Practical Research 1 :This course develops critical thinking and problem-solving skills through qualitative research. This power point made possible by : Prof. JOBIEN S.DAYAO, MA, Prof. Roel Jumawan MTP,MAEM AND Prof. Penn T.Larena ,CPS,MPA

1. Chapter 2: Ethical Principles of
Research

2. In doing research;
• How can we say that we have done the right
thing?
• Can we strike a balance between what is right
and what is moral?
• Are things we have done widely accepted by
the community?

3. Definition of Ethics
• Ethics? It is anchored on
the moral standards
that we follow.
• Morality? Is is a set of
“unwritten” rules that
guides us on the things
that we should or
should not do in order
to attain harmony and
orderliness in any
undertaking.

4. Importance of Ethics in Research
• Ethics is important in
research because it
keeps the researcher
from committing errors
while seeking
knowledge and truth. It
promotes essential
values that help
researchers working on
a topic to have a
common understanding
of how things should go
about.
• Since research may
involve experts coming
from different fields of
expertise, ethics binds
them together by
considering the
important values such
as accountability,
cooperation,
coordination, mutual
respect, and fairness
among others.

5. Some Research Ethics Rules
Be Honest
• As researcher, we should
maintain intellectual
honesty in all times
especially in reporting
findings in our investigation.
Be objective
• Being objective means
avoiding bias in research at
all times.

6. Be a person of integrity.
• We should be consistent with
all our thoughts and actions.
We should act with sincerity
and should be able to keep
our words true.
Be caring.
• We should be after the
welfare and benefit of our
subjects especially when
dealing with human
participants or animal
subjects.

7. Be open.
• Be willing to share your
ideas, results, and
resources. Also, be willing
to accept suggestions and
comments for the
improvement of your work.
Be careful.
• Ideas of others must be
acknowledged. We should
treat our colleagues fairly
and justly.

8. Be trustworthy.
• We should keep confidently
of all data and information
contained in our research
unless otherwise needed to
be known by the public.
Be responsible.
• Consider the legalities, rules,
and regulations of an
institution or government
when conducting a study. Be
of help in publishing research
which aim to advance
knowledge and which could
help promote social welfare,
minimize harm and risk, and
maximize the benefits for the
target population.

9. Ethical Consideration in Animal
Research
• Some animal rights and animal welfare
advocates are trying to justify that it is not
necessary to involve animals in research while
some groups of researchers would say that it
is better to use animals to minimize the harm
for human beings.

10. The debate about research involving
animals has two fundamental
questions.
• First, does the scientific use of animals lead to
valid, useful, beneficial, and relevant results?
• Secondly, is it allowable for one species to
cause pain, suffering and death to another to
achieve benefits for the former species?

11. The 3R’s Principle
• Reduce. In sampling in biomedical or animal
research, it is much appreciated if we will use
the least number of possible participants in a
research study.
• Refine. Researchers should see to it that
procedure done in animal research be
examined carefully to minimize the pain and
suffering of the animal participants.
• Replace. If there is possibility that animals can
be replaced by other materials or other non-
biological subjects, the researcher should opt
for its replacements.

12. Republic Act. No. 8485: The Animal
Welfare Act of 1998
• The purpose of this act is to protect and
promote the welfare of all animals in the
Philippines by supervising and regulating the
establishment and operations of all facilities
utilized for breeding, maintaining, keeping,
treating or training of all animals either as
objects of trade, subjects of research or as
household pets.

13. • It is also stated in the law that there shall be no
person, association, partnership, corporation,
cooperative or any government agency or
instrumentality including slaughter houses shall
establish, maintain and operate any pet shop,
kennel, veterinary clinic, veterinary hospital,
and stockyard, corral, stud farm, or zoo for the
breeding, treatment, sale or trading or training
of animals without first securing from the
Bureau of Animal Industry a certificate of
registration.

14. The IACUC (Institutional Animal Care
and Use Committee)
(1) Chairman who takes
the lead in the reviews
and approves the
procedures of the
proposals submitted to
them
(2) Qualified Scientists
who is a specialist
under a specific field or
discipline.

15. (3) A Civic Society
Member who is
concerned about animal
welfare
(4) Registered Veterinarian
who will ensure that all
procedures stated in
the approved protocol
will be carried out
correctly.

16. • Here in the Philippines, all IACUCs are
registered under the Bureau of Animal
Industry of Department of Agriculture.
• This is the government’s regulating body for
all activities concerning animals and animal
welfare. Other nongovernmental entities or
organization are also concerned with these
thrusts like the Philippines Association for
Laboratory Animal Science (PALAS).

17. Rights of Human Research Participants
Right to voluntary participation.
• All human participants
should participate in a
research study out of his
free will.
Right to informed consent.
• All participants must know
all things above the
research they will be
participating in. They should
be informed of all
procedures, risk, and
potential benefits the
research will bring to
participants.

18. Right to be protected from harm.
• It is researcher’s
responsibility to protect the
participants from any form
of harm that may affect
them.
Right to confidentiality.
• All personal information
about the participants shall
be made confidential and
should not be brought out
to the public.

19. Right to anonymity.
• The participant may choose
not to disclose his or her
identity to anyone including
the researchers themselves.

20. The Data Privacy Act of 2012
• Republic Act No. 10173, also known as the
“Data Privacy Act of 2012, is an act protecting
individual personal information and
communications systems in the government
and the private sector creating for this
purpose a national privacy commission, and
for other purposes.

21. • An independent body known as “National Privacy
Commission was created to administer and
implement the provisions of this act and to
monitor and ensure compliance of the country
with international standard set for data
protection
• This act is based on standards set by the
European Parliament and at par with the Asia
Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Information
Privacy Framework standards. The Data Privacy
Act of 2012 mandates the public and private
institutions to protect and preserve the integrity
and confidentiality of all personal data that they
might gather, in compliance with international
data security standards.

22. Scientific Misconduct
• As researchers, we are expected to follow the
rules and the proper conduct in making
research. All of the ethical considerations
must be adhered to. Moral and social values
are always considered and should be given
much importance.

23. Areas of Scientific Dishonesty
(1) Fabrication and falsification
of data.
• This is sometimes called as
‘cooking the data’. Here,
data are produced without
actual experimentation or
the data is altered in
recording.
(2) Non-publication of data.
• In contrast with the first,
this time, instead of making
up data that will support
the hypotheses, the
researcher choose not to
include the data gathered
from the participants which
do not conform to the
hypotheses.

24. (3) Faculty data-gathering
procedures.
• This can be brought about
by errors in measurements
or errors in the measuring
instruments, like faulty
measuring equipment. This
may also be cause by in
appropriate treatment of
the subjects, invalid
procedures and poor data
recording.
(4) Plagiarism.
• This refers to using of others
as your own.

25. Plagiarism
• Plagiarism is an act of owning one’s ideas,
work or publication as your own. This happens
very often specially in scientific publications.

26. Types of Plagiarism
• Clone. An act of submitting other’s work, word-
for-word, as one’s own.
• Ctrl+C (copy-paste). A written piece that
containes significant portions of text from a single
source without alterations.
• Find-Replace. The act of changing key words and
phrases but retaining the essential content of the
source in a paper.
• Remix. An act of paraphrasing from other sources
and making the content fit together seamlessly.
• Recycle. The act of borrowing generously from
one’s own previous work without citation. This is
called “self-plagiarism”.

27. • Hybrid. This act of combining perfectly cited
sources with copied passages – without citation –
in one paper.
• Mash-up. A paper that represents a mix of copied
materials from several different sources without
proper citation.
• 404 Error. A written piece that includes citations
to non-existent or inaccurate information about
sources.
• Aggregator. This paper includes proper citation,
but contains almost no original work.
• Re-tweet. This paper includes proper citation, but
relies too closely on the text’s original wording
and/or structure.

29. Young Professors in Research that
would take good care of you