Lee Rainie, director of Internet, Science and Technology research at Pew Research Center, will describe how the Center’s research provides guideposts for librarians along three dimensions of library activity: the people, the place, and the platform, at the VALA2016 conference in Melbourne, Australia.

1. The Puzzles Librarians Need to
Solve
Lee Rainie
Director – Internet, Science and Technology Research
February 9, 2016
VALA - Melbourne
@lrainie | @pewinternet | @pewresearch

3. Your 6 big puzzles to solve
1. What’s the future of personal
enrichment and entertainment?
2. What’s the future of pathways to
knowledge (reference expertise)?
3. What’s the future of public
technology and community anchor
institutions?
4. What’s the future of learning
“spaces”?
5. What’s the future of attention
(and its structural holes)?

4. Q6: Where do you fit on the continuum?
ALA’s “Confronting the Future”
Totally physical
(facilities and media)
Individual focus
Collection library
(physical and virtual)
Archive
Everything for
everyone
Totally virtual
(facilities and media)
Community focus
Creation library
(social, maker space)
Portal
Specialized
niche

5. Starting point:
Your foundation is pretty solid

6. Our previous findings
libraries.pewinternet.org
• People think libraries are important,
especially for communities
• People like and trust librarians
• People think libraries level of the
playing field for those without vast
resources
• People think libraries provide services
that are hard to get elsewhere
• People believe libraries have
rebranded themselves as tech hubs

7. http://www.pewinternet.org/2014/03/13/library-engagement-typology/
Capstone: Library User (and Non-User) Typology

8. Q1: What is the future of
knowledge?

9. • How is it created? New scientific
method (and citizen scientists) …
Big data … Niches and argument
… Simulations and models
• What are its interfaces? New
displays … Networked data/info
… Gamified environments
• How is it disseminated? Social
networks and media …
Flipped schools

10. Learning as identity (% of those ages 18+)
58
61
73
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
I often find myself looking for new
opportunities to grow as a person
I like to gather as much
information as I can when I come
across something that I am not
familiar with
I think of myself as a lifelong
learner
Describes me very well

11. 74% of all adults are personal enrichment learners
% of those ages 18+
16
25
30
35
58
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Taken online course
Taken course related to
interest/hobby
Attend convention/conference tied
to personal interest
Attended meeting where learned
new info such as book club or arts
club
Read publications related to
personal interest

12. The motives of personal learners
% of those ages 18+
33
36
60
64
80
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Learn something to help with
my children's or other kids
school work
Wanted to turn a hobby into
extra income
Extra time on my hands
Learn something that would
allow me to help others
Learn something make my life
more interesting

13. 63% of the employed are work-related learners – i.e.
gotten training or taken courses (% of those ages 18+)
7
13
24
36
55
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Because I am worried about
losing job
To help get a new job
To help get a raise/promotion
For a license or certification for
my job
To maintain or improve my job
skills

14. Q2: What is the future of
pathways to knowledge
(reference expertise)?

15. What is the future of learning?
-- Shana Ratner (1997) “Emerging Issues in
Learning Communities”
New:
Learning as a
process
Knowledge is
objective
and certain
Old:
Learning as
transaction
Knowledge is
subjective
and
provisional

16. New:
Learning as a
process
Learners
receive
knowledge
Old:
Learning as
transaction
Learners
create
knowledge
What is the future of learning?
-- Shana Ratner (1997) “Emerging Issues in
Learning Communities”

17. New:
Learning as a
process
Knowledge is
organized in stable,
hierarchical
structures that can
be treated
independently of one
another
Old:
Learning as
transaction
Knowledge is
organized
“ecologically”-
disciplines are
integrative and
interactive
What is the future of learning?
-- Shana Ratner (1997) “Emerging Issues in
Learning Communities”

18. New:
Learning as a
process
We learn best
passively, by
listening and
watching
Old:
Learning as
transaction
We learn best
actively doing
and managing
our own
learning
What is the future of learning?
-- Shana Ratner (1997) “Emerging Issues in
Learning Communities”

19. New:
Learning as a
process
Our
“intelligence” is
based on our
individual
abilities
Old:
Learning as
transaction
Our
“intelligence” is
based on our
networks
What is the future of learning?
-- Shana Ratner (1997) “Emerging Issues in
Learning Communities”

20. How do you search for information? Bigger,
better search for everything … New
interfaces …“Semantic web” … Bots …
Predictive analytics
How do you aggregate / curate it? Key
attribute of a helpful network “node” … “Do
what you do best and link to the rest”
What new literacies are required to
understand it? Searching … Evaluating …
Pattern recognition and critical thinking …
Coding and media production skills

21. Q3: What is the future of public
technology and community anchor
institutions?

22. 22
Libraries stack up well vs. others
How confident? How important?
63 28
Library to community

23. Should libraries move some print books and stacks
OUT OF public locations to free up more space for
things such as tech centers, reading rooms, meetings
rooms, and cultural events? % of those ages 16+
30
40
25
20
39
36
Should definitely do
Should maybe do
Should definitely not do
Nov-12 Apr-15

24. February 5, 2016 24www.pewresearch.org
The clear public
mandate: Do
something for
education ….
Large majorities
of Americans
see libraries as
part of the
educational
ecosystem and
as resources
for promoting
digital and
information
literacy.

25. Should libraries coordinate more closely with local
schools in providing resources to kids?
% of those ages 16+
85
11
2
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Should definitely do Should maybe do Should definitely not do

26. 85
12
2
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Should definitely do Should maybe do Should definitely not do
Should libraries offer free early literacy programs
to help young children prepare for school?
% of those ages 16+

27. Should libraries offer programs to teach people,
including kids and senior citizens, how to use digital
tools such as computers, smartphones and apps?
% of those ages 16+
78
16
3
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Should definitely do Should maybe do Should definitely not do

28. How well, if at all, do your local public libraries
serve the learning and educational needs of your
local community – not just children at schools, but
all those of any age who want to learn?
% of those ages 18+
37 39 6 4 12
0 20 40 60 80 100
Very well Pretty well Not too well Not well at all Don't know

29. How well, if at all, do your local public libraries
serve the learning and educational needs of you
and your family? (% of those ages 18+)
34 36 9 12 8
0 20 40 60 80 100
Very well Pretty well Not too well Not well at all Don't know

30. Q4: What is the future of
learning spaces?

31. Where personal learners did their learning
(% of adults who did personal learning in past 12 months)
52
35
29 26 23
31
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
On the
internet
At educational
facility
At a
community
center or
museum
At a church,
temple, or
synagogue
At a library At some other
place

32. Where professional learners got their training
(% of employed who got job training in past 12 months)
75
55
48
43
37
21
9
14
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
At your
workplace
On the
internet
At offsite
facility
At a
convention,
conference
At home At a
government
agency
At a library Some other
place

33. New kinds of enrichment/entertainment are
networked and aimed at networked individuals
• Can be DIY and self-paced
• Can be experiential,
participatory
• Can be just-in time, real
time
• Can draw on peers and their
networks
• Can be place-agnostic
• Can exploit augmented
reality
• Can have gaming
sensibilities
• Can exploit feedback and
analytics

34. Should libraries offer programs to teach patrons
about protecting their privacy and security online?
% of those ages 16+
76
18
4
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Should definitely do Should maybe do Should definitely not do

35. Should libraries have more comfortable spaces for
reading, working, and relaxing at the library? % of
those ages 16+
64
25
7
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Should definitely do Should maybe do Should definitely not do

36. Q5: What is the future of
attention?

37. STREAMS: USER SPENDS HER LUNCH BREAK DIPPING
INTO A VARIETY OF MEDIA “STREAMS”

38. How it works
• Motive – catching up / checking in / curiosity
• Content – news (broad definition), social updates
• Demographics – tilts under 35 / female
• Device – any / all
• Engagement – continuous partial attention /
horizontal scans / sharing
• Influentials – editors, social networks
• ~ Mindshare – quarter to a third of media time

39. SIGNALS: USER HAS SET UP ALERTS ON HER
SMARTPHONE AND REGULARLY CHECKS HER HOME
SCREEN TO SEE NEWS HEADLINES

40. How it works
• Motive – real-time awareness
• Content – headlines, new information, first
impressions matter most
• Demographics – under 30, tilts women
• Device – smartphone, tablet
• Engagement – glancing OR galvanized
• Influentials – brands
• ~ Mindshare – < 5% of media time

41. SNACKS: USER ACCESSES HER MOBILE DEVICE WHEN SHE
HAS A SMALL AMOUNT OF TIME TO KILL

42. How it works
• Motive – killing time, beating boredom
• Content – gameified, bite-size headlines, link-
dense
• Demographics – Everyone gets something
different
• Device – smartphone
• Engagement – distracted, quick-twitch
• Influentials – brands, quality of social network
• ~ Mindshare – 5%-10% of media time

43. People: Serve and Learn
– Tech experts
– Master teachers in age
of lifelong learning
– Visionaries for the
knowledge economy
and the jobs it
produces
– Experts in sense-
making, context, and
curation
– Monitors of algorithms

44. Place: Reconfigured and Repurposed
– Artifacts are connected
and data-rich
– Nodes for “system of
systems” with
databases and media
– Test beds – maker
masters
– Community
information and media
stewards

45. Platform: Community Resource
– Trusted institution
and privacy watchdog
– Advocates for free
and open
– Advocates for closing
digital divides
– Data and collections
repositories
– Civic specialists –
esp. in learning
realms

46. Examples of market and cultural shortcomings
librarians are addressing – or could address
1) Technology non-users - skills training in new
literacies
2) Pre-school programs
3) After school activities
4) English as a second language courses
5) Lifelong learning opportunities / credentialing
competency
6) Fill gaps in local media ecosystem – community
and civic information/curation
7) Help for small business / entrepreneurs / non-
profits
8) Serendipity agents of discovery

47. Be not
afraid

48. Extra material
Pew Research Center archive of
library-related research:
Libraries.pewinternet.org

49. Q1: What is the future of
knowledge?
• How is it created?
• What are its interfaces?
• How is it disseminated?
Homework: Too Big To Know
David Weinberger

50. Q2: What is the future of
reference expertise?
How do you search for information?
How do you aggregate / curate it?
What new literacies are required to
understand it?
Homework: http://searchengineland.com/
Danny Sullivan & Co.

51. Q3: What is the future of
public technology
What is the future of knowledge access points?
What divides persist / emerge?
What lending models are enabled in a new era of
property / subscription / sharing?
Homework: Confronting the Future: Strategic Visions
for the 21st Century Public Library
Roger Levien

52. Q4: What is the future of
learning spaces
What fosters collaboration? Creativity? Problem
solving?
What is the role of solitude and quiet spaces?
What other alliances can you strike with institutions
that share your goals about providing key
information to your community?
Homework: A New Culture of Learning
Douglas Thomas & John Seely Brown

53. Q5: What is the future of
community anchor institutions
Does local matter?
What does our community need?
Homework: Informing Communities:
Sustaining Democracy in the Digital Age
Knight Commission on the Information
Needs of Communities

54. Q6: What’s the
franchise?
What’s the commodity?
Homework: The Innovators Dilemma
The Innovators Solution
Clayton Christensen, Michael Raynor
What Would Google Do?
Jeff Jarvis