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International agencies in world. Important international agencies

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Warming the Earth's Atmosphere: Causes, Effects, and Solutions The phenomenon of atmospheric warming, commonly referred to as global warming or climate change, has emerged as one of the most pressing environmental challenges of our time. It is primarily driven by human activities that increase the concentration of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the Earth's atmosphere, leading to significant and potentially irreversible changes in climate patterns. This essay explores the causes, effects, and potential solutions to this critical issue. Causes of Atmospheric Warming The primary cause of atmospheric warming is the enhanced greenhouse effect, which occurs when certain gases in the Earth's atmosphere trap heat from the sun. The most significant greenhouse gases include carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄), nitrous oxide (N₂O), and fluorinated gases. Human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have dramatically increased the levels of these gases. Key contributors include: Burning of Fossil Fuels: The combustion of coal, oil, and natural gas for energy and transportation is the largest source of CO₂ emissions. Deforestation: Trees absorb CO₂, and large-scale deforestation reduces the planet's capacity to absorb this greenhouse gas, while the burning and decomposition of trees release additional CO₂. Agriculture: Agricultural practices, such as livestock farming, produce significant amounts of methane and nitrous oxide. Industrial Processes: Various industrial activities release GHGs, including the production of cement, steel, and chemicals. Effects of Atmospheric Warming The impacts of atmospheric warming are profound and widespread, affecting natural ecosystems and human societies globally. Some of the most significant effects include: Rising Temperatures: Global average temperatures have increased, leading to more frequent and intense heatwaves. This can result in health problems, reduced agricultural yields, and increased energy demand. Melting Polar Ice and Glaciers: Higher temperatures cause the melting of ice in polar regions and glaciers, contributing to sea level rise. This threatens coastal communities with increased flooding and erosion. Ocean Acidification: The absorption of excess CO₂ by the oceans leads to acidification, which adversely affects marine life, particularly organisms with calcium carbonate shells or skeletons. Extreme Weather Events: There is an increase in the frequency and severity of extreme weather events such as hurricanes, droughts, and heavy rainfall. These events can cause significant damage to infrastructure, disrupt food and water supplies, and displace populations. Ecosystem Disruption: Changes in temperature and precipitation patterns can alter habitats and affect biodiversity, leading to shifts in species distributions and the potential extinction of vulnerable species. Solutions to Mitigate Atmospheric Warming Addressing atmospheric warming requires a multi-faceted approach that combines mitigat

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yogeshlabana357357

HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is a virus that attacks cells that help the body fight infection, making a person more vulnerable to other infections and diseases. It is spread by contact with certain bodily fluids of a person with HIV, most commonly during unprotected sex (sex without a condom or HIV medicine to prevent or treat HIV), or through sharing injection drug equipment. Seasonal influenza (the flu) is an acute respiratory infection caused by influenza viruses. It is common in all parts of the world. Most people recover without treatment. Influenza spreads easily between people when they cough or sneeze. Vaccination is the best way to prevent the disease. Symptoms of influenza include acute onset of fever, cough, sore throat, body aches and fatigue. Treatment should aim to relieve symptoms. People with the flu should rest and drink plenty of liquids. Most people will recover on their own within a week. Medical care may be needed in severe cases and for people with risk factors. There are 4 types of influenza viruses, types A, B, C and D. Influenza A and B viruses circulate and cause seasonal epidemics of disease. Influenza A viruses are further classified into subtypes according to the combinations of the proteins on the surface of the virus. Currently circulating in humans are subtype A(H1N1) and A(H3N2) influenza viruses. The A(H1N1) is also written as A(H1N1)pdm09 as it caused the pandemic in 2009 and replaced the previous A(H1N1) virus which had circulated prior to 2009. Only influenza type A viruses are known to have caused pandemics. Influenza B viruses are not classified into subtypes but can be broken down into lineages. Influenza type B viruses belong to either B/Yamagata or B/Victoria lineage. Influenza C virus is detected less frequently and usually causes mild infections, thus does not present public health importance. Influenza D viruses primarily affect cattle and are not known to infect or cause illness in people.

HIV AND INFULENZA VIRUS PPT HIV PPT INFULENZA VIRUS PPT

ABHISHEK SONI NIMT INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL AND PARAMEDCIAL SCIENCES , GOVT PG COLLEGE NOIDA

In-Pond Raceway Systems (IPRS) represent a cutting-edge method in pond aquaculture, effectively combining the advantages of confining fish in a restricted area within the pond with the efficiency of a flowing water system. This innovative approach facilitates water circulation within the pond, mimicking the natural flow found in riverine environments. By creating this dynamic water movement, IPRS significantly enhances the pond's productivity potential. The core principle of IPRS involves the installation of specific components that work in concert to circulate and refresh the water within the pond, all while preventing any discharge into the surrounding environment. This setup effectively utilizes a dividing partition, or baffle, to create a circular water flow pattern. As a result, the water undergoes continuous mixing and movement, optimizing conditions for fish growth and minimizing stagnation.

In-pond Race way systems for Aquaculture (IPRS).pptx

MAGOTI ERNEST

Molecular and Cellular Mechanism of Action of Hormones such as Growth Hormone...

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Large language models (LLMs) are in the spotlight. Laypeople are aware of and are using the LLMs such as OpenAI’s ChatGPT and Google’s Gemini on a daily basis. While companies are exploring new business opportunities, researchers have gained access to an unprecedented scientific playground that allows for fast experimentation with limited resources and immediate results. In this talk, using concrete examples from requirements engineering, I am going to put forward several research opportunities that are enabled by the advent of LLMs. I will show how LLMs, as a key example of modern AI, unlock research topics that were deemed as too challenging until recently. Then, I will critically discuss the perils that we face when it comes to planning, conducting, and reporting on credible research results following a rigorous scientific approach. This talk will stress the inherent tension between the exciting affordances offered by this new technology, which include the ability to generate non-factual outputs (fiction), and our role and societal responsibility as information scientists.

Information science research with large language models: between science and ...

Fabiano Dalpiaz

Studying the escaping atmospheres of highly irradiated exoplanets is critical for understanding the physical mechanisms that shape the demographics of close-in planets. A number of planetary outflows have been observed as excess H/He absorption during/after transit. Such an outflow has been observed for WASP-69b by multiple groups that disagree on the geometry and velocity structure of the outflow. Here, we report the detection of this planet’s outflow using Keck/NIRSPEC for the first time. We observed the outflow 1.28 hr after egress until the target set, demonstrating the outflow extends at least 5.8 × 105 km or 7.5 Rp This detection is significantly longer than previous observations, which report an outflow extending ∼2.2 planet radii just 1 yr prior. The outflow is blueshifted by −23 km s−1 in the planetary rest frame. We estimate a current mass-loss rate of 1 M⊕ Gyr−1 . Our observations are most consistent with an outflow that is strongly sculpted by ram pressure from the stellar wind. However, potential variability in the outflow could be due to time-varying interactions with the stellar wind or differences in instrumental precision.

WASP-69b’s Escaping Envelope Is Confined to a Tail Extending at Least 7 Rp

Sérgio Sacani

Using deep archival observations from the Chandra X-ray Observatory, we present an analysis of linear X-ray-emitting features located within the southern portion of the Galactic center chimney, and oriented orthogonal to the Galactic plane, centered at coordinates l = 0.08◦ , b = −1.42◦ . The surface brightness and hardness ratio patterns are suggestive of a cylindrical morphology which may have been produced by a plasma outflow channel extending from the Galactic center. Our fits of the feature’s spectra favor a complex two-component model consisting of thermal and recombining plasma components, possibly a sign of shock compression or heating of the interstellar medium by outflowing material. Assuming a recombining plasma scenario, we further estimate the cooling timescale of this plasma to be on the order of a few hundred to thousands of years, leading us to speculate that a sequence of accretion events onto the Galactic Black Hole may be a plausible quasi-continuous energy source to sustain the observed morphology

X-rays from a Central “Exhaust Vent” of the Galactic Center Chimney

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ManganesehasbeenobservedonMarsbytheNASACuriosityroverinavarietyofcontextsand isanimportantindicatorofredoxprocessesinhydrologicsystemsonEarth.WithintheMurrayformation,an ancientprimarilyfine‐grainedlacustrinesedimentarydeposit inGalecrater,Mars,haveobservedupto45× enrichmentinmanganeseandupto1.5×enrichmentinironwithincoarsergrainedbedrocktargetscomparedto themeanMurraysedimentcomposition.Thisenrichment inmanganesecoincideswiththetransitionbetween twostratigraphicunitswithintheMurray:SuttonIsland, interpretedasalakemarginenvironment,andBlunts Point,interpretedasalakeenvironment.OnEarth,lacustrineenvironmentsarecommonlocationsofmanganese precipitationduetohighlyoxidizingconditionsinthelakes.Here,weexplorethreemechanismsfor ferromanganeseoxideprecipitationatthislocation:authigenicprecipitationfromlakewateralongalakeshore, authigenicprecipitationfromreducedgroundwaterdischargingthroughporoussandsalongalakeshore,and earlydiageneticprecipitationfromgroundwaterthroughporoussands.All threescenariosrequirehighly oxidizingconditionsandwediscussoxidantsthatmayberesponsiblefortheoxidationandprecipitationof manganeseoxides.Thisworkhasimportant implicationsforthehabitabilityofMarstomicrobesthatcould haveusedMnredoxreactions,owingtoitsmultipleredoxstates,asanenergysourceformetabolism.

Manganese‐RichSandstonesasanIndicatorofAncientOxic LakeWaterConditionsinGale...

Sérgio Sacani

Heat units, also known as growing degree days (GDD), are a crucial concept in plant physiology and agricultural science, providing a measure of heat accumulation used to predict plant development rates and stages. This measure is particularly useful in understanding and forecasting the growth phases of plants, such as flowering, fruiting, and maturity, which are temperature-dependent. Key points on the importance of heat units in plant physiology include: Predicting Phenological Events: Heat units help predict significant events in a plant’s life cycle, such as germination, flowering, and harvest times. This is vital for farmers and gardeners to optimize planting schedules and manage crop cycles efficiently. Agricultural Planning: By calculating GDDs, agriculturists can decide the best times for planting, irrigating, applying fertilizers, and controlling pests. This can lead to better crop yields and improved management of resources. Varietal Selection: Different plant varieties have specific heat unit requirements. Understanding these requirements helps in selecting the right varieties for a particular climatic zone, thus maximizing productivity and sustainability. Climate Change Adaptation: Monitoring heat units over time can provide insights into shifting climate patterns and help in developing strategies to adapt agricultural practices to changing environmental conditions. Research and Breeding: In plant breeding, heat unit data can help in developing varieties with desired traits such as drought tolerance or shortened growing periods, which are particularly valuable in regions facing climatic stresses.

Heat Units in plant physiology and the importance of Growing Degree days

Brahmesh Reddy B R

Marine and terrestrial biogeochemical models are key components of the Earth System Models (ESMs) used toproject future environmental changes. However, their slow adjustment time also hinders effective use of ESMsbecause of the enormous computational resources required to integrate them to a pre-industrial equilibrium. Here,a solution to this "spin-up" problem based on "sequence acceleration", is shown to accelerate equilibration of state-of-the-art marine biogeochemical models by over an order of magnitude. The technique can be applied in a "blackbox" fashion to existing models. Even under the challenging spin-up protocols used for Intergovernmental Panelon Climate Change (IPCC) simulations, this algorithm is 5 times faster. Preliminary results suggest that terrestrialmodels can be similarly accelerated, enabling a quantification of major parametric uncertainties in ESMs, improvedestimates of metrics such as climate sensitivity, and higher model resolution than currently feasible.

Efficient spin-up of Earth System Models usingsequence acceleration

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International Agencies.pdf

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