
the children turn - this often pits one parent against the other.
Jokes and movies abound regarding conflict with in-laws (especially
mothers-in-law); however, when you actually become involved in disagreements
with your in-laws or extended family, it is no laughing matter. While it is preferable
to respect your elders-parents and grandparents on both sides equally-this can
prove to be challenging. If relatives routinely interfere in your family’s decisions
and lifestyle, conflict frequently results.
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Transcode Me
Fill in the diagram with causes of family conflicts. Write a short description of
each conflict.
Answer the questions below.
1. From the given conflicts, which of these have you experienced with your
family? Why?
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
2. What did you do to resolve the said conflict in your family?
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
Task 4 FYI
A. Survey to Convey
Conflict situations arise among teenagers on a daily basis. Many times, minor conflict
and disagreements can result in violence.
Below are common conflict situations among teenagers:
Family
Conflicts
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• Form a group consisting of 10 members.
• Conduct a survey about the common conflict situations in your group.
• Ask each member in the group who experienced the conflict. From the
responses, rank the conflict from the most number of persons to the least who
experienced it.
• Graph the results of the survey you conducted in your group.
• Write your interpretation of the graph in the box.
B. Conflict Prevention
One must consider how to avoid conflicts. Complete the table below by writing ways
to prevent each common conflict situation.
Conflict Situations Prevention
CYBERBULLYING
CYBERBULLYING
21. 123
YOUR TEXT
Task 5 THINK THROUGH
In the box is a pool of words you will come across in the text. Read each definition
and then choose the defined word from the pool. Write your answer in your notebook.
primordial retrograde
lamentation throng
blaspheme scourge
omnipotence coil
1. existing from the beginning
2. a series of loops; spiral
3. an agency or force of unlimited power
4. to speak of or address with irreverence
5. to crowd together in great numbers
6. a crying out in grief
7. to beat as if by blows of a whip
8. being or relating to the rotation of a satellite in a direction
opposite to that of the body orbited
Task 6 READ AND IMAGINE
Have you ever been to a house of horrors? Have you seen a horror movie? What are
the things that shocked or frightened you? Read the excerpt below from the Divine
Comedy-Inferno. Note the frightening things Dante wrote to illustrate hell.
INFERNO
Dante Alighieri
translated by John Ciardi
primordial retrograde
lamentation throng
blaspheme scourge
omnipotence coil
22. 124
CANTO III
The Vestibule of Hell
The Opportunists
The Poets pass the Gate of Hell and are immediately
assailed by cries of anguish. Dante sees the first
of the souls in torment. They are THE OPPORTUNISTS,
those souls who in life were neither for
good nor evil but only for themselves. Mixed with
them are those outcasts who took no sides in the Rebellion
of the Angels.They are neither in Hell nor
out of it. Eternally unclassified, they race round and
round pursuing a wavering banner that runs forever
before them through the dirty air; and as they run
they are pursued, by swarms of wasps and hornets,
who sting them and produce a constant flow of blood
and putrid matter which trickles down the bodies of
the sinners and is feasted upon by loathsome worms
and maggots who coat the ground.
The law of Dante’s Hell is the law of symbolic
retribution. As they sinned so are they punished. They
took no sides, therefore they are given no place. As
they pursued the ever-shifting illusion of their own
advantage, changing their courses with every changing
wind, so they pursue eternally an elusive, evershifting
banner. As their sin was a darkness, so they
move in darkness. As their own guilty conscience
pursued them, so they are pursued by swarms of wasps
and hornets. And as their actions were a moral filth,
so they run eternally through the filth of worms and
maggots which they themselves feed.
Dante recognizes several, among them POPE
CELESTINE V, but without delaying to speak to
any of these souls, the Poets move on to ACHERON,
the first of the rivers of Hell. Here the newly arrived
souls of the damned gather and wait for monstrous
CHARON to ferry them over to punishment.
Charon recognizes Dante as a living man and angrily
refuses him passage. Virgil forces Charon to
serve them, but Dante swoons with terror, and does
not reawaken until he is on the other side.
I AM THE WAY INTO THE CITY OF WOE.
I AM THE WAY TO A FORSAKEN PEOPLE.
I AM THE WAY INTO ETERNAL SORROW.
23. 125
SACRED JUSTICE MOVED MY ARCHITECT.
5 I WAS RAISED HERE BY DIVINE OMNIPOTENCE,
PRIMORDIAL LOVE AND ULTIMATE INTELLECT.
ONLY THOSE ELEMENTS TIME CANNOT WEAR
WERE MADE BEFORE ME, AND BEYOND TIME I
STAND.
ABANDON ALL HOPE YE WHO ENTER HERE.
10 These mysteries I read cut into stone
Above a gate. And turning I said: “Master,
What is the meaning of this harsh inscription?”
And he then as initiate to novice:
“Here must you put by all division of spirit
15 And gather your soul against all cowardice.
This is the place I told you to expect.
Here you shall pass among the fallen people,
Souls who have lost the good of intellect.”
So saying, he put forth his hand to me,
20 And with a gentle and encouraging smile
He led me through the gate of mystery.
Here sighs and cries and wails coiled and recoiled
On the starless air, spilling my soul to tears.
A confusion of tongues and monstrous accents toiled
25 In pain and anger, voices hoarse and shrill
And sounds of blows, all intermingled, raised
Tumult and pandemonium that still
Whirls on the air forever dirty with it
As if a whirlwind sucked at sand. And I,
30 Holding my head in horror, cried: “Sweet Spirit,
What souls are these who run through this black haze?”
And he to me: “These are the nearly soulless
Whose lives concluded neither blame nor praise.
They are mixed here with that despicable corps
35 Of angels who were neither for God nor Satan,
But only for themselves. The High Creator
Scourged them from Heaven for its perfect beauty,
And Hell will not receive them since the wicked
Might feel some glory over them.” And I:
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40 “Master, what gnaws at them so hideously
their lamentation stuns the very air?”
“They have no hope of death,” he answered me,
“and in their blind and unattaining state
Their miserable lives have sunk so low
45 That they must envy every other fate.
No word of them survives their living season.
Mercy and Justice deny them even a name.
Let us not speak of them: look, and pass on.”
50 I saw a banner there upon the mist,
Circling and circling, it seemed to scorn all pause.
So it ran on, and still behind it pressed
A never-ending rout of souls in pain.
I had not thought death had undone so many
As passed before me in that mournful train.
55 And some I knew among them; last of all
I recognized the shadow of that soul
Who, in his cowardice, made the Great Denial.
At once I understood for certain: these
Were of that retrograde and faithless crew
60 Hateful to God and to His enemies.
These wretches never born and never dead
Ran naked in a swarm of wasps and hornets
That goaded them the more the more they fled,
And made their faces stream with bloody gouts
65 Of pus and tears that dribbled to their feet
To be swallowed there by loathsome worms and maggots.
Then looking onward I made out a throng
Assembled on the beach of a wide river,
Whereupon I turned to him: “Master, I long
70 To know what souls these are, and what strange
Usage makes them as eager to cross as they seem to be
In this infected light.” At which the Sage:
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“All this shall be made known to you when we stand
On the joyless beach of Acheron.” And I
75 Cast down my eyes, sensing a reprimand
In what he said, and so walked at his side
In silence and ashamed until we came
Through the dead cavern to that sunless tide.
There, steering toward us in an ancient ferry
80 Came an old man with white bush of hair,
Bellowing: “Woe to you depraved souls! Bury
Here and forever all hope of Paradise:
I come to lead you to the other shore,
Into eternal dark, into fire and ice.
85 And you who are living yet, I say begone
From these who are dead.” But when he saw me stand
Against his violence he began again:
“By other windings and by other steerage
Shall you cross to that other shore. Not here! Not here!
90 A lighter craft than mine must give you passage.”
And my Guide to him: “Charon, bite back your spleen:
This has been willed where what is willed must be,
And is not yours to ask what it may mean.”
The steersman of that marsh of ruined souls,
95 Who wore a wheel of flame around each eye,
Stifled the rage that shook his woolly jowls.
But those unmanned and naked spirits there
Turned pale with fear and their teeth began to chatter
At sound of his crude bellow. In despair
100 They blasphemed God, their parents, their time on earth,
The race of Adam, and the day and the hour
And the place and the seed and the womb that gave them birth.
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But all together they drew to that grim shore
Where all must come who lose the fear of God.
105 Weeping and cursing they come for evermore,
And demon Charon with eyes like burning coals
Herds them in, and with a whistling oar
Flails on the stragglers to his wake of souls.
As leaves in autumn loosen and stream down
110 Until the branch stands bare above its tatters
Spread on the rustling ground, so one by one
The evil seed of Adam in its Fall
Cast themselves, at his signal, from the shore
And streamed away like birds who hear their call.
115 So they are gone over that shadowy water,
And always before they reach the other shore
A new noise stirs on this, and new throngs gather.
“My son,” the courteous Master said to me,
“all who die in the shadow of God’s wrath
120 Converge to this from every clime and country.
And all pass over eagerly, for here
Divine Justice transforms and spurs them so
Their dread turns wish: they yearn for what they fear.
No soul in Grace comes ever to this crossing;
125 Therefore if Charon rages at your presence
You will understand the reason for his cursing.”
When he had spoken, all the twilight country
Shook so violently, the terror of it
Bathes me with sweat even in memory:
The tear-soaked ground gave out a sigh of wind
130 That spewed itself in flame on a red sky,
And all my shattered senses left me. Blind,
Like one whom sleep comes over in a swoon,
I stumbled into darkness and went down.
27. 129
Thinking about the Text
1. What is Virgil’s advice to Dante as spoken at the Gate of Hell?
2. Who are the souls tortured in this Canto?
3. What is Charon’s reaction to Dante’s attempt to cross the river of Acharon?
4. How does Virgil silence Charon?
Task 7
A SENSE CHART
In Canto III, Dante begins his description of Hell, which becomes an assault
on the senses of the readers. As we read his harrowing descriptions of the sounds,
sights, and even smells of Hell, we come to share in Dante’s repugnance of the horrible
experience the poet encounters.
List the details from the Canto for each sense in its proper column.
Topic____________________________________________
Eye Ear Hand Lip Nose
B. Use your Senses
Form 4 groups. Perform the task assigned in your group.
1. Eye Group – Make a poster of what hell looks like based on the text.
2. Ear Group – Record sounds of hell based on the details from the text or use
your voice and other materials available in producing the sounds.
3. Hand Group – Show an interpretative dance to reflect the movements of
tormented souls.
4. Lip Group – Present a speech choir about doing good to avoid being in hell
(based on the text).
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Task 8 APPLYING WHAT YOU READ
In “Canto III” of “Inferno” by Dante, Charon tells the souls to “Bury here and forever all
hope of Paradise.”
Explain your answer.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Task 9 MAKING DEFINITIONS
Definitions are a core part of any dictionary. Writing basic definitions requires skill,
practice, and sometimes help.
Read the basic guidelines to follow when writing a definition:
Is hope necessary
in resolving conflicts?
1. Just the (dictionary) facts
• A definition should contain the information about the word and what
the word refers to. Do not include usage notes in a definition. Get to
the point. Clarity, brevity, and conciseness are better when writing
definitions.
2. Avoid complicated terms
• Avoid terms that are more complicated or more technical than the
term being defined. The purpose of a definition is to clarify meaning.
3. Avoid specific terms
• Use conventional English words in explanations whenever possible.
The more widespread a term is, the more users will benefit.
• Stay away from jargon. Highly technical terms will most likely require
a user to look up many terms in the definition just to understand what
it says. Although there are cases which involve the use of a technical
term in a specialized field, it should be minimal.
4. Avoid circularity
• It is not good to define a word with that same word in the definition.
Use different terms.
• Avoid defining a term solely using etymologically or morphologically
related terms. Adverbs are especially prone to being defined by the
adjective from which they derive.
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5. Make it simple
• Write with simple grammatical structures rather than complex ones.
Place key terms and short explanations near the start of the definition.
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Help:Writing_definitions
Define Me
• Alphabetize the words.
• With your group, go over the other unfamiliar words in your main text.
• Make definitions of these unfamiliar words by following the guidelines.
Word Definition
YOUR DISCOVERY TASK
Task 10 READ TO WRITE!
Read an example of an argumentative essay below.
Have you ever taken a ride in a public transportation with an aggressive driver?
How did you feel? What did you do? Did you argue with the driver?
Aggressive Driving Should Be Avoided
Aggressive driving is a phenomenon, which has only recently got the public
worried. The National Highway Traffic Safety Council (NHTSC) defines aggressive
driving as the “operation of a motor vehicle in a manner that endangers or is likely to
endanger persons or property.” Actions such as running red lights, improper passing,
overtaking on the left, improper lane change, failing to yield, improper turns, running
stop signs, tailgaiting, careless driving, and speeding are examples of aggressive
driving. Such actions are dangerous to other road users. Aggressive driving should
be avoided because it causes crashes, injuries and fatalities.
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The first reason why aggressive driving should be avoided is it causes crashes.
According to NHTSC, between 78 percent (excessive speed) and 100 percent (improper
passing) of the cases of aggressive driving resulted in traffic crashes and 96 percent
of the drivers cited for “following too closely” or tailgaiting caused crashes as a result
of their aggressive driving. Moreover, “running red light,” “improper passing,” and
“overtaking on the left” topped other categories of aggressive driving in contributing to
traffic crashes.
Another reason why aggressive driving should be avoided is it causes injuries.
NHTSC states that the percentages of the injuries caused by aggressive driving are,
in almost all categories of aggressive driving, above 100 percent.
Aggressive driving also causes fatalities. “Overtaking on the left” appears to
be the most important contributing factor in traffic fatalities as it relates to aggressive
driving. “Improper lane change,” “running stop sign,” and “running red light” rank
second through four in terms of their contribution to traffic fatalities.
The above evidence shows that aggressive driving causes crash injuries and
fatalities. Hence, aggressive driving should be avoided. Since the opening on the
North-South Highway, the number of kilometers of roads in the country has increased
by one percent while the number of vehicle miles driven has increased by 35 percent.
More cars and more drivers are also on the road leading to more aggressive drivers.
http://learnenglishessay.blogspot.com/2011/12/argumentative-essay.html
A. Reason Out!
Inside the box provided below, give three reasons why aggressive driving should be
avoided. Write your explanation opposite the box.
• __________________________________
__________________________________
_________________________________________________
• __________________________________
__________________________________
_________________________________________________
• __________________________________
__________________________________
_________________________________________________
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B. I Saw the Sign!
With your group, create a friendly reminder / signage on motorists’ safety while
driving. Write it in the box.
Present the signage to the rest of the class.
What you just read is an example of an argumentative essay. To know more
about it, read the following details.
An argumentative essay tries to change the reader’s mind by convincing the
reader to agree with the writer’s point of view.
Characteristics of an Argumentative Essay
An argumentative essay attempts to be highly persuasive and logical. It
usually assumes that the reader disagrees with the writer, but it should be noted
that the reader is no less intelligent than the writer. Hence, an argumentative essay
should be written objectively and logically.
An argumentative essay has the following characteristics:
• presents and explains the issue or case
• gives reasons and supports these reasons to prove its point
• refutes (proves wrong) opposing arguments.
Parts
1. Introduction
First is the introductory paragraph. It introduces the problem
and gives the background information needed for the argument and the
thesis statement.
2. Body
The body of the essay contains the reasons. Each paragraph
talks about one reason. The reason is included in the topic sentence
and is supported by details or materials. These supporting materials
can be examples, statistics, personal experiences, or quotations.
3. Conclusion
The conclusion restates the main claim and gives one or two
general statements which exactly summarize the arguments and
support the main premise.
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Task 11 IDENTIFY AND CLASSIFY!
From the model argumentative essay, identify its parts by rewriting the essential
statements in the box.
Aggressive Driving Should Be Avoided
Introduction:
Body:
Conclusion:
Task 12 HAVE YOUR SAY!
Do you have any trouble addressing any topic given to you? What measures
do you take to overcome your difficulty?
A. Examine some sample questions that appeared in essay exams.
1. How do telenovelas affect your life? Discuss.
2. Should the death penalty be imposed? Discuss.
3. Why do many people believe in ghosts? Discuss.
All of these are asking for either your opinion or your experience. Remember,
your opinion cannot be wrong. The only way you can mess up is to poorly support your
opinion.
The topics lead to your opinion by asking three specific types of questions:
questions of fact, value, and policy.
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B. Formulate your own!
Form five groups then formulate your own claims of fact, policy, and
value based on your chosen topic from the list provided. Use the organizer
below to present your claims.
1. Resolving Conflicts
2. Unity in Diversity
3. Harmonizing Relationship with Others
4. Recognizing Interpersonal Convergence
5. Bridging the Gap
Questions of Fact are those which ask you to answer whether or not something
is. These questions are always answered with either “Yes” or “No” and then you
must construct paragraphs to support the facts.
Example: Is the wall blue? (Yes or No, and then your evidence)
Questions of Value address the relative merit (goodness or badness) of
something. Here you are usually asked to choose between things, ideas, beliefs,
or actions and explain why you did so.
Example: Which is more valuable, love or money? (Which and then why?)
Questions of Policy ask the writer to explain what they would do. The key word
in these topics is usually “should” as in “what should we do...?” The question
asks the writer to make a plan of action to solve some sort of problem. The
answer is a breakdown of the plan and a justification that it fixes the problem.
Example: What should be done to combat the drug problem? (Plan and
justify.)
http://www.keithmurphy.info/1102/question.htm
List of Topics
1. Resolving Conflicts
2. Unity in Diversity
3. Harmonizing Relationship with Others
4. Recognizing Interpersonal Convergence
5. Bridging the Gap
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TOPIC ________________________________________
Claim of Fact Claim of Policy Claim of Value
YOUR FINAL TASK
Task 13 Express Yourself!
Intonation matters! Do you know that intonation affects the meaning of a
sentence?
Intonation – the sound changes produced by the rise and fall of the voice
when speaking, especially when this has an effect on the meaning of what
is said
Juncture – the manner in which words come together and a connection is
made
Stress – accent, the relative prominence of a syllable or musical note
Pitch – the property of sound with variation in frequency of vibration
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Below are the commonly used expressions. These are necessary words to be
respected and accepted.
A. Form a group and perform the intonation activities for oral fluency.
Group 1
Say “Hello” in the following situations:
• to a friend
• to a friend you haven’t seen for a year
• to your teacher
• to a six-month old baby
• to someone you found doing something they shouldn’t
• to someone you’re not sure is still on the other end of the phone
Group 2
Say “How are you?” in the following situations:
• to someone you meet for the first time
• to someone you haven’t seen for 3 years
• to someone who just recovered from sickness
• to someone who has recently lost a member of the family
Group 3
Say “Thank you” to the following people:
• someone who helped you carry your bag
• someone who gave you a present
• someone who opened the door for you
• your boss for allowing you to take a leave
Group 4
Say “Please” in the following situations:
• when you’re requesting for something
• when you make an order
• when you are offering something
• when you give a command
Group 5
Say “Excuse me” in the following situations:
• when you want to interrupt in a conversation
• when you want to clarify something
• when you are correcting someone
• when you want to get a person’s name
• when you’re asking for directions
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Performance Rubric
Excellent
(5 points)
Good
(4 points)
Fair
(3 points)
Poor
(2 points)
Unacceptable
(1 point)
A perfect
center of
pitch, stress,
juncture, and
intonation are
maintained
ALL of the
time in
different
situations.
No tendency
towards
sharping or
flatting note.
A perfect
center of
pitch, stress,
juncture, and
intonation
are
maintained
MOST of
the time
in different
situations.
Students
tend to
sharp or
flat in
extreme
registers or
vocal
“breaks.”
A perfect
center of
pitch, stress,
juncture, and
intonation
are
maintained
SOMETIMES
in different
situations.
Student
tends to
sharp or
flat
throughout
their vocal
range at
times.
A perfect
center of
pitch, stress,
juncture, and
intonation are
maintained
OCCASIONALLY
in different
situations.
Students
sharp or
flat
consistently
with
some
moments of
perfect
pitch.
A perfect
center of
pitch, stress,
and juncture
does NOT
occur in
different
situations.
Students
have
little sense of
intonation.
It’s your turn!
This time say the following statements correctly and determine if you are going to use
a rising or a falling intonation.
1. It’s unbelievable!
2. That’s great!
3. Oh, sure I will.
4. You must be kidding!
5. Really? That’s good!
6. Don’t worry, I understand.
7. You shouldn’t have.
8. I think I will.
9. Keep it up!
10. It’s okay.
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Task 14 NEWS WRITING AND REPORTING
NEWS
What makes a good news story?
Brainstorm the characteristics of a good news story with a
partner (3 minutes).
Key Components of a Good News Story
• Attention-getting headline
• A strong lead containing 5 Ws and H (who, what, when, where, why, and how)
• Use of quotes
• Real facts (truth and accuracy matter)
• A strong summary
• Organization of the news (presenting information from most to least important)
What makes a story newsworthy?
Some key elements when considering “newsworthiness” are:
• Timing: If it happened today, it’s news, if it happened last week, it’s not; with
24-hour news access, “breaking” news is important.
• Significance: How many people are affected?
• Proximity: The closer a story hits home, the more newsworthy it is.
• Prominence: When famous people are affected, the story matters (i.e., car
accident involving your family vs. a car accident involving the President).
• Human Interest: Because these stories are based on emotional appeal, they
are meant to be amusing or to generate empathy or other emotions. They often
appear in special sections of the newspaper or at the end of the newscast as a
“feel good” story or to draw attention to something particularly amusing, quirky,
or off-beat.
http://www.pbs.org/now/classroom/lessonplan-05.html
A. News.. News… News…
Bring a newspaper. With your partner, evaluate one article from the
newspaper if it contains the key components of a good story.
Is the article a good news story? Explain.
B. Write a News
With a partner, write a news story on resolving conflicts that happened
in your school or community. Fill up the chart to help in writing the first
paragraph or the lead.
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Title of the News
Lead
Other Details
Summary
Organize the information of your news story from the most important to the least.
Then, rewrite the final news story on a short bond paper.
Who
is/are
involved?
What
happened?
When did it
happen?
Where did it
happen?
Why did it
happen?
How did it
happen?
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C. Report News
Tips on Presenting Your News
• Use an introduction. Make sure these sentences are easy to understand and
should be delivered no longer than 20 seconds.
• Check if you are saying the names of people and places correctly.
• When you read your introduction, speak clearly and be enthusiastic.
• You can emphasize important words by pausing before you say them or saying
them a little louder. Mark these words on your script so you won’t forget.
• Speak in a normal voice. You don’t have to shout and you shouldn’t whisper.
• Stand or sit up straight. Be natural. Try not to move too much or it will distract
your audience.
• Practice with the camera and microphone to get used to what it feels like to
present a news.
• Have fun and enjoy yourself!
http://splashlive.abc.net.au/res/mtn/sr/w5/TSS-5.1.pdf
1. Practice to Polish
With a small group, practice reporting and presenting the news story
written. Follow the tips on presenting a news report.
2. Present Your News
With the rest of the class, present your news report with ease and
confidence. Be guided with the rubrics on the next page for a successful
news report presentation.
Note: The outstanding news presentation will be uploaded in YouTube.
What makes a story clear, audible,
and understandable?
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Oral News Report Rubric
Very Good Good Fair Poor
Topic Choice Topic is of high
interest and
educational
value; teaches
new ideas and
information.
Topic is of
interest to
audience;
teaches some
new information.
Appropriate
topic
Inappropriate
topic
Content Highly detailed;
well organized;
shows a strong
understanding
of the topic
Reports all the
basic facts in an
organized way
Reports
some of the
basic facts
Incomplete,
reports few
details, too brief,
disorganized or
confusing
Voice and
Manner
Loud, clear, and
relaxed with few
pauses; well
prepared
Loud, clear, with
some pauses to
gather thoughts;
seems well
prepared;
somewhat
nervous
Varies from
loud and
clear to
difficult to
understand;
seems
prepared;
may have
some
nervous and
distracting
behavior
Difficult to hear
or understand;
seems
unprepared
or has body
movement
which
significantly
distracts
listeners
Eye Contact Consistent eye
contact with
many members
of the audience;
rarely looks at
notes
Eye contact
mainly with
the teacher or
one member of
the audience;
occasionally
refers to notes
Sometimes
looks at the
audience;
often looks
at notes or
elsewhere
Little or no eye
contact with the
audience
On Time Ready on
assigned date
One day late Two days
late
Not ready until
following week
Audience Listens
attentively &
participates in
discussions
Listens and
participates
Listens but
doesn’t
participate
Does not listen
nor participate
in discussions
41. 143
MY TREASURE
I like to see myself as a bridge builder, that is me
building bridges between people, between races,
between cultures, between politics, trying to find
common ground.
T. D. Jakes
Summing up what I learned in my journey through this lesson:
I learned that
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
I realized that
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
I promise to
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/
quotes/t/tdjakes488835.html#d25Glhr
KtcfXArKH.99
42. 144
Module 2
LESSON 2
______________________________________________________________
Building Ties
YOUR JOURNEY
Conflicts happen everywhere. It happens in the family, among friends, in the
classroom, or around the corporate conference table. The good news is that it doesn’t
have to damage family relationships, friendships, or business deals. Knowing how
to resolve conflict, wherever it happens, creates confidence and eases pressure and
stress.
Building ties is one of the best ways in resolving conflicts. There must be a
connection between and among people even in this diverse world. Remember that we
do not find the meaning of life by ourselves alone - we find it with other people.
“We cannot live only for ourselves. A thousand fibers connect us with our fellow
men; and among those fibers, as sympathetic threads, our actions run as causes, and
they come back to us as effects.”
- Herman Melville
YOUR OBJECTIVES
For you to follow the trail of your valuable journey, you have to:
• present information using tables, graphs, and maps
• assess whether the speaker’s purpose is achieved or not
• assess the effectiveness of the ideas presented in the material viewed taking
into account its purpose
• explain how the elements specific to a selection build its theme
• explain how the elements specific to a genre help in developing the theme of
the selections
• use the correct sound of English when delivering impromptu and
extemporaneous speeches
• observe correct grammar in making definitions
• use patterns and techniques of developing an argumentative claim
Be reminded that at the end of this lesson, you are expected to
deliver an extemporaneous speech.
43. 145
YOUR INITIAL TASKS
Task 1 WHAT DO YOU PERCEIVE?
Observe this picture by paying attention
to its details. What is the person trying to do? Do
you think he’s doing the right thing? Discuss with
a partner.
If you were the person in the picture,
would you do the same thing? Explain your answer.
Task 2 LISTEN AND IMAGINE
Are you a dreamer? Do you keep your dreams only to yourself? Or do you share
your dreams with others?
A. Before you listen to the song “Imagine” by John Lennon, complete its lyrics by
filling-out the lines with the correct word using the pictures below as clues.
44. 146
Imagine
by: John Lennon
Imagine there’s no heaven
It’s easy if you try
No hell below us
Above us only 1.) ________
Imagine all the people
Living for today
Imagine there’s no countries
It isn’t hard to do
Nothing to kill or die for
And no religion too
Imagine all the people
Living life in 2.) ________
You may say I’m a 3.) ________
But I’m not the only 4.) ________
I hope someday you’ll join us
And the 5.) ________ will be as 6.) _________
Imagine no possessions
I wonder if you can
No need for greed or 7.) ________
A 8.) ________ of man
Imagine all the people
Sharing all the 9.) ________
You may say I’m a 10.) ________
But I’m not the only 11.) ________
I hope someday you’ll join us
And the 12.) ________ will live as 13.) ________
B. Check your answers with a partner while you listen to the song.
C. Listen to the song for the second time and try to understand its message. Go
over the words with the whole class.
D. Analyze the questions provided then answer them.
Imagine
by John Lennon
Imagine there’s no heaven
It’s easy if you try
No hell below us
Above us only 1.) ________
Imagine all the people
Living for today
Imagine there’s no countries
It isn’t hard to do
Nothing to kill or die for
And no religion too
Imagine all the people
Living life in 2.) ________
You may say I’m a 3.) ________
But I’m not the only 4.) ________
I hope someday you’ll join us
And the 5.) ________ will be as 6.) _________
Imagine no possessions
I wonder if you can
No need for greed or 7.) ________
A 8.) ________ of man
Imagine all the people
Sharing all the 9.) ________
You may say I’m a 10.) ________
But I’m not the only 11.) ________
I hope someday you’ll join us
And the 12.) ________ will live as 13.) ________
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Questions Answer
1. What does the title mean?
2. What is Lennon’s vision
of peace? Give examples.
3. What is your vision of peace?
Is it the same with the author?
Explain.
4. What do you wish for?
5. What are you afraid of?
6. What kind of world will it be if
we all live in peace?
E. With your group, interpret the message of the song through a painting or
drawing. Make your output colorful and creative.
Task 3 READ TO LEAD
A. KWL
Before you read the speech of Lourdes R. Quisumbing entitled “Values
Education for Human Solidarity,” accomplish the first two columns of the chart
on what you know and what you want to know about the topic.
K
(What I know)
W
(What I want to know)
L
(What I learned)
B. What’s the Word?
Supply the correct letters to complete the missing word based on the
meaning. The first and last letters are given as clues.
1. I c belonging to the essential nature of a thingl c
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2. I e very important
3. h n r s regarded as belonging
fundamentally to all
persons
4. e s rules of behavior based on ideas
about what is morally good and bad
5. p e an unfair feeling of dislike for a person
or group because of race, sex, religion,
etc.
VALUES EDUCATION for HUMAN SOLIDARITY
Lourdes R. Quisumbing
President, Asia-Pacific Network for International Education and Values Education
Former Secretary of Education, Philippines
First and foremost, human solidarity is founded on mutual respect of each
other’s uniqueness, and a deep sense of appreciation of our common humanity - that
we are individuals with intrinsic self-worth, and that we are sisters and brothers within
one human family inhabiting planet EARTH, our home and our heritage.
While new trends, particularly globalization, link cultures ever more closely
and enrich the interaction among them, they may also be detrimental to our cultural
diversity and cultural pluralism. Thus, the need for mutual respect becomes all the
more imperative. Dialogue between cultures appears to be one of the fundamental
cultural and political challenges for the world today. It is an essential condition of
peaceful coexistence (International Conference on Cultural Policies for Development,
Stockholm, Sweden, 1998).
Thus, “To learn how to avoid cultural diversity resulting to the clash of cultures
but rather to intercultural harmony and peace,” is a challenge to us, peace educators
(Our Creative Diversity, de Cuellar’s World Commission on Culture and Development
Report to UNESCO, 1995).
Onecannotunderestimatetheroleofeducationforinternationalandintercultural
understanding, which consists not merely in knowing more about different peoples and
their cultures - their geography, history, economy, government, value-systems - but
more in understanding and gaining insight into the factors and motivations underlying
their behavior and appreciating their cultural patterns, traditions, customs, values, and
beliefs.
Human solidarity is likewise fostered by the realization and strengthening of
the ties that bind us together in our common humanity: our human nature and the
human condition, our common habitat and destiny, our universally-shared values.
47. 149
Indeed, there are VALUES which transcend the barriers of culture, race, gender, and
creed; of social class, economic status, or political persuasions, because such values
are rooted in our common humanity. They are our common treasures, our “birthright”
(They could form the core of a new global ethics).
The articulation of human rights has set for the modern world a “common
standard of morality,” and an appreciation of individual moral claims that are regarded
as “universal, inviolable and inalienable.” (Antonio J. Ledesma, S.J. “Forging a Culture
of Peace: Hope for Coming Generations, 1998). They are our basic human rights and
fundamental freedoms: the worth and dignity of the human person, our innate human
goodness, our capacity for love and compassion, the sacredness of our person and
identity; the right to truth and justice, the freedom to choose and decide for oneself, to
believe, to love and to act freely according to one’s values and convictions; freedom
from ignorance, fear, prejudices poverty, cruelty and abuses; the right to peace,
happiness and development.
“We have but one world, or none at all;” words from Jerry and Pat Mische,
founders of GEA, Global Education Associates, when they came in the early 80s and
founded the PCGE, Phil. Council for Global Education. I can hear them now and feel
their presence among many of us. Their messages of global solidarity, global spirituality,
and our common humanity, our interconnectednesss (and interrelationships) with
each other and with our planet Earth and beyond, reaching the future generations,
shall remain with us forever. “We either work together to build the EARTH or perish
together with it.” We have only one home, one body of waters, one atmosphere, one
environment. We live under one sky. What happens in one place, affects all the rest.
“Humankind has for the first time, the sophistication to build its future, not on
the illusion of a one-sided, ill-conceived ideology, but on a set of universal values
which we all share, even if their optimal balance differs from people to people, from
religion to religion and from individual to individual, and when there is great respect
for such differences (de Cuellar, Creative Diversity, World Commission on Culture and
Development Report to UNESCO, 1995).
This calls for a paradigm shift in our educational philosophy and practice.
Instead of a rigid and compartmentalized knowledge-based curriculum, we should
adopt a more holistic view of education which aims at the development of the faculties
and powers of the whole person – cognitive, affective, emotional, aesthetic, volitional,
behavioral; a teaching-learning approach which does not stop at knowledge and
information at developing skills and competence, but proceeds to understanding and
gaining insights, that educates the heart and the emotions and develops the ability to
choose freely and to value, to make decisions and to translate knowledge and values
into action. The heart of education is the education of the heart.
But by values education we do not mean merely teaching about values
but rather learning how to value, how to bring knowledge into the deeper level of
understandings and insights; into the affective realm of our feelings and emotions, our
cherished choices and priorities into loving and appreciating, and how to internalize
and translate them into our behavior. Truly, values education is a holistic process and
a total learning experience.
48. 150
In closing, I wish to quote Jacques Delors speaking at the UN Conference on
Environment, Rio de Janeiro, 1992:
“The world is our village: if one house catches fire, the roofs over all our heads
are immediately at risk. If anyone of us tries to start rebuilding, his efforts will be purely
symbolic. Solidarity has to be the order of the day: each of us must bear his own share
of the general responsibility.” He continues to say: “We need a global ethics to guide us
in solving global issues, in strengthening our global interdependence and solidarity.”
The issues have been raised and the challenges presented in many a forum,
but our answers and our plans have yet to galvanize into a determined and collective
action. In the last analysis, it is not in knowing alone, but in valuing and caring deeply;
not in merely planning but in willing strongly TOGETHER that we can make things
happen.
http://www.humiliationstudies.org/documents/QuisumbingSolidarity.pdf
Accomplish the last column in the KWL chart. What did you learn after reading the
speech?
C. TWOgether!
Work with a partner and list down the important words or phrases from
the speech that may be related to Human Solidarity.
Human Solidarity
Why do you think are these words necessary to build a harmonious relationship?
Share your answer with the rest of the class.
49. 151
D. My Point of View
With your group, brainstorm and discuss about the important statements
included in the speech. Develop your chosen lines into a five-sentence
paragraph expressing your belief and disbelief of the statement. Deliver the
five-sentence paragraph by group with conviction.
Task 4 I WANT A PIZZA!
What values and qualities must people possess to attain harmony and
solidarity? Discuss with a partner and write these values on the slices of the pizza.
Explain to the rest of the class why you came up with such values.
The world is our village.
TOGETHER we can
make things happen.
We have but one world
or none at all.
The heart of
education is the
education of the
heart.
50. 152
YOUR TEXT
Task 5. R2 Read Roland
“The Song of Roland” is an epic poem and, as such, deals with the heroic deeds of
great men. It was written in the Medieval Period A. D. 450-1300
The Emperor Charlemagne, so the
900-year old French epic poem,
The Song of Roland, relates, has
driven the Saracens from Spain. It is
only in Saragosa that King Marsilion
still rules. He sends a message to
Charlemagne, falsely promising
that he will become a Christian if
only the Emperor will leave Spain.
But Charlemagne does not trust him
and decides an envoy must go to
the king. His valiant nephew Roland
offers to go, so does Roland’s friend
Oliver. Charlemagne refuses, so
Roland suggests his step-father,
Count Ganelon, who becomes
engaged and accuses Roland of
trying to bring out his death. But he
accepts the Emperor’s command
and prepares to go.
Ganelon decided that, as he had to go,
he would start at once. After he had
been given a letter by Charlemagne,
he girded on his sword, and mounted
his horse. His knights had been
saddened by his rage at the Court, for
they honoured him, and offered to go
with him. But he waved them away.
Count Ganelon rode furiously to
catch up with King Marsilion’s
messenger, Blancadrin, who had
left Charlemagne’s court before him.
When he found him, the two rode
along talking carefully to test out
each other’s loyalty.
“Your Emperor now has a vast
Empire. Why does he want
Spain as well?” asked Blancardin
when the two men are resting.
“Is he never satisfied?” “Never,”
answered Count Ganelon. “He is
ill-advised by the French, then?”
said Blancadrin cunningly, for
there was more of a question
than a statement in the manner
he spoke. There was silence for
a moment, then Ganelon replied.
“It is the Emperor’s nephew
Roland who gives him
advice,” said Ganelon bitterly.
“I remember a day when
Charlemagne was resting and
Roland arrived hot and dusty
from battle. Roland plucked an
apple and said to the Emperor:
“Take it, Sire. I give it you as I
give you all the crowns I have
taken from kings all over the
earth.”
51. 153
As a result of their conversation,
the two men plotted how they
might be rid of Roland, for
Ganelon had convinced his
companion that if Roland were
dead, the French would desert
Charlemagne, who was now old
and feeble.
When they arrived at Saragosa,
Blancadrin brought Count
Ganelon before King Marsilion,
saying: “Sire, the Emperor
Charlemagne gave us no
message, but sent back with us
Count Ganelon to give you his
answer.” “Let the Count speak
then,” replied the willy ruler of
Saragosa.
Instead of handling over his letter,
Count Ganelon insolently said:
“Sire, my Emperor says, that if
you become a Christian you shall
have half of Spain. If not you will
be taken, and carried to Aix and
shamefully put to death.” The
King raised a javelin he had in his
hand. His courtiers held him back,
while Ganelon retreated to a tree
and put his hand on his sword. He
spoke again. “You wrong me. Half
Spain is yours if you turn Christian
the other half he will give to Count
Roland!”
The rearguard of
Charlemagne’s Army,
led by Count Roland,
had been treacherously
attacked by King
Marsilion’s Saracens
at the urging of the
traitor Ganelon, who
hated Roland. With the
battle going against the
outnumbered French,
Roland decided to
sound his horn for help,
but his friend Oliver
rode up and said: “Do
not sound it. Before
the battle it would have
been prudent: now it
would be the act of a
coward.”
Oliver continued:
“Sound your
horn and you
shall never marry
my sister Aude,
your betrothed.”
Roland was
dismayed, but up
rode Archbishop
Turpin and said
“Let Roland
blow the horn.
It is too late, for
Charlemagne is
too far away. He
will come and
find us all dead
and see how we
held the Pass.
And he will bury
us.”
52. 154
So Roland blew his great
horn Olifant. He gave
one long blast. The veins
stood out on his brow
but he blew on and the
sound of his horn echoed
through the mountain
pass and carried far away.
The great horn call reached Emperor
Charlemagne and all his company. “Roland
calls!” cried Charlemagne. “He must be
in battle.” One of his nobles, the Duke of
Nalmon, sighed deeply. “That horn, that long,
long call, is blown by a brave but desperate
man, with all his remaining strength,” he said
grimly. “Count Roland must need our aid.”
The traitor Ganelon
approached the Emperor
and sneered. “You are
growing old and childish,
Roland is probably hunting
and blowing to show his skill.
No Saracen would dare fight
him. Let us ride on. France
is near.” “You are wrong,”
said Namion. “It is a call of
agony.”
C h a r l e m a g n e
believed Namion.
He ordered his men
to answer the call
with trumphets, to
tell Roland he was
returning. His men
prepared for battle
then galloped back
the way they had
come eager to fight.
Charlemagne, convinced that Ganelon
had betrayed Roland, ordered his
master cook to guard Ganelon as he
would a murderer. So, Ganelon was
chained and put upon a packhouse in
greatest dishonor, with cooks to guard
him. The master cook, whose name
was Besgun, took his post.
Meanwhile, Emperor
Charlemagne and his men
sped on their way to rescue
Roland. There was anger
in Charlemagne’s heart,
anger and fear that he might
be too late. He ordered his
trumpetors to keep blowing
still, so that Roland and his
men might hear the blasts
and be given hope.
53. 155
Count Roland was the last man
left alive of all the valiant French
who had held the pass against
the Saracens. Soon the Emperor
Charlemagne and the rest of the
army would return, summoned by
a mighty blast on Roland’s horn,
but it would be too late. All they
could do would be to bury the dead
and mourn them and see that the
traitor Ganelon was punished, for it
was he who had betrayed Roland
and his men to King Marsilion and
his Saracen hosts.
Roland had thought himself alone
on the battlefield, but suddenly some
Saracens rushed by, and one he
thought dead, rose up and tried to
steal his sword. He felled him with his
horn, smashing the rim.
Now Roland’s strength was at
an end. He tried to shatter his
great sword on a rock so that
no-one else should use it, but
failed. Falling down, he raised
his battle glove to heaven and
prayed. Then he fell back dead.
Too late the Emperor
arrives on the
battlefield. The
Saracens had fled, but
not one Frenchman
was left alive. While
Charlemagne stood in
proud grief, his fighting
men gathered around
him, eager to avenge
Roland.
“Look, my Lord,” cried Duke
Damion, one of his nobles.
“Beyond, there is a cloud of dust
where the Saracens are flying. Let
us ride them down, showing them
no mercy.” Charlemagne rode on.
54. 156
http://bearalley.blogspot.com/2011/03/song-of-roland-part-3.html
Task 6 UNDERSTANDING THE SONG OF ROLAND
A. Describe the following characters in the epic.
Roland Charlemagne Ganelon
B. Answer the following questions and discuss with a partner.
1. What are the characteristics of the ideal knight according to “The Song of
Roland”?
2. Why was Ganelon very angry at Roland?
3. How do you feel about King Charlemagne? Is he a wise king? Explain.
Back in his palace,
Marsilion lay dying, with
his weeping queen beside
him. Behind her were
some of those warriors
who had attacked the
French, but failed to
vanquish them. Outside
were the broken Saracen
survivors.
Charlemagne arrived in triumph, but treated
Marsilion’s widow with great courtesy. Then
he returned to France where Ganelon
was tried. By law, if Ganelon could find a
champion who could defeat any challenger
in single combat, he would be spared. One
Pinabel agreed to help the traitor.
Count Thierry, a friend of
Roland’s, challenged Pinabel
and felled him with his lance.
So Ganelon paid the penalty for
his crimes. Then Charlemagne
set off for the wars again,
but without Roland, who now
belonged to legend and song.
55. 157
4. How do you feel about Roland? Why does he not sound the Olifant to call
King Charlemagne’s army for help at the very beginning?Why do you think
so?
5. What causes the death of Roland?
C. Reader’s Response
Think of a time when you, like Roland, were reluctant to ask for help
as he was during the attack. What part did pride play in your hesitancy? Did
you now regret not turning to someone for help?
Share this experience with your group.
Task 7 Understanding the Theme
The theme of a work of literature is the insight it gives into life. “The Song of
Roland” may be considered an epic which deals with the theme of betrayal. Within
the confines of medieval society, betrayal of one’s lord or vassal was considered
the greatest violation of the feudal code.
With your group, think of a situation when betrayal happens in our society.
Then discuss with your group the best solution for this, emphasizing how to build ties.
Present this through a short dramatization.
Rubrics
Message------------------ 40%
Acting --------------------- 30%
Dialogue ----------------- 20%
Teamwork --------------- 10%
_______
100%
YOUR DISCOVERY TASK
Have you experienced presenting an argument? Was it successful?
Here are some techniques on how to develop your argument.
Developing an Argument
When you develop your argument, you are confirming your own position and
building your case. Use empirical evidence, such as facts and statistics to support
your claims. Appeal to your audience’s rational and logical thinking. Argue using your
evidence and research.
Your list of strengths and weaknesses can help you develop your argument.
56. 158
Techniques on Appealing to Your Readers
The success of your argument depends on your skill in convincing your reader
through sound reasoning, persuasion, and evidence. There are three fundamental
types of appeal in presenting an argument: reason, ethics, and emotion.
Write Your Conclusion
Your conclusion should state your conviction strongly. Review your main points
and tell your audience what action you would like them to take; address and resolve
the main points in your introduction.
Basic Components of an Argument
• The claim (typically answers the question: “What do I think?”)
• The reasons (typically answer the question: “Why do I think so?”)
• The evidence (typically answers the question: “How do I know this is the
case?”)
Suggested Organization for a Classic Argument
1. Introduction: Give the context and background of your issue. Establish
the style, tone, and significance of your issue.
2. State Your Case: Clarify your issue here. Give any necessary
background for understanding the issues. Define important terms or
conditions here.
3. Proposition: State your central proposition. Be sure that your hook
presents an issue that is open to debate. Present the subtopics or
supportive points to forecast your argument for your reader.
4. Refutation: Analyze the opposition’s argument and summarize it; refute
or address the points; point out faulty reasoning and inappropriate
appeals.
5. Substantiation and Proof: Present and develop your own case.
Carefully plan your disclosure; avoid logical fallacies. Rely primarily
on reasoning for your appeal and use emotional appeals carefully; use
examples, facts, experts, and statistics. Develop your argument using
the appropriate prose strategy, e.g., causal analysis, comparison,
analogies, or definitions.
6. Conclusion: Conclude with conviction. Review your main points and
state your claims strongly. Make a strong plea for action, or invite your
readers to refute your argument.
http://www.umuc.edu/writingcenter/onlineguide/chapter8-09.cfm
57. 159
Task 8 GIVE YOUR STAND!
With your group, present an argument on this issue. Be able to follow the tips
given.
YOUR FINAL TASK
Task 9 SAY YOUR PIECE!
A. Speak Up!
There are times when we are asked to say a few words about a
topic we have no intention of speaking about. Has this ever happened to you?
Here are some tips you can use the next time you are called to speak
extemporaneously or to make an impromptu speech.
1. Decide quickly what your one message will be.
2. Do not try to memorize what you will say.
3. Start off strong and with confidence.
4. Decide on your transitions from one point to the other.
5. Maintain eye contact with the audience.
6. Occasionally throw in an off-the-cuff remark.
7. Finally, have a good conclusion.
B. YouTube Sensation!
With your group, watch a sample of impromptu or extemporaneous speeches
in YouTube. Take note of what makes the speaker deliver his/her speech well.
Here are some of the websites:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vp4gBmjsH74
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xGfukDMuhdQ
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bh6xvg_rEUI
Impromptu, derived from a Latin phrase
meaning “in readiness,” is applied to a
speech given, a poem recited, or a song
sung without advance notice or warning.
Extemporaneous is especially
applied to an unmemorized speech
given from notes or an outline.
Is global solidarity possible?
58. 160
Below is a checklist for a well-delivered speech. Check YES if you observed it in the
video and NO if not.
OBSERVATION YES NO
1. The speaker showed confidence.
2. The speaker maintained good posture and eye contact.
3. The speaker conveyed his/her ideas well.
4. The speaker gave an interesting introduction.
5. The speaker gave a good conclusion.
6. The speaker used facial expressions and proper gestures.
7. The speaker had good pronunciation and maintained a well-
modulated voice.
C. Stand and Deliver!
Choose one quote given by famous authors and deliver a five-minute extemporaneous
speech. Follow the tips given to deliver your speech successfully.
“Let’s create an integrated global
community where we have shared
benefits and responsibilities and we
don’t fight because of our differences.”
- Bill Clinton
“When we have inner peace, we can be
at peace with those around us. When our
community is in a state of peace, it can share
that peace with neighboring communities.”
- The Dalai Lama
“We have all known the long loneliness and
we have learned that the only solution is
love and that love comes with community.”
- Dorothy Day
59. 161
“With all my heart I believe that the world’s
present system of sovereign nations can
only lead to barbarism, war and inhumanity,
and that only world law can assure progress
towards a civilized peaceful community.”
- Albert Einstein
http://www.betterworld.net/quotes/community-quotes.htm
Extemporaneous Evaluation Rubrics
Fair
(1 point)
Good
(2 points)
Very Good
(3 points)
Excellent
(4 points)
Points
Topic Topic is too
challenging
or too easy
for speaker’s
age and skill
level.
Topic could
be more
challenging
for speaker’s
age and skill
level.
Topic is
appropriate for
speaker’s age
and skill level.
Topic is
challenging
for speaker’s
age and skill
level.
Subject
Knowledge
and
Coverage
Not enough
information
is presented
to judge
speaker’s
knowledge.
Adequate
knowledge
of subject is
demonstrated.
In-depth
knowledge
of subject is
demonstrated.
.
Full subject
knowledge
(more than
required).
Organization Speech is
unorganized.
Speech
follows
a logical
progression.
Speech shows
skill and
creativity in
organization.
Speech
shows
a strong
structure and
structure
enhances
effect of
speech.
60. 162
Voice Volume,
pronunciation,
or vocal
variation
needs
improvement.
Voice and
language are
adequate for
the delivery of
the speech.
Voice and
language are
skillful and
effective.
Volume,
tone, timing,
inflection,
and
language
are used
to enhance
speech.
Manner and
Appearance
Appearance,
body
language,
or gestures
need
improvement.
Appearance
and
mannerisms
are
appropriate.
Appearance
and
mannerisms
are presented
with business
like conduct
and style.
Appearance
and
mannerisms
are
presented
with a
professional
demeanor
and personal
style.
Closing Closing is
missing or
unclear.
Closing is
clear and
organized.
Closing is
well-organized
and effective.
Closing is
creative and
contributes
to a unified
and cohesive
presentation.
Effectiveness More practice
is needed
to maintain
audience
interest.
Audience
interest is
maintained.
Effort is shown
to enhance
audience
interest and
involvement.
Multiple
techniques
are used to
artfully and
successfully
create
audience
interest.
https://www.google.com.ph/webhp?source=search_app&gfe_
rd=cr&ei=v6W6U768O8zLkAXRhIDACQ&gws_rd=ssl#q=impromptu+evaluation+rubric
Comments: ___________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
Scoring: Total Points:_______
18-28 Points – Gold
11-17 Points – Blue
Below 10 Points - Red
18 points minimum to advance to
next level / competition
61. 163
MY TREASURE
Underneath We’re All the Same
He prayed--it wasn’t my religion.
He ate--it wasn’t what I ate.
He spoke--it wasn’t my language.
He dressed--it wasn’t what I wore.
He took my hand--it wasn’t the color of mine.
But when he laughed--it was how I laughed, and
When he cried--it was how I cried.
Amy Maddox, I6 years old
Franklin Community H.S.
Spring. 1995
We can learn to see each other and see ourselves in each other and
recognize that human beings are more alike than we are unalike.
– Maya Angelou
Make a pledge by completing the statement below.
My Resolution
In the past, I have been intolerant of other people’s
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Now that I have learned the value of tolerance, I will become
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
62. 164
Module 2
LESSON 3
______________________________________________________________
YOUR JOURNEY
“We cannot be more sensitive to pleasure without being more sensitive to pain.”
– Alan Watts
Being sensitive to others means
understanding their joy, their pain, their situation,
and where they are coming from. The test of our
sensitivity then is when we understand other people
without bias or prejudice. Let the activities here help
you develop a caring attitude for others.
This week’s lesson tells about one man’s
undying devotion to his muse and other historical
trivia during the age of rebirth – the Renaissance.
Our featured literary piece is a poem rich in poetic
elements. You will also get the chance to understand more about bias that thrives in
our society. Using correct grammar in making definitions and acknowledging citations
in preparing a bibliography will help you effectively deliver an impromptu speech at the
end of the lesson.
YOUR OBJECTIVES
For this lesson, here are the objectives to help you as you go through the
different activities.
• scan for needed information
• evaluate listening texts in terms of accuracy, validity, adequacy, and relevance
• detect bias and prejudice in the material viewed
• give technical and operational definitions
• explain how the elements specific to a genre contribute to the theme of a
particular literary selection
• explain the literary devices used
• use the correct sound of English when delivering impromptu speech
• use words and expressions that affirm or negate
• acknowledge citations by preparing a bibliography
Being Sensitive to Others
63. 165
YOUR INITIAL TASKS
Let’s begin your lesson by working on the activities provided here.
Task 1 PICTURES TALK
Look at the photos below. What do they reveal about men, women, and
children? Write your answers in your notebook.
A.
B.
C.
1. With your partner, describe each picture. What do they reveal about men
and women?
2. Should women always be pictured as doing household chores and men as
warriors? Why?
Task 2 MIND YOUR WORD
Find out the message conveyed by the comic strip and be ready to share your
ideas in class.
64. 166
Discussion Points:
1. What is the character in the comic strip prejudiced/biased for? against?
2. What could be the reason for the prejudice/bias?
3. Is it right to have prejudices or biases?
4. Can you think of words that you could associate with prejudice/bias? Write
them in the word web below.
Task 3 WATCH THAT LABEL
A. Here’s a video featuring a Filipina actress who claims that it’s not right to put a
label on anyone. Watch it and find out the label attached to her.
www.youtube.com/watch?v=xYsvcKfq8E
1. What is the “label” attached to the woman in the video?
2. Do you agree with what the woman said? Why?
3. When you put a “label” on someone, are you also being biased? Explain.
4. What advice would you give to the woman in the video?
5. What comments do you hear from other people about women in the same
situation as the actress? How should you react to them?
B. Have you heard and seen examples of bias around you? Fill out the table
below for more examples of bias and prejudice you have experienced around
you. Work on it with your partner. In the second column, write examples of
advertisements and in the last column, write the bias found in each example.
Examples Biased on…
Advertisements
C. Can biases be avoided? How?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
Prejudice Bias
65. 167
Task 4 BIAS DETECTIVES
Source: http://www.sadker.org/curricularbias.html
According to a group of researchers there are Seven Forms of Bias in Instructional
Materials.They are as follows:
1. Invisibility: What You Don’t See Makes a Lasting Impression
The most fundamental and oldest form of bias in instructional materials is the
complete or relative exclusion of a group. With an attempt for inclusion after 1960,
many of today’s textbooks are improved, but far from perfect. Women, those with
disabilities, gays, and homosexuals continue to be missing from many of today’s texts.
2. Stereotyping: Shortcuts to Bigotry
Perhaps the most familiar form of bias is the stereotype, which assigns a rigid
set of characteristics to all members of a group, at the cost of individual attributes and
differences. While stereotypes can be positive, they are more often negative. Some
typical stereotypes include: Men portrayed as assertive and successful in their jobs,
but rarely discussed as husbands or fathers. Women as caregivers.
3. Imbalance and Selectivity: A Tale Half Told
Curriculum may perpetuate bias by presenting only one interpretation of an
issue, situation, or group of people. Such accounts simplify and distort complex issues
by omitting different perspectives.
A text reports that women were “given” the vote, but does not discuss the work,
sacrifices, and even physical abuse suffered by the leaders of the suffrage movement
that “won” the vote. Literature is drawn primarily from western, male authors. Math and
Science courses typically reference European discoveries and formulas.
4. Unreality: Rose Colored Glasses
Many researchers have noted the tendency of instructional materials to gloss
over unpleasant facts and events in our history. Another example is the notion that
technology will resolve persistent social problems.
5. Fragmentation and Isolation: The Parts Are Less than the Whole
Fragmentation emerges when a group is physically or visually isolated in the
text. Often, racial and ethnic group members are depicted as interacting only with
persons like themselves, isolated from other cultural communities. While this form of
bias may be less damaging than omission or stereotypes, fragmentation and isolation
present non-dominant groups as peripheral members of society.
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6. Linguistic Bias: Words Count
Language can be a powerful conveyor of bias, in both blatant and subtle forms.
Linguistic bias can impact race/ethnicity, gender, accents, age, (dis)ability, and sexual
orientation. Such words as forefathers, mankind, and businessman serve to deny the
contributions (even the existence) of females.
7. Cosmetic Bias: “Shiny” covers
The relatively new cosmetic bias suggests that a text is bias free, but beyond the
attractive covers, photos, or posters, bias persists. An example is a science textbook
that features a glossy pullout of female scientists but includes precious little narrative
of the scientific contributions of women.
Pretend that you are a group of detectives. Using the seven forms of bias
discussed here, review your school’s English reference books/textbooks and identify
if it has any of those forms of biases. Write the title of the book and put a check mark
on the form of bias you have discovered in the book(s).
Title
of the
Book
Invisibility
Stereo-
typing
Selectivity Unreality Fragmentation
Linguistic
Bias
Cosmetic
Bias
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This time, suggest ways on how to avoid these biases in your English textbook.
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YOUR TEXT
Task 5 LOVE IS EVERYWHERE
A. Being sensitive to others is one way of showing love and concern. Whose
love story do you consider special and worth emulating? Here are photos from
some romantic films. Match the description of the characters in the movie to
the photos.
Danielle, the only daughter of a
deceased French nobleman, is made a
servant by her stepmother. She also has two
stepsisters, one quite kind but the other one
really terrible. Still, Danielle grows up to be a
happy and strong-willed young lady, and one
day her path crosses that of handsome Prince
Henry, who has fallen in love with her. Despite
some troubles, Danielle and the Prince end up
together with the help of the nice Leonardo da
Vinci.
Rebellious high school student Landon
Carter is threatened with expulsion unless he
performs in the drama club’s spring musical. At
this function, he is forced to interact with quiet
Jamie Sullivan who has helped him with his
lines. During the play, Jamie surprises Landon
and the entire audience with her beauty and
voice. While their friendship and admiration for
each other grows deeper, Jamie’s cancer gets
worse.
In 1912 Southampton, 17-year-old first-
class passenger Rose DeWitt Bukater who is
engaged to be married against her will plans to
jump off the ship. Jack Dawson, a penniless
artist, convinces her not to. This incident
started their friendship which later on develops
into a romantic love affair.
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B. Can you name other movies that speak of great love?
Girls, in the future when a man courts you, how would you want him to do it?
Boys, how do you plan to win the heart of your ladylove someday?
• List down what you dream of in a courtship.
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• Read about the courtship during the middle-ages. Compare it with your “ideal”
courtship.
Chivalry and Romantic Ideals (Middle Ages, 1100-1500)
The knights and troubadours (traveling poets and musicians) of medieval times
opened doors, pulled out chairs, and let their ladyloves order first. These men knew
their ladies wants and desires, it always came first and foremost in love; winning ladies’
hearts was their ultimate goal.
Wealthy knights won women’s hands through brave deeds, while the poets won
them over through their use of words and songs. These ideas were inspired by “courtly
love,” which was a highly idealized and extravagant forbidden affair (mostly among
the noble class) whose core beliefs were the superiority of the lady, the instability of
desire, and the ennobling power of love.
See more at: http://www.match.com/magazine/article/12357/#sthash.GSRJcl6o.dpuf
• When one is in love, one has the tendency to be biased. Name an incident
when you did something in the name of love.
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Love has been around us from the very beginning. During the 14th century,
an Italian poet named Francesco Petrarch celebrated his love for his forever muse-
Laura through a collection of poems called “Canzoniere.” The English called him the
greatest Italian poet of the 14th century by setting a pattern for lyric poetry.
This was also the time when people were starting to reconnect their
relationship with God and other men and women brought about by the rediscovery
of the classics. This period is called the Rebirth or the Renaissance.
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• Here are poems from Petrarch’s Canzoniere. Read enjoy the rhyme and
rhythm, and discover the message of each poem.
• Before you start reading, think about this: How would you describe someone
you are passionately in love with?
LAURA
Translated by Morris Bishop
She used to let her golden hair fly free
For the wind to toy and tangle and molest;
Her eyes were brighter than the radiant west.
(Seldom they shine so now.) I used to see
Pity look out of those deep eyes on me.
(“It was false pity,” you would now protest)
I had love’s tinder heaped within my breast;
What wonder that the flame burned furiously?
She did not walk in any mortal way,
But with angelic progress; when she spoke,
Unearthly voices sang in unison.
She seemed divine among the dreary folk
Of earth. You say she is not so today?
Well, though the bow’s unbent, the wound bleeds on.
The White Doe
Translated by Anna Maria Armi
A pure-white doe in an emerald glade
Appeared to me, with two antlers of gold,
Between two streams, under a laurel’s shade,
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At sunrise, in the season’s bitter cold.
Her sight was so suavely merciless
That I left work to follow her at leisure,
Like the miser who looking for his treasure
Sweetens with that delight his bitterness.
Around her lovely neck “Do not touch me,”
Was written with topaz and diamond stone,
“My Caesar’s will has been to make me free.”
Already toward noon had climbed the sun,
My weary eyes were not sated to see,
When I fell in the stream and she was gone.
Spring
Translated by Morris Bishop
Zephyr returns, and scatters everywhere
New flowers and grass, and company does bring,
Procne and Philomel, in sweet despair,
And all the tender colors of the Spring.
Never were fields so glad, nor skies so fair,
And Jove exults in Venus prospering.
Love is in all the water, earth and air,
And love possesses every living thing.
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But to me only heavy sighs return
For her who carried in her little hand
My heart’s key to her heavenly sojourn,
The birds sing loud above the flowering land;
Ladies are gracious now – Where deserts burn
The beasts still prowl on the ungreening sand.
Task 6 THINK ABOUT THE POEMS
In your group, answer the questions about the three poems.
Laura
1. In the poem “Laura,” how was Laura described by the speaker?
2. In Laura’s “present and past,” what are the common details the speaker
remembers about Laura?
3. How does Laura seem to have changed?
4. Though years passed,what aspects in the poem “Laura” remain
unchanged?
The White Doe
1. What details in the “The White Doe” tell about time and season?
2. What is a doe?
3. How is the doe described in the poem?
4. To whom is the “white doe” compared in the poem?
5. What emotion does the last stanza evoke in you?
Spring
1. “Spring” is written after Laura’s death. What does the speaker emphasize
about the spring?
2. What makes the speaker describe differently the springtime scene?
3. What does the ending of the poem reveal about the speaker?
4. Who is referred to in the three poems?
5. Petrarch was a fourteenth-century writer. In his poems, what are the
situations or feelings that you could relate to? On the other hand, in
what ways are the situations or feelings in the poem outdated?