This document discusses calf fattening in Pakistan. It notes the increasing demand for meat due to population growth, urbanization, and rising incomes. Per capita meat consumption in Pakistan has risen from 11 kg in 1983 to a projected 47 kg in 2020. The majority of beef production comes from traditional, inefficient systems involving young calves. The document advocates for commercial feedlot systems to finish calves on balanced diets to higher weights to produce quality beef. It provides details on feedlot design, selection of animals, feeding, and management. Feeding trials demonstrated growth rates of over 1 kg per day. Commercial feedlot systems can yield good profits but farmers must sell processed, high quality meat through organized markets.

1. CALF
FATTENING Jabbar
Dr. Makhdoom A .
Executive Member
Punjab Agri. Research Board
Lahore

2. Background

Increase in demand of animal origin food due to:
– Population growth
– Urbanization
– Income growth
– Changing consumer preferences
– Export potential

3. Per Capita Meat Consumption (KG)
1983-2020
Countries
1983
1993
2020
Developed world
74
76
83
Developing world
14
21
30
Pakistan
11
16
47
Source: Delgado, et al 1999, Livestock to 2020 The Next Food Revolution & GOP 2003, TCP-Pak0168: Livestock Action Plan Draft Report MINFAL

4. Per Capita Meat Consumption
Source
Kg
Beef
7.26
Mutton
4.80
Poultry meat
2.90
Total
14.96

5. Meat Production
000 Tons
Year
Beef
Mutton
Poultry
Total
1999-00
986
649
322
1957
2000-01
2001-02
2002-03
1010
1034
1060
666
683
702
339
335
370
2015
2053
2132
2003-04
1087
723
402
2212
2004-05
1115
740
416
2270
Economic Survey of Pakistan –200405

6. Meat Production in Pakistan
18%
Poultry
Beef
Mutton
33%
49%

7. Beef Production Systems






Traditional & Inefficient
Slaughtering of Baby Calves
Calves raised 60-80 kg (on unbalanced diet)
End of Career Animals
Emergency Slaughter Animals
Limited Commercial Fattening Activity

8. Quality Beef Production
Maximum weight gain
 Obtain high proportion of muscles
having desirable eating characteristics
 Cut based marketing


12. Feedlot Problems
 Investment
 Technical guidance





Operational problems
Price ceiling
Middle man
Processing & packing
Marketing channels

13. Feedlot
Housing
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Selection of Site
Covered & Open
Area
Direction of Sun
Construction of
Shed
Feeding &
Watering Space
Feed Store &
Office/Dispensar
y
Boundary Wall

15. Selection of Animals






Urban Markets /
Remote Villages
Healthy animals
Age of Calves
Weight above
average of that
age
Cow / Buffalo
calves
Live weight basis

16. Before Fattening

17. After Fattening

18. Quarantine / Adaptation Period

Deworming
– Internal / External Parasities

Vaccination
– H.S., Foot & Mouth
Switching from forage to
concentrate
feeding
 Fresh clean water


19. Feed Resources

Roughages
Dry Roughages
 Wheat Straw
 Rice Straw
 Oat Straw
 Pulses Straw
 Maize / Sorghum Stubbles
 Sugarcane Bagasse
 Corn Cobs

20. Feed Resources
Green Forages

Summer Forages
 Maize
 Sorghum
 Millet
 Mot Grass
 Sada Bahar
 Guara

Winter Forages
 Berseem
 Lucern
 Oats
 Rye Grass
 Turnips
 Sugarcane
tops

21. Forage Availability Pattern
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D

22. CONCENTRATES

Energy Sources
– Maize, Sorghum, Wheat, Oats,
Barley
Mamni, Rice polishing, Wheat
bran,
Maize bran, Rice bran, Molasses.

Protein Sources
– Cotton seed cake/meal,
Rapeseed cake/meal, Canola
meal, Sunflower cake/meal,
Corn gluten feed/meal, Maize oil
cake,
Soybean meal, Urea.

23. Chemical Composition of Energy
Sources
Ingredient
DM, %
TDN, %
89.61
Protein,
%
9.80
Maize
ME,
81.2
2.94
Sorghum
90.20
15.75
78.5
2.84
Wheat
92.70
12.80
78.9
2.85
Oats
91.94
9.52
75.1
2.71
Barley
91.40
10.21
77.2
2.79
Mamni
90.10
17.00
60.10
2.60
Rice polish
92.60
11.66
89.90
3.25
Wheat bran
91.40
14.99
71.00
2.57
Rice bran
89.10
14.0
68.12
1.89
Molasses
82.30
3.04
80.50
2.91
MCal/kg

24. Chemical Composition of Protein
Sources
Ingredient
Protein, %
TDN, %
ME MCal/kg
Cotton S. Cake
21.04
63.4
2.29
Cotton S. Meal
41.59
80.0
2.91
Rape S. Cake
31.15
79.8
2.88
Rape S. Meal
34.10
72.10
2.50
Canola Meal
32.10
72.00
2.50
Sunflower Cake
30.47
69.70
2.52
C.Gluten M 30%
27.80
77.50
2.81
Maize oil cake
18.00
82.50
2.85
Soybean meal
48.15
76.50
3.19

25. Total Mixed Ration (TMR)
 Dry
matter %
 Crude protein %
 TDN %
 ME (M. cal/kg)
 Daily allowance
 Expected growth
rate
87~90
14~15%
55~60
2.2~2.4
3% of BW
> 1.0 kg/day

26. A typical TMR for fattening
Feed ingredients
Percentage
Cotton seed cake
14.0
Canola meal
15.0
Wheat straw
25.0
Urea
0.50
Maize ground
15.0
Rice polish
14.0
Mineral mixture
2.00
Vit. mixture
0.50
Molasses
14.0
Total
100.0
Protein =16%
Energy =2.50 Mcal/kg

27. Ration Preparation

28. Composition of Ration
Trial -1
Ingredients
Wheat straw
Cottonseed cake
Rapeseed cake
Molasses
Mineral Mixture
Crude Protein, %
TDN, %
%
24.5
35.0
15.0
25.0
00.5
13.5
55.0

29. Performance of Calves
Parameters
No. of animals
Days on experiment
Av. Initial wt., kg
Av. Final wt., kg
Av. Total wt. gain, kg
Av. Daily wt. gain, kg
Av. Daily ration consumed,
kg
Av. Ration required / kg gain
Dressing Percentage
Buffalo
Calves
10
112
152.14
258.0
105.86
X-bred
Calves
10
112
157.42
272.71
115.29
0.945
7.11
1.03
7.52
7.52
51.43
7.30
54.48

30. Composition of Ration
Trial 2
Ingredients
Barley
Maize oil cake
Wheat bran
Maize gluten feed, 20%
Wheat Straw
Urea
Molasses
Mineral Mixture
Total
Percentage
12
6
18
10
32
1
20
1
100

31. Performance of Calves
Breed
Daily Gain,g
FCR
Dressing %
Sahiwal
797
4.77
49.37
X-Bred
896
4.76
49.20
Nondescript
854
4.76
52.06
Buffalo
932
4.93
48.54
Cholistani
881
4.98
51.83
Dajal
864
4.87
52.27

33. Fodder + Concentrate
Supplement
Fodder 10% of body weight
• Concentrate – 1% of body weight
• Growth rate – 700-800 g/ day
• Cheaper and more suitable for rural
areas
•

34. Concentrate formula
Ingredients
Percentage
Cotton seed cake
15.0
Maize gluten 30%
15.0
Wheat bran
15.0
Maize grains
25.0
Rice polish
15.0
Mineral mixture
2.0
Molasses
13.0
Total
100.0

35. Conclusion

Feeding of calves for 90-100 days on
medium energy diet yield excellent
growth rates.

The profit margin is about 15-20.

Farmer should sell quality meat after
proper processing and packing
through organized sales
outlet/exporters.

36. Thank You