Meshack Waweru Nderitu - CONFLICT TRANSFORMATION IN TANA DELTA

ROLE OF FAITH BASED ORGANIZATIONS IN CONLICT
TRANSFORMATION: CASE STUDY OF CICC AND THE 2012 - 2013 TANA
DELTA CONFLICT
BY
MESHACK WAWERU NDERITU
LMR/MDS/1614/15
A RESEARCH PROPOSAL SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF
THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF MASTER OF ARTS DEGREE
IN DEVELOPMENTAL STUDIES AT ST PAUL’S UNIVERSITY, KENYA
AUGUST 2016

DECLARATION
I declare that this is my original work and has not been presented for award of degree in any
other University.
Signature _____________________ Date __________________
Meshack Waweru Nderitu
LMR/MDS/1614/15
This proposal has been submitted for examination with approval of the following university
supervisors
Signature _____________________ Date __________________
Dr. Emily Okuto
Signature _____________________ Date __________________
Dr. Teresia Wamuyu
ii

DEDICATION
I dedicate this piece of work to my beloved wife, son and daughter who have been the
greatest motivation and memory in this process.
iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I wish to thank my advisors, Dr.Emily Okuto and Dr. Teresiah Wamuyu for their countless
hours of reflective reading, encouraging, keen interest and most of all patience throughout the
process. Special thanks to the presiding Bishop of Methodist Church in Kenya, Rev. Joseph
Ntumbura for his constant encouraging and for the role he played in my enrolment for
postgraduate studies. Special thanks also go to all my lecturers in the Department of
Developmental studies and to my class mate’s thank you so much for the great insights in the
course of this process.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION........................................................................................................................................ii
DEDICATION..........................................................................................................................................iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.........................................................................................................................iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS..............................................................................................................................v
LIST OF TABLES....................................................................................................................................viii
LIST OF FIGURES....................................................................................................................................ix
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.........................................................................................................................x
ABSTRACT..............................................................................................................................................xi
CHAPTER ONE........................................................................................................................................1
INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................................................1
1.1 Background to the Study..............................................................................................................1
1.1.1 Global Perspective................................................................................................................1
1.1.2 Conflict Transformation in Africa..........................................................................................2
1.1.3 Tana Delta.............................................................................................................................2
1.1.4 Coast Inter-Faith Council of Clerics (CICC).............................................................................3
1.2 Statement of the Problem...........................................................................................................3
1.3 Objective of the study..................................................................................................................4
1.3.1 Specific Objectives................................................................................................................4
1.3.2 Research Questions..............................................................................................................4
1.4 Justification of the Study .............................................................................................................4
1.5 Limitations of the study...............................................................................................................6
1.6 Delimitation of Study...................................................................................................................6
1.7 Definition of Terms......................................................................................................................6
CHAPTER TWO.......................................................................................................................................9
LITERATURE REVIEW..............................................................................................................................9
2.1 Introduction.................................................................................................................................9
2.2 Empirical Review..........................................................................................................................9
2.2.1 Negotiation ..........................................................................................................................9
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2.2.2 Mediation ...........................................................................................................................10
2.2.3 Conciliation ........................................................................................................................11
2.2.4 Arbitration ..........................................................................................................................12
2.3 Theoretical Framework..............................................................................................................13
2.3.1 Negotiation Theory.............................................................................................................13
2.3.2 The Conflict Transformation Theory...................................................................................13
2.4 Conceptual Framework..............................................................................................................16
2.5 Research Gap.............................................................................................................................17
CHAPTER THREE...................................................................................................................................19
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY.................................................................................................................19
3.1 Introduction...............................................................................................................................19
3.2 Research Design.........................................................................................................................19
3.3 Target Population......................................................................................................................19
3.4 Sampling Techniques and Procedures.......................................................................................20
3.5 Data Collection Techniques........................................................................................................21
3.7 Data Collection Tools.................................................................................................................22
3.8 Pilot Study..................................................................................................................................22
3.8.1 Reliability............................................................................................................................22
3.8.2 Validity................................................................................................................................23
3.9 Data Analysis and Interpretation...............................................................................................23
3.10 Ethical Considerations..............................................................................................................25
REFERENCES.........................................................................................................................................26
APPENDICES.........................................................................................................................................30
Appendix I: Introduction Letter to Respondents..............................................................................30
Appendix II: Structured Questionnaire............................................................................................31
Appendix III: The Budget..................................................................................................................35
Amount............................................................................................................................................35
Appendix IV: Work Plan...................................................................................................................36
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Appendix V: Map of Tana Delta.......................................................................................................37
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
AACC: All Africa Conference of Churches
ADR : Alternative Dispute Resolution
ANOVA Analysis of Variance
APB : Alliance of Peace building
CICC : Coast Inter-Faith Council of Clerics
CRS : Catholic Relief Services
DPC : District Peace Committee
FBO : Faith Based Organizations
FG : Focus Group
IRCK : Inter Religious Council of Kenya
KNBS : Kenya National Bureau of Statistics
NCCK: National Council of Churches of Kenya
NGO : Non-governmental organization
NPC : National Peace Committee
PSW : Problem Solving Workshops
SPSS Statistical Package for Social Sciences
SPSS : Statistical Packages for Social Science
SUPKEM Supreme Council of Kenyan Muslims
TRC : Truth and Reconciliation Commission
UN : United Nations
WCC : World Council of Churches
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ABSTRACT
Tana River County has been hit by inter-communal conflicts whereby many young men and
women have died while the masses have lost their property. This has brought about negative
impacts on Tana River County’s economy. With these fiery ingredients of competition over
natural resources and a history of violence between different communities, and little prospect
of a better future, the Tana Delta is prone to future conflicts. This study seeks to establish the
role played by the Coast Inter-Faith Council of Clerics in conflict transformation among the
Pokomo and the Orma in Tana Delta during the 2012-2013 clashes. Specifically, the study
seeks: to examine the influence of negotiation as an approach by CICC in conflict
transformation among the Pokomo and the Orma in Tana Delta; to examine the effect of
mediation as an approach by CICC in conflict transformation among the Pokomo and the
Orma in Tana Delta; to ascertain the influence of conciliation as an approach by CICC in
conflict transformation among the Pokomo and the Orma in Tana Delta; to assess the effect
of arbitration as an approach by CICC in conflict transformation among the Pokomo and the
Orma in Tana Delta; and to establish the intervening effect of cultural beliefs on the
relationship between the role played by the Coast Inter-Faith Council of Clerics in conflict
transformation among the Pokomo and the Orma in Tana Delta. The study will adopt an
explanatory research design and the target population will be 210 government officials,
religious leaders, law enforcers, Pokomo and Orma communities. The study will adopt
stratified random sampling technique to determine the sample size. Based on stratification, 63
respondents will form the sample size. A semi-structured questionnaire will be used to collect
data from the respondents. The questionnaire will be pilot tested where reliability will be
tested using Cronbach’s alpha while validity of the questionnaire will be checked by experts.
The study will use multiple linear regression as data analysis technique. The findings of this
study will make significant contribution in the advancement of developmental studies in that
the results will form a basis for further empirical investigation. The study will also be of
significance to policy makers and faith-based organizations.
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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
Humanity has been facing conflicts around the world for centuries. History has shown that
from a small misunderstanding millions of people end up losing their lives including the
destructions of years of hard work, such as the case in the two World Wars (Woodhouse,
Miall & Ramsbotham, 2005). Mwajiru (2007) underscored the importance of conflict
resolution when he asserted that one of the distinguishing features of Africa's political
landscape are its many dysfunctional and protracted social and political conflicts. This
problem is made worse by lack of effective mechanisms to manage these conflicts. Where
they exist they are weak and, thus, social and political relationships in the continent have
been disrupted (Bridgman, 2008). This has had negative consequences, such as interruption
of development and the diversion of scarce resources, in the management of these conflicts
(Wiesmann, Gichuki, Kiteme & Liniger, 2011).
1.1.1 Global Perspective
At a global level, religion is a powerful constituent of cultural norms and values, deeply
implicated in individual and social conceptions of peace (Robbers, 2012). Essentially,
religious institutions wield a lot of authority which can be used for conflict transformation or
for “inciting “rebellions against perceived injustices (Ando, 2010). Globally, the contribution
of religious institution towards the pursuit of peace and social justice is well documented
(Rutayisire, 2009).
In Europe, the rise of Protestantism heralded in a new era of great social-political
transformation and enlightenment in place of the oppressive feudal system since it rejected
the catholic ordained doctrine which implicitly supported feudal structures and their
exploitative dynamics (Leremore, 2008). In Poland, the church remained the dominant voice
against the highly authoritarian communist system since all other spaces for political
mobilization had been violently banned (Leremore, 2008). In Latin America, the dominant
Catholic Church played a pivotal role in fighting injustices whether from leftist or rightist
regimes and guerillas during the Cold War (Cyuma, 2012).
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1.1.2 Conflict Transformation in Africa
In Africa, the involvement of religious organizations in peacemaking has been prominent. In
various states, the religious groups are active peacemakers in disasters and conflict zones
(Slessarev-Jamir, 2011). Organizations such as the World Conference of Churches (WCC)
and All African Conference of Churches (AACC) initiated and mediated the 1972 Sudan
peace process leading to an agreement. Indeed they remained the only credible and legitimate
interveners in a highly polarized identity based conflict. During the Mozambican peace
process, a little known Catholic order, the Community of Saint’ Egidio played a central role
in facilitating the mediation process (Cyuma, 2012).
Involvement of faith-based actors in conflict transformation processes is not a new
phenomenon (Pearlman & Cunningham, 2011). In fact, faith-based actors, including clergy
(for example, the Pope, Priests, Imams, Rabbis), religiously inspired leaders (for example,
Gandhi, Martin Luther King Jr.) among many others, and religiously motivated movements
and organizations like World Council of Churches, All African Conference of Churches,
National Council of Churches in Kenya etc.) have always played a role in resolving conflicts
(Bercovitch & Kadayifci-Orellana, 2011).
1.1.3 Tana Delta
The Tana delta is located at the Kenyan Coast where the river Tana flows into the Indian
Ocean (Leremore, 2009). The Tana delta is a very fertile and relatively remote wetland area
surrounded by its arid hinterland and is used for agricultural production, permanent grazing
land for the herds of local pastoralists and a dry-spell pasture area for the cattle of many so
called foreign pastoralists (Duvail et al. 2012). Due to the fact that several various groups
(Pokomo, Orma and the Wardei) have an interest in the area or even claim ownership, and the
different customary laws as well as the statutory one are conflicting, the situation in the area
delta can be tense and from time to time conflicts arise or even escalate (Schade 2012).
The Orma and Pokomo have a history of violence way before they settled along the Tana
Delta (Andres, 2013). Due to persistent conflict between the two communities, the colonial
administration tried to resolve the conflict through a negotiated arrangement where during the
dry spell, the Pokomo would allow the Orma and Wardei access to pasture land and water
(KNCHR, 2012) but in the present context, the approach is no longer respected by the Orma
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and Wardei communities who perceive land as communal while the Pokomo believe they are
the original owners of the land.
1.1.4 Coast Inter-Faith Council of Clerics (CICC)
The CICC is a Faith Based Organization of local Kenyan religious leaders, preachers and
imams, who promote inter-community peace building among communities living along the
coastal strip (Lewis, 2011). The CICC’s vision is to restore a divinely, peaceful, just and
harmonious Kenyan Society. They promote peace, development and security in the republic
of Kenya (CICC website, 2016). CICC like many of faith based actors have been involved in
conflict transformation for a long time. As religious organization, the CICC has always been
involved in conflict transformation processes because the modern conflicts overrun the grasp
of traditional diplomacy (Johnston, 2005).
As a faith based actor, CICC was involved in major treaties that broke peace in different
counties along the costal stripe. A good example is the role they played in Lamu East; she
created interreligious dialogue which ended over 40 years of religious conflict in the county
In Bura, Tana CICC was the unifying factor ending a period of instability among the Orma
and Wardei in 2008 (Haynes, 2009). The CICC has also acted as early warning indicators of
the conflicts because most religious leaders are close to their followers. CICC has had a
strong and influential position in addressing the conflicts due to their legitimacy as civil
societies (Bercovitch and Orellana, 2009).
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Tana River County has been hit by inter-communal conflicts whereby many young men and
women have died while the masses have lost their property. Pokomo and Orma engaged in
recurrent conflicts over ownership and use of land, pasture and water resulting in major
negative impacts on Tana River County’s economy (KNCHR, 2012). Therefore, there is an
urgent need for this kind of conflict to be addressed by gaining a deeper understanding of the
dynamics involved in and the reactions to these conflicts in the delta. It is against this
backdrop that this research, therefore, intends to examine the role played by the Coast Inter-
Faith Council of Clerics in conflict transformation among the Pokomo and the Orma in Tana
Delta during the 2012-2013 clashes.
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1.3 Objective of the study
The main objective of the study will be to establish the role of faith based organizations in
conflict transformation: a case study of CICC and the 2012 - 2013 conflict in Tana Delta.
1.3.1 Specific Objectives
i. To examine the influence of negotiation as an approach by CICC in conflict
transformation among the Pokomo and the Orma in Tana Delta
ii. To examine the effect of mediation as an approach by CICC in conflict transformation
among the Pokomo and the Orma in Tana Delta
iii. To ascertain the influence of conciliation as an approach by CICC in conflict
iv. To assess the effect of arbitration as an approach by CICC in conflict transformation
v. To establish the intervening effect of cultural beliefs on the relationship between the
role played by the Coast Inter-Faith Council of Clerics in conflict transformation
1.3.2 Research Questions
i. What is the influence of negotiation as an approach by CICC in conflict
transformation among the Pokomo and the Orma in Tana Delta?
ii. How does mediation as an approach by CICC help in conflict transformation among
the Pokomo and the Orma in Tana Delta?
iii. Is there any influence of conciliation as an approach by CICC in conflict
transformation among the Pokomo and the Orma in Tana Delta?
iv. What is the effect of arbitration as an approach by CICC in conflict transformation
among the Pokomo and the Orma in Tana Delta?
v. What is the intervening effect of cultural beliefs on the relationship between the role
played by the Coast Inter-Faith Council of Clerics in conflict transformation among
1.4 Justification of the Study
This study will contribute to the empirical evidence on religion and conflict transformation,
by examining the extent to which faith-based organizations have contributed to conflict
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transformation efforts in one specific case – the CICC. To achieve the above objective, the
study will focus on the role of CICC, a key religious organization, in the management of
violent conflict related to the 2012 -2013 ethnic conflicts in Tana Delta. The beneficiaries of
this study will include the population of the Tana Delta and the government at large. It will
help them understand how the faith based organizations could be instrumental in conflicts
transformation. It will also offer an insight on how to go on with the process of conflict
transformation.
The study will serves as an information source for policy makers not only in the affected
communities but also to the government. The prevalence of peace in the Tana Delta is one of
the requirements for the economic development of the agricultural sector that is envisioned to
play a key role in the realization of Kenya's Vision 2030 by contributing to the country's
economic growth.
This study will make a significant contribution in the advancement of developmental studies
in that the results will form a basis for further empirical investigation. Further, the study will
shed light on the nature of the role played by the Coast Inter-Faith Council of Clerics in
conflict transformation among the Pokomo and the Orma in Tana Delta during the 2012-2013
clashes.
Faith Based Organizations are sacred institutions which have a major role in shaping
humanity for the best. Thus, the findings of this study are expected to help the CICC to take
up its role in society as an agent of change and conflict transformation in the region. The
study will also benefit the communities involved in understanding the liabilities of conflict
and the ways into which enduring peace could be restored in the region.
It is anticipated that the stakeholders will use the findings of this study to realize the much
elusive peace and cohesion in the Delta. This will enable the communities to focus on key
conflict transformation drivers in order to foster co-integration. This will be achieved as the
study is envisioned to equip community leaders with the knowledge on how to transform
conflicts in the area. Finally, the study will contribute to the growing body of knowledge by
elucidating conceptual linkages between religious bodies like the CICC and conflict
transformation.
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1.5 Limitations of the study
A lot of challenges may be encountered in the study. For instance, Language barrier since
the larger community communicates in vernacular such as Orma and Pokomo languages.
The researcher will therefore have to be in the company of competent translators when
dealing with different communities and people. There is also high insecurity since the
area is in close proximity to the Kenya Somali border. In order to stay secure, the
researcher will have to alert the security agents in the area of their research and if possible
travel in company of officers. The roads are inaccessible hence commuting from one
point to another is made very difficult. In most cases, movement from one point to
another will have to be by foot or local donkey carts that the region is so famous for.
1.6 Delimitation of Study
The study will be carried out in Tana Delta sub-county in the larger Tana River County. Tana
Delta is on among the three sub-counties that make up Tana River County. Tana Delta
District (Garsen) is one of the 3 sub county that constitute the Tana River County, the others
being Tana North (Bura), Tana River (Galole). It has an area of 16,013.4 square Kilometres.
It has three Divisions namely; Kipini, Garsen and Tarasaa. Despite there being numerous
Faith Based Organizations that are working in the peace building today in Tana Delta’ the
scope of this study will specifically cover CICC works in Tana Delta hence leaving out other
FBOs dealing with conflict transformation initiatives
1.7 Definition of Terms
Arbitration is a form of alternative dispute resolution (ADR), a technique for the resolution
of disputes outside the courts. The parties to a dispute refer it to arbitration by one or
more persons (the "arbitrators", "arbiters" or "arbitral tribunal"), and agree to be
bound by the arbitration decision (the "award"). In this study, arbitration is defined in
terms of flexibility, cost effectiveness and speedy conflict resolution.
Conciliation is an alternative dispute resolution (ADR) process whereby the parties to
a dispute use a conciliator, who meets with the parties both separately and together in
an attempt to resolve their differences. In this study, conciliation is measured in terms
of trust of the parties, in depth examination of all aspects and neutrality and
impartiality.
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Conflict transformation: The replace of violent with non-violent means of settling disputes
(Little & Appleby, 2004).
Cultural beliefs refer to the totality of socially transmitted behavior patterns, arts, beliefs,
institutions, and all other products of human work and thought which are learned and
shared within social groups and is transmitted by non-genetic means. In this study,
cultural beliefs are measured in terms of intended behaviours, espoused behaviours
and actual behaviours.
Inter religious dialogue Involves people of different religious faiths coming together in a
process of positive exchange alone and most importantly it Is not intended to be a
debate. Rather it aims at mutual understanding and includes an acknowledgment and
respect for differences and the values of other religions and cultures (Garfinkel,
2004).
Mediation is the intervention in a standard negotiation or conflict of an acceptable third party
who has limited or no authoritative decision-making power but who assists the
involved parties in voluntarily reaching a mutually acceptable settlement of issues in
dispute. In this study, mediation is measured in terms of assisted negotiations,
dialogue efforts, forged agreements and supportive external environment.
Negotiation refers to the bargaining, give and take, process between two or more parties
(each with its own aims, needs, and viewpoints) seeking to discover a common
ground and reach an agreement to settle a matter of mutual concern or resolve
a conflict (Fisher & Ury, 2008).
Peace building: The full range of activities carried out by individuals and institutions for the
purpose of resolving and transforming deadly conflict, with the goal of building social
relations and political and cultural institutions characterized by an ethos of tolerance
and non-violence.
Reconciliation entails addressing concerns about the past without entering into a cycle of
recrimination, requiring revelation, transparency and acknowledgement. It is also a
process of restoring friendly relations achieved through envisioning and restoring
future that enhances interdependence (Lederach 197 & MIal et al, 1999).
Religious peace building: The range of activities performed by religious actors and
institutions for the purpose of resolving and transforming deadly conflict, with the
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goal of building social relations and political institution characterized by an ethos of
tolerance and non-violence (Coward & Smith 2004).
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CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
This chapter will give a summary of the existing literature on some aspects of the resources
and ethnic conflicts and their transformation in Kenya’s Tana Delta, which are relevant to the
study. The chapter will cover different approaches mostly used in conflict transformation the
conflict theories and conceptual framework
The main focus of this studies however, will be to investigate the role of faith-based
organizations in managing the conflicts in Tana Delta. The main organization, among them,
that has been working on enduring peace and liberty in the region is the Coast Inter-Faith
Council of Clerics (CICC) Trust, which has been charged with the responsibility of dialogue
towards the enhancement of understanding and communication in attempts of eliminating
potential or real conflicts in the region. The CICC promotes interfaith dialogue bringing a
deeper understanding and respect for others’ freedoms and faiths in the political, social,
economic or religious instigated conflicts (CICC website).
2.2 Empirical Review
2.2.1 Negotiation
Negotiation is a process that involves parties meeting to identify and discuss the issues at
hand so as to arrive at a mutually acceptable solution without the help of a third party. It is
the process of combining conflicting positions into a joint agreement and is the most common
(although not the only) way of preventing, managing, resolving, and transforming conflicts”
(Zartman, 2009). It is also described as a process involving two or more people of either
equal or unequal power meeting to discuss shared and/or opposed interests in relation to a
particular area of mutual concern. The parties themselves attempt to settle their differences
using a range of techniques from concession and compromise to coercion and confrontation.
Negotiation thus allows party autonomy in the process and over the outcome. It is non-
coercive thus allowing parties the room to come up with creative solutions. Relationships
apparently matter in negotiators' definitions of fair outcomes (Fisher & Ury, 2008).
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As a conflict has essential elements, the process of negotiation also requires “parties to
communicate, to learn how to influence each other and to develop some level of collusion
and coordination” (Paerson d’Estrée, 2009). As the direct method of conflict resolution,
negotiation requires parties to meet face-toface to deal with the conflict (Bartos & Wehr,
2010). Negotiation is by far the most efficient conflict management mechanism in terms of
management of time, costs and preservation of relationships and has been seen as the
preferred route in most disputes. Negotiation can be interest-based, rights-based or power-
based and each can result in different outcomes.
Framing and reframing the issues and changing the parties’ perceptions are important parts of
the negotiation process (Ramsbotham, Woodhouse & Miall, 2005). Dialogue and recognition
are preconditions for the negotiation process to succeed, which is to say that parties to the
conflict must accept each other as legitimate (Ramsbotham, Woodhouse & Miall, 2011). The
right timing is also essential, and parties, must, therefore be ready to make compromises,
while leaders or party spokespeople are important elements of successful negotiation
(Guelke, 2003). Moreover, the negotiations must proceed under the auspices of a rule of
unanimity granting the parties, in the event that they do not agree with potential negotiated
outcomes, to walk away from negotiations or continue negotiating under different conditions
(Zartman, 2009).
2.2.2 Mediation
Mediation is the intervention in a standard negotiation or conflict of an acceptable third party
who has limited or no authoritative decision-making power but who assists the involved
parties in voluntarily reaching a mutually acceptable settlement of issues in dispute (Moore,
1996). Within this definition, mediators may play a number of different roles, and may enter
conflicts at different levels of development or intensity (ibid). Mediation is one of the most
effective methods of preventing, managing and resolving conflicts. To be effective, however,
a mediation process requires more than the appointment of a high-profile individual to act as
a third party. Antagonists often need to be persuaded of the merits of mediation, and peace
processes must be well-supported politically, technically and financially. Ad-hoc and poorly
coordinated mediation efforts – even when launched with the best of intentions – do not
advance the goal of achieving durable peace. While all disputes and conflicts are unique and
require specific approaches, there are good practices that should inform the approaches of all
mediators.
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Mediation is especially important when the parties to a conflict are unable to meet face-to-
face or have not reached the point of accepting to meet for formal negotiations (Ramsbotham,
Woodhouse & Miall, 2011). Among the causes that may make mediation essential to a
negotiation can be the absence of any official diplomatic relations. This may also arise in
cases in which the parties, for reasons stemming from domestic or international politics, do
not want their direct negotiations to be known publicly. There can be all different types of
mediators ranging from individuals and states or groups of states to international or non-
governmental organizations. Mitchell (2012) distinguishes between mediators that can be
states, governments of a particular state, or even groups of governments, and those mediators
who are strong international figures.
Mediators may be picked either by parties to the conflict or by an outside party. It is
important that the mediator is not biased and is impartial to any party of conflict as well as
the mediator’s behavior plays a significant role. This does not mean, however, that the
mediator has to be neutral. The fact that a mediator is close to one side can satisfy the other,
as it hopes this will bring more pressure on the particular side (Wallensteen, 2011). Also, the
experience of mediator plays a part in successful mediation.
Effective mediation responds to the specificity of the conflict. It takes into account the causes
and dynamics of the conflict, the positions, interests and coherence of the parties, the needs of
the broader society, as well as the regional environments (Bercovitch, 2008). Good mediation
promotes exchange through listening and dialogue, engenders a spirit of collaboration
through problem solving, ensures that negotiating parties have sufficient knowledge,
information and skills to negotiate with confidence (Long & Adams, 2010) and broadens the
process to include relevant stakeholders from different segments of a society. Mediators are
most successful in assisting negotiating parties to forge agreements when they are well
informed, patient, balanced in their approach and discreet. Effective mediation requires a
supportive external environment; most conflicts have a strong regional dimension
(Tidström, 2012).
2.2.3 Conciliation
Conciliation is an intervention to resolve a dispute by a body without political authority that
has the trust of the parties involved and is responsible for examining all aspects of the
dispute and proposing a solution that is not binding for the parties (Vidal-Leon, 2014). It is
11

crucial that the conciliation body have the trust of the Parties. Without this trust, its
involvement will be in vain. In addition, because it is responsible for examining all
aspects of the dispute, it must identify the facts of the case.
For the conciliation body’s dispute resolution proposal to be successful, it’s underlying
reasoning—arrived at by an in-depth examination of all aspects of the case must be
sufficiently persuasive to convince the parties that it is a good solution to their dispute and
lead them to resolve their issues accordingly (Stein, 2010). The conciliation
body must also be neutral and impartial, failing which it would be impossible to earn the
Parties' trust.
This approach is similar to mediation except for the fact that the third party can propose a
solution. Its advantages are similar to those of negotiation. It has all the advantages and
disadvantages of negotiation except that the conciliator can propose solutions making parties
lose some control over the process. Conciliation is recognized by a number of international
legal instruments as a means to management of natural resource based conflict
(Techera, 2012). A conciliator who is more knowledgeable than the parties can help parties
achieve their interests by proposing solutions, based on his technical knowledge that the
parties may be lacking in. This may actually make the process cheaper by saving the cost of
calling any other experts to guide them (Carman, Johns & Mitchell, 2014).
2.2.4 Arbitration
Arbitration is a dispute settlement mechanism. Arbitration arises where a third party neutral
(known as an arbitrator) is appointed by the parties or an appointing authority to determine
the dispute and give a final and binding award (D'Silva, 2014). Arbitration has also been
described as a private consensual process where parties in dispute agree to present their
grievances to a third party for resolution. Its advantages are that parties can agree on an
arbitrator to determine the matter; the arbitrator has expertise in the area of dispute; any
person can represent a party in the dispute; flexibility; cost-effective; confidential; speedy and
the result is binding (Maniruzzaman, 2011). Proceedings in Court are open to the public,
whereas proceedings in commercial arbitration are private, accordingly the parties who wish
to preserve their commercial secrets may prefer commercial arbitration. In disputes involving
parties with equal bargaining power and with the need for faster settlement of disputes,
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especially business related, arbitration offers the best vehicle among the ADR mechanisms to
facilitate access to justice (SangChan Kim, & Lee, Choong-Eun, 2010).
2.3 Theoretical Framework
Theories are formulated to explain, predict, and understand phenomena and, in many cases,
to challenge and extend existing knowledge, within the limits of the critical bounding
assumptions. The theoretical framework is the structure that can hold or support a theory of a
research study. The theoretical framework introduces and describes the theory which explains
why the research problem under study exists. A theoretical framework consists of concepts,
together with their definitions, and existing theory/theories that are used for the particular
study (Torraco, 2005).
2.3.1 Negotiation Theory
Negotiation is a specialized and formal version of conflict resolution most frequently
employed when important issues must be agreed upon. Negotiation is necessary when one
party requires the other party's agreement to achieve its aim. The aim of negotiating is to
build a shared environment leading to long-term trust and often involves a third, neutral party
to extract the issues from the emotions and keep the individuals concerned focused. It is a
powerful method for resolving conflict and requires skill and experience. Zartman (2009)
defines negotiation as a process of combining conflicting positions into a common position
under a decision rule of unanimity, a phenomenon in which the outcome is determined by the
process.
Most theories of negotiations share the notion of negotiations as a process, but they differ in
their description of the process. Structural, strategic and procedural analysis build on rational
actors, who are able to prioritize clear goals, are able to make trade-offs between conflicting
values, are consistent in their behavioral pattern, and are able to take uncertainty into account.
Negotiations differ from mere coercion, in that negotiating parties have the theoretic
possibility to withdraw from negotiations. It is easier to study bi-lateral negotiations, as
opposed to multilateral negotiations.
2.3.2 The Conflict Transformation Theory
This theory focuses on the transformation of armed conflict which is violent in nature into a
peaceful one, based on different approaches of conflict transformation. There are irresolvable
conflict and therefore suggests an alternative phrase” conflict transformation to conflict
13

transformation” (Rupersigh, 1995). Conflict transformation theorists argue that contemporary
conflicts require more than the reframing of positions and the identification of win-win
outcomes. The very structure of parties and relationships may be embedded in a pattern of
conflictual relationships that extend beyond the particular site of conflict. Conflict
transformation is therefore a process of engaging with and transforming the relationships,
interests, discourses and, if necessary, the very constitution of society that supports the
continuation of violent conflict.
Constructive conflict is a vital agent or catalyst for change. People within the conflict parties,
within the society or region affected, and outsiders with relevant human and material
resources all have complementary roles to play in the long-term process of peace building.
This suggests a comprehensive and wide-ranging approach, emphasizing support for groups
within the society in conflict rather than for the mediation of outsiders. It also recognizes that
conflicts are transformed gradually, through a series of smaller or larger changes as well as
specific steps by means of which a variety of actors may play important roles.
Lederach (1997) looks on the needs to build both a short term conflict into a long term
relationship as well as coming up with resolution of the underlying causes of conflict. This
approach has a look on peace constituencies who are either individuals or groups within these
communities in conflict and allow them to build peace and support reconciliation. Top
leadership empowerment is assumed to influence conflict transformation to both middle track
and grassroot track (Lederach, 1997). Lederach (1997) came up with pyramid of actors,
which shows the actors in a conflict both the involved and affected by the conflict and which
approaches to peace buildings are most suitable for each set of actors involved.
14

Figure 2. 1: Building Peace Sustainable Reconciliation in Divided Societies (Lederach,
1997)
The top level elite leadership is the main representatives. They are the symbols of strength
and unity. The middle range are more in number than the top level leadership, they draw their
power and influence from their power with the leadership. They serve as important link
between the level and grass root levels (ibid).
The grass root level comprises of local community leaders at grass root. They experience
how the mass struggles day to have food, water, shelter and security in a conflict zone. Local
grass roots leaders have information at hand on the cause and growth of conflict among the
war torn communities. Given that each of the three levels acts uniquely role of the conflict
transformation.
15
Middle level leaders
Professionals like teacher, Lawyers, Local
Pastors, Media personalities.
Top
Leadership
Military/Political
Religious leader with
High visibility
Grass root level leaders of indigenous NGO community
developer, refugee camp leaders

2.4 Conceptual Framework
The conceptual framework which guides the research is formed from a combination of
several models of conflict transformation and reconciliation and the theories advanced in the
area of religion and conflict transformation (Lederach, 1997). Conceptual framework is a
concise description of the phenomenon under study accompanied by a graphical or visual
depiction of the major variables of the study (Mugenda & Mugenda, 2008). According to
Young (2009), conceptual framework is a diagrammatical representation that shows the
relationship between dependent variable and independent variables.
A conceptual framework is a diagrammatic demonstration of ideas presenting the relationship
between variables (Young, 2009). It is the conceptualization of how the variables relate.
Conflict transformation which brings about sustainable peace is the dependent variable and
will include measures such as cohesion, economic stability, equity and inclusion of all
parties. CICC’s role constitutes the independent variables in this study, which include
mediation, negotiation, conciliation, and arbitration. These serve as the strategies leading to
conflict transformation – which is the dependent variable. Cultural beliefs, historical
injustices and political will be employed as the intervening variables in the relationship
between CICC’s dispute resolution and conflict transformation.
16
0

Independent Variables Intervening Variable Dependent Variable
Figure 2. 2: Conceptual framework
(Source: Researcher, 2016)
2.5 Research Gap
Tana River County has been hit by inter-communal conflicts whereby many men and women
have died while the masses have lost their property. This has resulted in major negative
impacts on Tana River County’s economy. A number of initiatives have been undertaken to
mitigate the conflict in the region such as the Bura, Hola and Tana Delta Rice Irrigation
Projects (TDRIP) but the collapse of these schemes forced the three communities, Orma,
Pokomo and Wardei, to revert to their old ways of life, competing for the available resources
(Schade 2012).
According to Bercovitch and Orellana (2009), research on the role of religion in peacemaking
has been significantly ignored because the rational and secular approaches of conflict
transformation and the epistemological and methodological perspectives view religion being
either instigators of the conflicts or dismiss them altogether. Abu-Nimer (2001) claimed that
17
Cultural Beliefs
• Intended behaviours,
• Espoused behaviours
• Actual behaviours
Conflict Transformation
• Inclusion
• Equity
• Cohesion
• Economic stability
• Truth & Justice
Mediation
• Assisted negotiations
• Dialogue efforts
• Forged agreements
• Supportive external environment
Negotiation
• Interest-based,
• Rights-based
• Power-based
Conciliation
• Trust of the Parties
• In depth examination of all aspects
• Neutral and impartial
Arbitration
• Flexibility
• Cost effective
• Speedy

since the end of the cold war, most conflicts have been based on religion, race and ethnicity
affiliations and that religion is therefore effective on the causes, dynamics and transformation
of the conflicts. Religious actors bring moral, social and spiritual resources that are all
important in the conflict transformation processes. A comprehensive and systematic
assessment of the interplay between religion, conflict and peace-building is yet to be fully
undertaken.
However despite much similarity found in the extant literature, most studies are based in
urban areas and none has been carried out in Tana Delta sub county, Tana River County,
Kenya leaving a gaping gap, a phenomenon that is not well understood in the study area. It is
against this backdrop that this research, therefore, intends to examine the role of Faith Based
Organizations in conflict transformation: a case study of CICC and the 2012 - 2013 conflict
in Tana Delta.
.
18

CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction
This chapter presents the guidelines on getting solutions on the research questions and come
to conclusions on the research matter. The methodological aspects that will be discussed will
include the research design, the data sources, the data collection techniques, the issues of
reliability and validity, the sampling techniques, concepts and variables, the data analysis and
interpretation, the ethical considerations, the target population and the sampling size. As
Mugenda and Mugenda (2003) portrays it, a research methodology should be a guideline
system of problem solving which includes specific components such as tasks, phases,
techniques, methods and tools that can be used or applied within a certain research discipline.
3.2 Research Design
A research design is the plan and structure conceived to obtain answers to research questions.
It is the grand plan in framing the methods and procedures for collection and analysis of data
(Saunders, Lewis & Thornhill, 2012). The research will adopt an exploratory design in
attempt to establish the nature of social conflicts in the Tana Delta and how the CICC helped
to deal with such conflict. The design will also help in establishing whether FBOs for this
case CICC played her role in conflict transformation in the Tana Delta.
The study will also involve comprehensive reviews of documented information on past
studies which some have been briefly mentioned in the literature review section and will be
analyzed further to constitute findings of the field researches. There will also be the
collection and analysis of qualitative and quantitative data in the Tana Delta and the relevant
offices in the Sub County.
3.3 Target Population
Nachmias and Nachmias (2008) defined population as all elements under study. The target
population of the research will consist of sound adult members of the Orma and Pokomo
communities, the religious leaders either connected or not to the CICC, the local and national
government leaders. The research will also focus largely on the elderly people who have been
19

in the area for a long time and thus understand the genesis and history of the conflicts in the
Tana Delta. The characteristics of the target population will be based mainly on the
involvement of some kind in either the conflicts or the conflict transformation programs. The
main focus however will be the members of these communities, religious leaders,
government officials and law enforcers who in their witnessing of these conflicts or their
transformation have been in touch with the CICC. In the CICC the researcher will focus on
the religious leaders who have been involved in the resolutions of the Pokomo and the Orma
communities.
Table 3. 1: Target Population
Category
Target Population Percentage (%)
Government officials 20 9.52
Pokomo 60 28.57
Orma 60 28.57
Religious leaders 40 19.04
Law enforcers 30 14.29
Total 210 100.00
Source: (Researcher, 2016)
3.4 Sampling Techniques and Procedures
According to Kothari (2004), sampling is the process by which a relatively small number of
individual, object or event is selected and analyzed in order to find out something about the
entire population from which it was selected. The population will be regarded as
homogeneous and therefore the study will also adopt stratified random sampling technique.
Since excessive responses could be pricey but still yields more accurate results, the sample
size will have to be high enough to get the accurate results from the correspondents and low
enough to stay in the set budget. The most important sampling technique method in this case
will have to be the convenience sampling where the members of the society will have to be
selected from the population in purposive sampling depending on their knowledge about the
CICC.
20

Table 3. 2: Sample Size
Category
Target Population Sample
proportion
Percentage (%)
Government officials 20 0.3 6
Pokomo 60 0.3 18
Orma 60 0.3 18
Religious leaders 40 0.3 12
Law enforcers 30 0.3 9
Total 210 0.3 63
3.5 Data Collection Techniques
In order to facilitate and understand clearly the nature of the conflicts between the Orma and
the Pokomo, and the roles and challenges of the FBOs in dealing with the conflicts, the study
will require both primary and secondary data sources. The secondary data which is basically
the published or data collected earlier or by other parties is especially important in order to
understand the genesis and history of the conflicts. This will include information from the
libraries, the internet, records, books, censuses, archives, qualitative or quantitative data and
the organizational records. The primary data on the other hand is basically the unvarnished
information about the research. This is basically eye witness testimonies from the victims,
actors or perpetrators of the conflicts. This information will be especially important in this
research for it has no bias and will therefore form the basis of an objective conclusion about
the matter.
Prior to primary data collection, the researcher will fully engage the relevant authorities at the
Coast including major libraries for a full account on the information available about the
Pokomo, the Orma and the FBOs and especially the CICC. Since most religious
organizations keep records of their actions in the communities, the CICC offices will be a
good starting point on the information about conflict transformation in the region. The
internet will also be a good source of information as a desk search technique regarding the
current phenomenon. The researcher will also have to conduct a transect walk in the villages
so as to get a better picture of the actual situation. Since the CICC occasionally holds conflict
transformation meetings in the region, the researcher will attend such meetings. This
observation will most likely give a clear picture on the importance of the FBOs and their
practices.
21

3.7 Data Collection Tools
A semi-structured questionnaire will be used to collect primary data. This is appropriate
because it allows a participant to provide feedback that is slightly more expansive than a
simple close-ended question, but that is much easier to quantify than a completely open-
ended response. Questionnaires will be preferred because according to Blumberg, Cooper,
and Schindler (2011), they are effective data collection instruments that allow respondents to
give much of their opinions in regard to the research problem (Bryman & Bell, 2003).
The questionnaire will be divided into sections that address the objectives and questions of
the study. Mugenda (2008) observes that administering questionnaires is a popular method
for data collection in most disciplines because of the relative ease and cost effectiveness with
which they are constructed and administered to large samples. Secondary data will be
collected from past published scholarly articles, journals, books and other relevant
authoritative material through desk search techniques.
3.8 Pilot Study
According to Gay, Mills and Airasian (2006), a pilot test is regarded as a trial in which a
small scale of the study is conducted before the actual full scale study with the fundamental
goals of achieving validity and reliability. Pilot testing assists researchers in determining if
there are flaws, limitations, or other weaknesses within the interview design. Also, pilot
testing allows a researcher to make necessary revisions prior to the implementation of the
study (Kvale, 2007). A pilot test is, thus, conducted to detect weaknesses in design and
instrumentation and to provide proxy data for selection of a probability sample (Cooper
&Schindler 2011). In cases where pilot testing reveals questionable levels of reliability and
validity, the instrument will be adjusted appropriately.
3.8.1 Reliability
Reliability is the consistency of measurement, or the degree to which an instrument measures
the same way each time it is used under the same condition with the same subjects. In short, it
is the probability of measurement (Cronbach, 1951). A measure is considered reliable if a
person’s score on the same test given twice is similar. It is important to remember that
reliability is not measured, it is estimated. Reliability does not, however, imply validity
because while a scale may be measuring something consistently, it may not necessarily be
what it is supposed to be measuring.
22

The researcher will use the most common internal consistency measure known as Cronbach’s
alpha (α). It indicates the extent to which a set of test items can be treated as measuring a
single latent variable (Cronbach, 1951). The recommended value of 0.7 will be used as a cut-
off of reliabilities.
3.8.2 Validity
According to Borg and Gall (1996), validity is the degree to which a test measures what it is
intended to measure. Mugenda and Mugenda (2003) define validity as the accuracy and
meaningfulness of inferences, which are based on the research results. There are three types
of validity, these are content-related, criterion-related and construct validity. To enhance
validity of the instrument, a pre-testing (pilot study) will be conducted on a population
similar to the target population. The reasons behind pre-testing is to assess the clarity of the
instrument items so that those items found to be inadequate in measuring the variables will be
either discarded or modified to improve the quality of the research instrument thus increasing
its validity.
Validity of the research will also rely on conducting a pre-test that will ensure the suitability,
clarity and accuracy of the research instruments in place. If some instruments prove not to be
valid, then adjustments, additions and corrections will have to be done to them before starting
the actual research. Since most of the research collection methods will have to be face to face,
the content validity will have to be judged through the correspondents’ behaviors and
answers.
3.9 Data Analysis and Interpretation
Before processing the response data, the completed questionnaires will be edited for
completeness and consistency and then coded. The organised data will be interpreted on
account of concurrence and standard deviation to objectives using the assistance of computer
packages especially the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and Microsoft Excel
to communicate research findings. Inferential statistics such as ANOVA will be used to
analyze quantitative data with the aid of SPSS. The qualitative data collected will be analyzed
thematically through responses categorization into related themes through content analysis.
The findings will be presented in tables as percentages, means and other measures of central
tendencies.
23

The regression model to be used in the study takes the form below:
Y = β0 +β1X1 + β2X2 + β3X3 + β4X4 + ε
Where;
Y= the dependent variable (Conflict transformation)
β0 = Constant Term
β0, β1, β2, β3, β4 – Are constants regression (Beta) coefficients representing the condition of the
independent variables to the dependent variables.
X1 – Negotiation
X2 – Mediation
X3 – Conciliation
X4 –Arbitration
ε = Error term explaining the variability of conflict transformation as a result of other factors
not accounted for.
In testing the intervening effect of cultural beliefs, we consider a model that proposes that an
independent variable (X) is correlated with a dependent variable (Y) not because it exerts a
direct effect upon the dependent variable, but because it causes changes in an intervening
variable (M), and then the intervening variable - cultural beliefs, causes changes in the
dependent variable.
Using the causal steps approach, the criteria for establishing intervention, are:
X must be correlated with Y.
X must be correlated with M.
M (cultural beliefs) must be correlated with Y, holding constant any direct effect of X (The
four variables – negotiation, mediation, conciliation and arbitration on Y (conflict
transformation as the dependent variable). When the effect of M on Y is removed, X is no
longer correlated with Y (complete intervention) or the correlation between X and Y is
reduced (partial intervention). Each of these four criteria is tested separately in the causal
24

steps method: The first step is to demonstrate that the zero-order correlation between X and Y
(ignoring M) is significant. The second step is to demonstrate that the zero-order correlation
between X and M (ignoring Y) is significant. A multiple regression analysis can then be
conducted, predicting Y from X and M. The partial effect of M (controlling for X) must be
significant. Finally, we look at the direct effect of X on Y. This is the Beta weight for X in
the multiple regression just mentioned. For complete intervention, this Beta must be (not
significantly different from) 0. For partial intervention/mediation, this Beta must be less than
the zero-order correlation of X and Y.
3.10 Ethical Considerations
Ethnic conflicts are very sensitive issues and many people will shy off from giving the real
information about the situations on the ground. This study will ensure that issues concerning
confidentiality, honesty among respondents/participants and data collections are observed
(Turner, 2010). To observe confidentiality, respondents will be protected through non-
disclosure of their identity and from those whose interests conflict with those of the
interviewee (DiCicco-Bloom & Crabtree, 2006).
Moreover, since the respondents may not want their identities disclosed, care will be taken to
guarantee anonymity of the research participants. Honesty among the research participants
will be necessary for the success of this study, hence the researcher will insist on honesty on
the part of all of the respondents. On the academic perspective, the researcher will present
the introduction letter from St Paul’s University to assure the respondents of the academic
nature of the study.
The researcher will also have to acquire all the legal requirements to engage in the research
and also make prior arrangements or appointments with the respondents beforehand
regarding the nature and objective of the study. Most of the respondents, like the IDPs, have
their lives affected greatly by the conflicts and will therefore need to be approached in a
professional manner.
25

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29

APPENDICES
Appendix I: Introduction Letter to Respondents
P.O Box 43,
Nyahururu, Kenya.
Dear Respondents,
RE: DATA COLLECTION BY MESHACK WAWERU NDERITU - LMR/MDS/1614/15
My name is Meshack Nderitu, a Masters student at St. Paul University. I am undertaking a
research project on “the role played by the Coast Inter-Faith Council of Clerics in
conflict transformation among the Pokomo and the Orma in Tana Delta during the
2012-2013 clashes.” This letter is to humbly request you to respond to the questions in the
attached questionnaire to enable me carry out this research. This is an academic exercise and
you are assured of anonymity and confidentiality. Thank you very much in advance for your
willingness to generously contribute to this research.
Yours truly,
LMR/MDS/1614/15
30

Appendix II: Structured Questionnaire
Instructions:
Please read each question carefully. Kindly answer all the questions by ticking or filling in
the spaces provided. All responses given will be treated with utmost confidentiality.
Part A: Bio-Data
1) Kindly indicate your gender
Male [ ] Female [ ]
2) Kindly indicate your age
Below 20 years [ ] 21-25 years [ ] 26- 30yrs [ ]
30-35 yrs [ ] 36- 40 years [ ] 40- 50 years [ ]
Above 50 years [ ]
3) No of years worked in the enterprise
Below One Yr [ ] 1- 2 Yrs [ ] 2-4 Yrs [ ]
4-6 Yrs [ ] 6- 10 Yrs [ ] 10 -15 Yrs [ ]
Above 15 Yrs [ ]
4) What is the total number of employees in your department: Please tick one
Less than 50 [ ] 50 – 100 [ ] Above 100 [ ]
Part B: Study variables
Negotiation
5) Please indicate the extent to which negotiation influences conflict transformation by
ticking in the space provided.
[ ] Not at all
[ ] Small extent,
[ ] Moderate extent
[ ] Large extent
[ ] Very large extent
31

Please indicate in the spaces provided, the extent to which you agree with the following
statements relating to negotiation by the CICC as an approach by CICC in conflict
Statements
6) What is your negotiation based
on?
Interest-based
Rights
based Power based
8) What is your level of
experience as in conflict
negotiation?
1 year 2 years 3 years 4 years
5
years
10) How many conflicts have you
negotiated before and
succeeded?
0 1 2 3
Over
3
Mediation
11) Please indicate the extent to which mediation as an approach by CICC influences conflict
transformation among the Pokomo and the Orma in Tana Delta.
[ ] Not at all
[ ] Small extent,
[ ] Moderate extent
[ ] Large extent
Please indicate in the spaces provided, your agreement with the following negotiation
statements relating to their influence on conflict transformation among the Pokomo and the
Orma in Tana Delta.
Statements
12) Are there assisted negotiations when
conducting conflict negotiation?
No Yes
14) To what extent does the negotiation
involve dialogue efforts
Not at
all
Small
extent
Moderate
extent
Large
extent
Very
large
extent
16) How often does the does the
negotiation involve forged
agreements
Never Once Hardly Often
Very
often
18) To what extent is the external Not at Small Moderate Large Very
32

environment supportive during
negotiation?
all extent extent extent
large
extent
19) In your own opinion, how else does negotiation influence conflict transformation among
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Conciliation
20) Please indicate the extent to which conciliation as an approach by CICC influences
conflict transformation among the Pokomo and the Orma in Tana Delta.
[ ] Not at all
[ ] Small extent,
[ ] Moderate extent
[ ] Large extent
Please indicate in the spaces provided, your agreement with the following conciliation
Orma in Tana Delta.
Statements
21) Does the CICC have the trust
of the negotiating Parties?
No Yes
23) To what extent does conciliation by
CICC examine all aspects of the
conflict in depth?
Not at
all
Small
extent
Moderate
extent
Large
extent
Very
large
extent
25) To what extent is the conciliation
neutral and impartial
Not at
all
Small
extent
Moderate
extent
Large
extent
Very
large
extent
26) In your own opinion, how else does conciliation influence conflict transformation among
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
33

Arbitration
27) Please indicate the extent to which arbitration as an approach by CICC influences conflict
transformation among the Pokomo and the Orma in Tana Delta.
[ ] Not at all
[ ] Small extent,
[ ] Moderate extent
[ ] Large extent
Please indicate in the spaces provided, your agreement with the following arbitration
Orma in Tana Delta.
Statements
28) Does your arbitration between the
conflicting communities flexible
enough?
No Yes
30) To what extent is arbitration cost
effective in conflict transformation
among the two communities?
Not at
all
Small
extent
Moderate
extent
Large
extent
Very
large
extent
32) To what extent is the arbitration
speedy in conflict transformation?
Not at
all
Small
extent
Moderate
extent
Large
extent
Very
large
extent
33) In your own opinion, how else does arbitration influence conflict transformation among
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
34

Appendix III: The Budget
Item Amount
Stationary
Plain papers 8000
Ballpoint pens 1500
Folders 2000
Stapler 300
Staple pins 500
Paper punch 300
SUBTOTAL 12600
Services and equipment
Computer desktop 45000
Literature search and review 30000
Typing& printing proposal 15000
Typing &printing report 5000
Photocopying questionnaires 5000
Photocopying report 2000
Binding research proposal 2000
Binding report 1000
Miscellaneous 5000
TOTAL 122, 600
35

Appendix IV: Work Plan
Years Period
Description
of Activity
Week 1
Week
2
Week
3
Week
4
Week
5
Week 6
Week
7
Week
8
Week
9
Allocation of
supervisor
Topic selection
& concept
paper
Statement of
the problem
Literature
review
Research
Methodology
Corrections
from
supervisor
Proposal
Defense
Data
Collection
Data analysis
and Report
writing
Thesis Defense
36

Appendix V: Map of Tana Delta
(Source: Tana River District, 2015)
37

Villages affected by violence
(Source: Tana River District Short Rains 2011/2013 Assessment Report)
38

Meshack Waweru Nderitu - CONFLICT TRANSFORMATION IN TANA DELTA

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