Patrick ten Brink of IEEP TEEB water and wetlands 27 feb 2013 STRP 17 final Ramsar STRP 17

1. The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity
(TEEB): Water and Wetlands
Presentation of the Final Report
Patrick ten Brink
Senior Fellow and Head of Brussels Office
Institute for European Environmental Policy (IEEP)
Wednesday 27 February 2013
Convention on Wetlands (Ramsar, Iran, 1971)
17th meeting of the Scientific & Technical Review Panel (STRP)
25 February - 1 March 2013, Gland, Switzerland

2. Presentation overview
1. TEEB & The TEEB for Water and
Wetlands Project
2. Water and wetlands: what benefits
do we derive and what do we risk
losing?
3. Measuring to manage better
4. Integrating the values of water and
wetlands into decision making
5. Recommendations: Transforming our
approach to water and wetlands

3. TEEB’s Genesis, Aims and progress
G8+5 “Potsdam Initiative – Biological Diversity 2010”
Potsdam
1) The economic significance of the global loss of biological diversity
Importance of recognising, demonstrating & responding to values of nature
Engagement: ~500 authors, reviewers & cases from across the globe
TEEB End User
Reports Brussels
Interim Climate TEEB W&W
2009, London 2010 TEEB
Report Issues Update Nature & GE
TEEB Books TEEB Oceans
Synthesis
Ecol./Env.
Economics
literature
CBD COP 9 Input to
Bonn 2008 UNFCCC 2009
India, Brazil, Belgium,
Japan & South Africa
Sept. 2010 TEEB studies
The Netherlands,
BD COP 10 Germany, Nordics,
Nagoya, Oct 2010 Norway, India, Brazil

4. TEEB Water and Wetlands Core Team
Case contributions
Reviewers
Discussions at Rio+20, Ramsar
COP 11, CBD COP11
Paper citation: Full Report: Russi D., ten Brink P., Farmer A., Badura T., Coates D., Förster J., Kumar R. and
Davidson N. (2013). The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity for Water and Wetlands. IEEP London, Brussels.
Executive Summary: ten Brink P., Russi D., Farmer A., Badura T., Coates D., Förster J., Kumar R. and Davidson N.
(2013) The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity for Water and Wetlands. Executive Summary.

5. 1. TEEB & The TEEB for Water and
Wetlands Project
2. Water and wetlands: what benefits
do we derive and what do we risk
losing?
3. Measuring to manage better
4. Integrating the values of water and
wetlands into decision making
5. Recommendations: Transforming our
approach to water and wetlands
For further details see Chapter 2 (page 5 to 17) and Chapter 3
(pages 19 to 33) of the TEEB Water and Wetlands report

6. The “nexus” between water, food and energy is one of the most
fundamental relationships - and increasing challenges - for society.
Biodiversity and particularly wetland ecosystems are increasingly
understood to be at the core of this nexus.
Photo credit: Nick Davidson
Water security is a major and increasing concern in many parts of
the world, including both the availability (including extreme events)
and quality of water.

7. Wetlands & Water Cycle
Global and local water cycles are
strongly dependent on wetlands.
Without wetlands, the water
cycle, carbon cycle, and nutrient
cycles would be significantly
altered, mostly detrimentally.
Yet policies and do not take into
account these interconnections
and inter-dependencies
sediment
transfer

8. Wetlands &
ecosystem services
• Wetlands are solution to water security.
• They provide multiple ecosystem services
supporting water security as well as
offering many other benefits and values
to society and the economy.
• Meeting sustainable water management
objectives cost effectively via wetland
ecosystem services.

9. Climate Regulation
Extent of carbon storage
vulnerable to water
insecurity
Clean water
Cities using PAs to provide water
Water scarcity Water availability
Conflicts Use by economic activity
Household consumption
Hydropower
Nutrient cycling
/clean water
Waste water treatment
Water availability
Soil moisture
Water availability
Land affected by
Nutrient cycling/clean water desertification
Sanitation; Drinking water Water quality Crop water
productivity
Area water-
logged/salinised
Water availability – mitigating
extremes
Sediment transfer

10. • Despite their values and potential policy synergies,
wetlands have been and continue to be lost of
degraded. This leads to biodiversity loss and a loss of
ecosystem services.
• Wetlands loss can lead to significant losses in human
well-being and have negative economic impacts on
communities, countries and business.
Photo credit: Nick Davidson
“I believe that the great part of miseries of mankind are brought upon
them by false estimates they have made of the value of things.”
Benjamin Franklin, 1706-1790

11. Wetlands : historical loss of natural capital
 Since 1990 the world has lost around 50% of its wetlands (UNWWAP 2003)
and around 60% loss in Europe (EEA 2010)
 In the past two decades, 35% of
mangroves have disappeared. Some
countries have lost up to 80% (MA 2005)
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/World_map_mangrove_distribution.png
~20% of the world’s coral reefs - destroyed
 24% of the remaining reefs under imminent
risk of collapse through human pressures.
(Wilkinson C., 2004; Nellemann et al 2008)

12. The evidence base: range of values of ecosystem services
Open oceans (14) For further details see
Page 9 of Chapter 2
Woodlands (21) of the TEEB Water and Wetlands report
and associated references
Sources: de Groot et al 2012 building on TEEB 2010
Grasslands (32)
Temperate Forest (58)
Rivers and Lakes (15)
Tropical Forest (96)
Inland wetlands (168)
Coastal systems (28)
Coastal wetlands (139)
Coral reefs (94)
1 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000 10,000,000
Values of both coastal and inland wetland ecosystem services
are typically higher than for other ecosystem types

13. Evidence base - Assessing values and actions
Assessing the value of working with natural capital has helped determine where
ecosystems can provide goods and services at lower cost than by man-made
technological alternatives and where they can lead to significant savings
• USA-NY: Catskills-Delaware watershed for NY: PES/working with nature saves money (~5US$bn)
• New Zealand: Te Papanui Park - water supply to hydropower, Dunedin city, farmers (~$136m)
• Mexico: PSAH to forest owners, aquifer recharge, water quality, deforestation, poverty (~US$303m)
• France : Priv. Sector: Vittel (Mineral water) PES et al for water quality
• Venezuela: PA helps avoid potential replacement costs of hydro dams (~US$90-$134m over 30yr)
• Vietnam restoring/investing in Mangroves - cheaper than dyke maintenance (~US$: 1m to 7m/yr)
• South Africa: WfW public PES to address IAS, avoids costs and provides jobs (~20,000; 52%♀)
Critical to assess where working with nature saves money for public (city, region,
national), private sector, communities and citizens & who can make it happen
Sources: various. Mainly in TEEB for National and International Policy Makers, TEEB for local and regional policy and TEEB cases

14. Wetlands provide natural infrastructure that can help meet a range of
policy objectives.
Beyond water availability and quality, they are invaluable in
supporting climate change mitigation and adaptation, support health
as well as livelihoods, local development and poverty eradication

15. 1. TEEB & The TEEB for Water and
Wetlands Project
2. Water and wetlands: what benefits
do we derive and what do we risk
losing?
3. Measuring to manage better
4. Integrating the values of water and
wetlands into decision making
5. Recommendations: Transforming our
approach to water and wetlands
For further details see
Chapter 2 (page 5 to 17), Chapter 3 (pages 19 to 33) and Annex II
(page 62 to 71) of the TEEB Water and Wetlands report

16. Benefits provided by mangroves & shrimp farms: an economic
illustration (in US$/ha NPV 9 years 10% discount rate)
Commercial Commercial Economic returns Economic Economic value of Economic value
profits from profits from from shrimp returns from shrimp farming of mangroves
15000
shrimp farming mangrove farming mangrove and restoration including storm
forest excluding including fish costs protection
subsidies nursery
Storm
10000 Protection
Subsidies
10821
8412
5000 9632
Fish nursery
987 987
1220 1220
0 584 584 584
Restoration
costs
-5000 -9318
For further details see
Chapter 2, page 13 of the
TEEB Water and Wetlands report
and associated references
-10000
Source: drawn from data from Barbier et al., 2007 and Hanley and All values are NPV over 9 years and a 10% discount rate, given in 1996
Barbier, 2009 US$.

17. Knowledge base: what have studies focused on?
Types of wetlands and services
For further details see Annex II (page 62 to 71) of the TEEB Water and Wetlands report
Need to improve the knowledge base for inland wetlands, particularly lakes and rivers

18. Knowledge base: what have studies focused on?
Geographic Regions
Further valuation research should be more widely distributed across the globe
For further details see Annex II (page 62 to 71) of the TEEB Water and Wetlands report

19. For further details see Annex II (page 62 to 71) of the TEEB Water and Wetlands report

20. Knowledge base: Summary
Growing evidence base of values, but range of gaps that need attention
Studies focused mainly on food, raw materials, lifecycle maintenance (e.g. nursery services)
and recreation/tourism opportunities + extreme events & gene pool protection
Needs for additional assessments of value include:
Inland vegetated wetlands: moderation of extreme events, erosion prevention, pollination or biological
control + inspiration, spiritual experience or education and science services
Freshwater lakes & rivers: There is generally a lack of information for all types of ecosystem services for
freshwater lakes and rivers.
Coastal wetlands: need for assessments re genetic and medicinal resources, erosion prevention, nutrient
cycling, life cycle maintenance + education and science values.
Mangroves and tidal mashes: genetic and ornamental resources, regulation of water flows and
pollination, nutrient cycling and biological control + aesthetic, inspiration and spiritual experience.
+ to input into specific land use decisions (e.g. permitting, zoning, use), investment decisions,
policy development, design and implementation
Further valuation research needed to inform decision making (site management, regional
development, policy design) & for scientific understanding (academic publications; peer reviewed resource)

21. 1. TEEB & The TEEB for Water and
Wetlands Project
2. Water and wetlands: what benefits
do we derive and what do we risk
losing?
3. Measuring to manage better
4. Integrating the values of water and
wetlands into decision making
5. Recommendations: Transforming our
approach to water and wetlands
For further details see Chapter 4 (page 35 to 45) of the
TEEB Water and Wetlands report

22. 4. Integrating the values of water and wetlands into decision making
• Policy synergies: Working with nature can be a cost effective way of meeting a
range of policy, business and private objectives.
• Integrated water resource management (IWRM), Integrated coastal zone
management (ICZM) and Maritime Spatial Planning (MSP) if properly applied can
help meet multiple objectives
• Range of instruments can help manage & protect wetland ecosystem services
• Site management and investment
• Regulation and land-use planning (PAs, zoning)
• Property rights (ownership, use, access etc)
• Market creation – information, pricing, incentives
• Subsidy reform, funds, trading schemes & payment for ecosystem services
• Voluntary schemes (offsets et al).

23. ‘We never know the worth of water 'til the well is dry’. English proverb
‘Men do not value a good deed unless it brings a reward’ Ovid, B.C. 43 – 18 A.D., Roman Poet
Photo credit: Nick Davidson

24. Hydrological services: Aquifer recharge;
Improved surface water quality, reduce frequency
Solution: Mexico PSAH: PES to forest & damage from flooding`
owners to preserve forest: manage & not
convert forest
Results:
Deforestation rate fell from 1.6 % to 0.6 %.
18.3 thousand hectares of avoided deforestation
Avoided GHG emissions ~ 3.2 million tCO2e
Reduce Deforestation Address Poverty
Munoz 2010; Muñoz-Piña et al. 2008; Muñoz-Piña et al. 2007.

25. 1. TEEB & The TEEB for Water and
Wetlands Project
2. Water and wetlands: what benefits
do we derive and what do we risk
losing?
3. Measuring to manage better
4. Integrating the values of water and
wetlands into decision making
5. Recommendations: Transforming our
approach to water and wetlands
For further details see Chapter 5 (page 47 to 58) of the
TEEB Water and Wetlands report

26. TEEB For Water and Wetlands
5. Transforming our approach to water and wetlands
Wetlands and water-related ecosystem services need to become an integral part of water
management in order to make the transition to a resource efficient sustainable economy.
• Investing in restoration
• Incorporating traditional knowledge
• Sustainable tourism
• Aiming for synergies between restoration and poverty alleviation
• Engage in transition management.
Action at all levels and by all stakeholders is needed if the opportunities and benefits of
working with water and wetlands are to be fully realised and the consequences of
continuing wetland loss appreciated and acted upon.

27. Restoration: can be costly, but can offer good returns
Grassland/Rangeland [6] 9 8
For further details see
Chapter 5, page 48 of the
Temperate forest [20] 10 TEEB Water and Wetlands report
and associated references
Tropical forest [10] 11 12 13 15 14
Sources: Aronson et al. 2010
Inland Wetlands [4] 5 6
Lakes/Rivers [26] 7
Woodland/Shrubland [7] 16
Marine [4] 1
Coastal systems/Mangroves/Estuaries [9] 3 4
Coral reefs [7] 2
1 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000 10,000,000100,000,000
For example: Germany: peatland restoration: avoidance cost of CO2 ~ 8 to 12 €/t CO2
(0-4 alt. land use). Lower than many other carbon capture and storage options

28. Working for Water (WfW): SA & The Manalana wetland
• Severely degraded by erosion that threatened to consume the entire system
Sources: TEEBCases for TEEB for local and regional policy
• WfW public works programme intervened in 2006 to reduce the erosion and
improve the wetland’s ability to continue providing its beneficial services
Results
• Livelihood benefits from degraded wetland was just 34 % of healthy ecosystem
• Rehabilitated wetland contributes provisioning services at 297 EUR/household/year
• Livelihood benefits ~ 182,000 EUR by the rehabilitated wetland; x2 costs
• The Manalana wetland acts as a safety net for households.
Sources: Pollard et al. 2008; Wunder et al 2008a; http://www.dwaf.gov.za/wfw/

29. Global: Strategic Plan Biodiversity 2011-2020 & integration in MEAs
National: Integration of values into decision making, strategies and make use of
NBSAPs
Local: Assess interlinks : wetlands, communities, man-made infrastructures and
the economy
Site managers: Develop site management plans to ensure wise use of wetlands,
including sustained provision of ecosystem services
Academia: Contribute to fill the knowledge gaps
Development cooperation community: integrate appreciation of multiple benefits
and potential cost savings into dev co-op objectives and implementation on the
ground
NGOs: support wetland mang’t via funding & expertise, inc. volunteers
Business: Identify impacts and dependencies, risks and opportunities , and EP&Ls

30. Thank you !
Q: How will the values of wetlands be useful to STRP members? &
Q: What can STRP members do to support the evidence base and its
integration into decision making?
TEEB Reports available on www.teebweb.org, www.ramsar.org and www.ieep.eu
See also www.teeb4me.com
Patrick ten Brink ptenbrink@ieep.eu
IEEP is an independent, not-for-profit institute dedicated to the analysis, understanding and promotion of
policies for a sustainable environment. www.ieep.eu