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Even thousands of miles of journey
starts with a single step……..
lao tzu a chinese mystic
*
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
*
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
*
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
*
*
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
EBM
Research
Evidence

Patients’
Preferences
Clinical
Expertise

Clinical
Circumstances
Haynes et al. BMJ 2002;324:1350

24
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
5As of EBM
Act

Ask

Apply

Acquire
Appraise
27
Doing

Research
Methodology

Research
EBM

Using
28
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
*
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
*
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
*
*
*
*Development of scientific attitude Evidence based medicine

*Learning research methodology
*Curricular requirement
*Academic requirement ( publication )

*
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
RESEARCH CYCLE
*
*
*
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
*
PROF. Dr. V. Sathyanarayanan
Department of Pharmacology,
SRM MCH & RC

M.D
*To apply the processes involved in choosing the
appropriate research topic, problem, idea

*To formulate a good research question

*To

assess

*To develop

the research question effectively

a hypothesis, aims, objectives for

testing the research question

*To be inspired to participate actively in planning
and doing good research projects

*SPECIFIC

LEARNING
OBJECTIVES
*It Is a systematic and
organised scientific
process

*To find answers to
questions
* for example, want to buy a car in a proper
way,

*we collect information
* about models and dealers,
*analyse it,
* then try to reach a “scientific”
conclusion on which car to buy

*
*
TYPES OF RESEARCH
Research

Quantitative

Descriptive

Case report

Case series

Analytical

Crosssectional

Observational

Case-Control
@bajammal

MixedMethods

Qualitative

Experimental

Cohort Study
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
*First and foremost, it must

be interesting
*You should learn something
of value to you

*It should be productive

*
*Proper planning
*Accuracy in data
collection

*Proper unbiased
interpretation.

*
*
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
Research Problem

Research Design

Data Collection
Data Analysis
Research Dissemination
@bajammal

Methodological, Ethical & Statistical
Considerations at Each Stage

Research Question
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
*
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
*An old
late

scientist went home for a weekend
on Friday evening

as usual

*He left his lab without cleaning and left a window
open

*He arrived after vacation before his lab attender
*He saw some culture plates were infected with mold
*He developed a curiosity

*He didn’t clean it immediately

* He found bacteria had grown all over the plate,
except in an area where mold had formed.

*
*YEAR : 1928
*PLACE : St Mary’s Hospital Medical School
*RESEARCH SCHOLAR : Alexander Fleming
*DISCOVERY: penicillin
*SIGNIFICANCE : world's first antibiotic,
leading to revolutionize all medicine

*AS A RESULT: Mrs. Fleming hiring a maid.

*
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
* Key feature of success in research

*
*as you go about your daily clinical practice

* observe with curiosity and

enquire…..

* Sometimes it is the result of having a disagreem
ent with a colleague

*Define the problem well

*
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
*Simple curiosity + enquiry
*“Why are things done this way?”
*“I wonder what would happen if…..?”
*“What characteristics are associated
with….?”

*“What is the effect of…….on patient
outcomes?”

*
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
*Etiology and

*Elucidate mechanisms

*Pathophysiology
*Diagnosis
*Treatment
*prognosis

*Diagnostic approaches
*Therapeutic interventions
*Research into the prognostic

pathogenesis

*

factors
*From standard text books

*Use article databases to scan current
magazine, journal or newspaper articles on the
topic

* Use Web search engines to find Web sites on
the topic

*
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
*
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
*The man with a new idea is a crank until the
idea succeeds…..

*
*
*
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
*
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
*Keep it manageable.
*Be aware if a topic is
very recent

*discuss your topic with
your guide

*
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
*
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
* Look for words that best describe your
topic

*Keep a list of these words to use
you search

*

later as
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
*Concluding sections in the

critically examined
individual studies, systematic review

*Remaining gaps

in literature

*Further define the research question
*MEDLINE, PUBMED, SCIENCEDIRECT,
* MEDSCAPE

*
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
*
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
* To steal from one is plagiarism.to steal from

many is research…
---Steven Right
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
* A Welsh hamlet was ground zero for a test
on a pill to fight angina.

*Unfortunately for the afflicted, it had little
success against the disease.

*Though it didn't work,
*the men taking part in the study refused
to give up their medicine.

*
*YEAR : 1992
*INTERVENTIONAL DRUG : Viagra
*INVENTORS : Scientists at Pfizer
*The scientists switched gears and
*marketed the drug, Viagra,
*for a very different purpose

*
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
*You will often begin with a word,
*develop a more focused interest in an
aspect of something relating to that word,

* then begin to have questions about the
topic.

*Significance of the research question must
be identified

*
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
* Trying to turn a statement

into a real question

*
*The uncertainty that you want to
resolve

* Defines the area of interest to be
addressed in your study

* Forms the foundation of your study
* Must be specified before you begin
your Analysis

*
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
*Key preliminary step of the research
process

*Presents the idea that is to be examined in
the study

*Foundation of the research study
*IS THE MOST DIFFICULT
*AND CRITICAL PART of the study

*
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
* Literature

*
*
*
*

Your previous research
Mentor
Conferences
Patients

*
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
*
*

*
*
*

Do a thorough search of medical
literature
Identify the edge of knowledge
related to that question
Identify the gaps in knowledge
Be certain that your question has not
already been answered
AND that filling the gaps is important

*
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
* Research is to see what everybody else has seen,

and to think what nobody else has thought……….
----Albert Szent-Gyorgyi
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
*Possibly the most difficult part
* is to come up with a reasonable question
*and focus it to the point
*where it can be answered

*
* defining the goal of your research,
* identifying objectives,
* refining and refining it some more and
* refining it even more until
* you have a neat and simple question
* that is feasible to answer.

*
*QUESTION 1 :Should women take hormones
to prevent bone loss?

* QUESTION 2 : Can a vegetarian diet
reverse cardiovascular disease?

*Often begins with a general
concern….

*
*Must be narrowed to something measurable
and researchable

*

QUESTION 1 : Is taking estrogen associated with
a lower risk of osteoporosis in women 60+?

* QUESTION 2 : Does a plant-based diet reduce
serum cholesterol levels in patients with
cardiovascular disease?

*
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
*QUESTION 1 :Should women take
hormones to prevent bone loss?

* REFINED QUESTION 1 : Does taking

estrogen after menopause reduce the
likelihood of bone density loss in
women over 60 years of age, compared
to women not taking estrogen?

*
*QUESTION 2 : Can a vegetarian diet
reverse cardiovascular disease?

*REFINED Research question: Does an
entirely plant- based vegan diet reduce
blood serum cholesterol levels in men
over 50 years old with lipid levels
compared to a meat- based diet?

*
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
*What is the population I want to study?
*How do I describe it – age, sex, background?
*What is the intervention I want to study?
*Do I have all the details of the intervention?

*What is the outcome I want to achieve?
*How am I going to measure the outcome?

*
*PICO
*P ‐ Population
*I ‐ Intervention
*C ‐ Comparison
*O – Outcome Measured

*
*You are in OP department ( medicine/ENT/Pediatrics )
*A patient with otitis media comes
*Your Asst.Prof prescribes amoxycillin
*A scientific curiosity comes to your mind
*A research question IS AMOXYCILLIN EFFECTIVE
FOR OTITIS MEDIA ? knocks your mind..

*You want to proceed…..

HOW ?

*
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
*You are sitting in

Medicine/Surgery/Orthopedics/OG OP

*A

regular patient comes with pain on his back
visits

*You feel pity on his pain
*you want to find out “What is the best
treatment of back pain?”

*How to proceed…..?!!

*
*
What is the best treatment of back pain?
155
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
Is this a good question?
• In adult patients younger than 50 years old with
acute low back pain (< 6 weeks), does bedrest
reduce the risk of recurrence of pain within one
year compared with physiotherapy?

•
•
•
•

P: Adult patients <50yr with acute LBP
I: Bed rest
C: Physiotherapy
O: Recurrence of pain within one year
157
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
*F – Feasible
*I – Interesting
*N – Novel
*E – Ethical
*R ‐ Relevant

*
*
*
*
*

Adequate number of subjects
Adequate technical expertise
Affordable in time and money
Manageable in scope

*
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
*To you
*To the guide
*To the peers
*Editors of the journals
*Reviewers

*
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
*Newer topic or idea

*Not duplicated

*Provides new findings

*Confirms or refutes previous
findings

* extends previous findings

*
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
*Should follow existing guidelines like
* ICMR code of Ethics in biomedical research
*Clinical trials should follow  ICH –GCP
guidelines

*Get the IEC approval

*
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
*Addresses certain community needs
*Addresses issues that will have an impact for
policy making

*Future research directions

*
knowledge

*

To scientific

*
*

To clinical and health policy
To future research directions

*
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
*
*Consult with mentors
* review the literature again..

*
*Consult with IRB/IEC
* revise research question

*
*Collaborate with experts
in those areas

*
*Question too broad = Reduce variables of interest
*

narrow focus

* Not enough subjects available = Expand inclusion
criteria; lengthen time frame; modify exclusion
criteria

* Too expensive = Consider less costly study designs;
fewer subjects; shorter duration; fewer follow-ups

*
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
*
* A research scientist made 10,000

unsuccessful attempts at an invention

*One day, an assistant asked him why he
didn’t give up….

* After all, he failed over 10
times….

thousand

* the researcher replied that he had not
failed once…

*
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
*Thomas Edison held a world record of
1093 patents for inventions including
*Telegraphs,
*electric lights, electric lamps, light bulbs,
*telephones, vacuum pumps, storage
batteries,

*phonographs, transmitters …..etc

*
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
Questions to ask yourself
Is the question asked in a single sentence?
Is the question simple?
P

Does the question specify the population?

I

Does the question state the intervention?

C

Is there a comparison group?

O

Is there a clear outcome in the question?

O

Has the measure for the outcome been specified?

F

Is the question FEASIBLE?

I

Is it INTERESTING ? to you? to others?

N

Is it NOVEL? ‐‐ new? Innovative?

E

ETHICAL? ‐‐ is there a state of equipoise between comp
eting therapies? Will your investigations  harm?

R

RELEVANT? To policy makers? To patients?

Yes

No

Vague
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
*Can be considered as intelligent
hunches or predictions

*that help to answer a research
question

*Provide a bridge between theory
and real world

*
* single statement that contains

sufficient information that
it can be tested using

*statistical methodology
* are

procedures for making ration

al decisions about

*what is real and what is opinion

*
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
Hypothesis Testing (α & β errors)
Null Hypothesis: No association between predictor & outcome
Results in the
Study Sample
Reject null
hypothesis

Fail to reject null
hypothesis

@bajammal

Truth in the Population
Association Between
Predictor & Outcome

No Association Between
Predictor & Outcome

Correct

Type I error (α)

Type II error (β)

Correct
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
*This may be the answer to your research
question

*and/or a way to clearly state the purpose of
your research.

*Your thesis statement will usually be one or
two sentences

*that states precisely what is to be
answered, proven

*
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
* stated in broad terms

* and covers the topic that
interests you

*
* more

focused
* There could be more than one

*but all would contribute to
the overall goal

*Define it

*
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT)
Drug A

@bajammal

Outcomes

Drug B

Patients
with MI

F/U

F/U

Outcomes

RANDOM
*Designing a protocol

*
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
*
*CHOOSE MENTOR..
*
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
*ARTICULATE RESEARCH

QUESTION
*Focus on the mentor
*it is common to modify your topic
*Be aware of the depth of coverage
*and the due date.
*Your guide will provide

*
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
* DON’T Study something in which your
mentor does not have expertise
*DON’T MAKE ASSUMPTIONS
*MAKE SURE PROJECT
IS ACHIEVABLE
*STAY

FOCUSED
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
* Hulley SB, Cummings SR. “Designing Clinical Research: An
epidemiological approach.
* Centre for Health Evidence: “Users’ Guides to Evidence
Based Practice”
* http://www.cche.net/usersguides/start.asp#Questions
* Guidelines for graduate students: “Choosing and refining a
research topic”
http://www.fiu.edu/~kowert/topic.html
* How to write Specific Aims:
http://www.theresearchassistant.com/tutorial/4‐4.asp

*
Choosing the research topic to framing the  question why what how  satya pptxx
* you can write the one page description required for the assi
gnment.

* should write the goal of the research,
* what the general objective of the research is,
* try to formulate specific aims which can be your refined que
stion(s) and then,

* if you have a hypothesis that can be tested,
write that down.

* summarize your thinking on the feasibility
* and general plans you have for conducting the research.

*
*
* What is the sample size you are looking for ?
* would you have access to the population you wanted?
* Would the selected population agree to participate?
* Would you be able to obtain the drug samples?
* Think through what budget you might need?
* Will the ethics committee approve of your project?
* How novel are the questions? ( not repeated )

*

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Choosing the research topic to framing the question why what how satya pptxx

  • 1. Even thousands of miles of journey starts with a single step…….. lao tzu a chinese mystic
  • 2. *
  • 7. *
  • 9. *
  • 20. *
  • 21. *
  • 30. *
  • 32. *
  • 34. *
  • 35. *
  • 36. *
  • 37. *Development of scientific attitude Evidence based medicine *Learning research methodology *Curricular requirement *Academic requirement ( publication ) *
  • 41. *
  • 42. *
  • 43. *
  • 45. * PROF. Dr. V. Sathyanarayanan Department of Pharmacology, SRM MCH & RC M.D
  • 46. *To apply the processes involved in choosing the appropriate research topic, problem, idea *To formulate a good research question *To assess *To develop the research question effectively a hypothesis, aims, objectives for testing the research question *To be inspired to participate actively in planning and doing good research projects *SPECIFIC LEARNING OBJECTIVES
  • 47. *It Is a systematic and organised scientific process *To find answers to questions
  • 48. * for example, want to buy a car in a proper way, *we collect information * about models and dealers, *analyse it, * then try to reach a “scientific” conclusion on which car to buy *
  • 49. *
  • 50. TYPES OF RESEARCH Research Quantitative Descriptive Case report Case series Analytical Crosssectional Observational Case-Control @bajammal MixedMethods Qualitative Experimental Cohort Study
  • 54. *First and foremost, it must be interesting *You should learn something of value to you *It should be productive *
  • 55. *Proper planning *Accuracy in data collection *Proper unbiased interpretation. *
  • 56. *
  • 59. Research Problem Research Design Data Collection Data Analysis Research Dissemination @bajammal Methodological, Ethical & Statistical Considerations at Each Stage Research Question
  • 64. *
  • 66. *An old late scientist went home for a weekend on Friday evening as usual *He left his lab without cleaning and left a window open *He arrived after vacation before his lab attender *He saw some culture plates were infected with mold *He developed a curiosity *He didn’t clean it immediately * He found bacteria had grown all over the plate, except in an area where mold had formed. *
  • 67. *YEAR : 1928 *PLACE : St Mary’s Hospital Medical School *RESEARCH SCHOLAR : Alexander Fleming *DISCOVERY: penicillin *SIGNIFICANCE : world's first antibiotic, leading to revolutionize all medicine *AS A RESULT: Mrs. Fleming hiring a maid. *
  • 70. * Key feature of success in research *
  • 71. *as you go about your daily clinical practice * observe with curiosity and enquire….. * Sometimes it is the result of having a disagreem ent with a colleague *Define the problem well *
  • 81. *Simple curiosity + enquiry *“Why are things done this way?” *“I wonder what would happen if…..?” *“What characteristics are associated with….?” *“What is the effect of…….on patient outcomes?” *
  • 83. *Etiology and *Elucidate mechanisms *Pathophysiology *Diagnosis *Treatment *prognosis *Diagnostic approaches *Therapeutic interventions *Research into the prognostic pathogenesis * factors
  • 84. *From standard text books *Use article databases to scan current magazine, journal or newspaper articles on the topic * Use Web search engines to find Web sites on the topic *
  • 89. *
  • 93. *The man with a new idea is a crank until the idea succeeds….. *
  • 94. *
  • 95. *
  • 97. *
  • 100. *Keep it manageable. *Be aware if a topic is very recent *discuss your topic with your guide *
  • 103. *
  • 106. * Look for words that best describe your topic *Keep a list of these words to use you search * later as
  • 108. *Concluding sections in the critically examined individual studies, systematic review *Remaining gaps in literature *Further define the research question *MEDLINE, PUBMED, SCIENCEDIRECT, * MEDSCAPE *
  • 113. *
  • 117. * To steal from one is plagiarism.to steal from many is research… ---Steven Right
  • 119. * A Welsh hamlet was ground zero for a test on a pill to fight angina. *Unfortunately for the afflicted, it had little success against the disease. *Though it didn't work, *the men taking part in the study refused to give up their medicine. *
  • 120. *YEAR : 1992 *INTERVENTIONAL DRUG : Viagra *INVENTORS : Scientists at Pfizer *The scientists switched gears and *marketed the drug, Viagra, *for a very different purpose *
  • 123. *You will often begin with a word, *develop a more focused interest in an aspect of something relating to that word, * then begin to have questions about the topic. *Significance of the research question must be identified *
  • 125. * Trying to turn a statement into a real question *
  • 126. *The uncertainty that you want to resolve * Defines the area of interest to be addressed in your study * Forms the foundation of your study * Must be specified before you begin your Analysis *
  • 128. *Key preliminary step of the research process *Presents the idea that is to be examined in the study *Foundation of the research study *IS THE MOST DIFFICULT *AND CRITICAL PART of the study *
  • 130. * Literature * * * * Your previous research Mentor Conferences Patients *
  • 132. * * * * * Do a thorough search of medical literature Identify the edge of knowledge related to that question Identify the gaps in knowledge Be certain that your question has not already been answered AND that filling the gaps is important *
  • 134. * Research is to see what everybody else has seen, and to think what nobody else has thought………. ----Albert Szent-Gyorgyi
  • 137. *Possibly the most difficult part * is to come up with a reasonable question *and focus it to the point *where it can be answered *
  • 138. * defining the goal of your research, * identifying objectives, * refining and refining it some more and * refining it even more until * you have a neat and simple question * that is feasible to answer. *
  • 139. *QUESTION 1 :Should women take hormones to prevent bone loss? * QUESTION 2 : Can a vegetarian diet reverse cardiovascular disease? *Often begins with a general concern…. *
  • 140. *Must be narrowed to something measurable and researchable * QUESTION 1 : Is taking estrogen associated with a lower risk of osteoporosis in women 60+? * QUESTION 2 : Does a plant-based diet reduce serum cholesterol levels in patients with cardiovascular disease? *
  • 142. *QUESTION 1 :Should women take hormones to prevent bone loss? * REFINED QUESTION 1 : Does taking estrogen after menopause reduce the likelihood of bone density loss in women over 60 years of age, compared to women not taking estrogen? *
  • 143. *QUESTION 2 : Can a vegetarian diet reverse cardiovascular disease? *REFINED Research question: Does an entirely plant- based vegan diet reduce blood serum cholesterol levels in men over 50 years old with lipid levels compared to a meat- based diet? *
  • 147. *What is the population I want to study? *How do I describe it – age, sex, background? *What is the intervention I want to study? *Do I have all the details of the intervention? *What is the outcome I want to achieve? *How am I going to measure the outcome? *
  • 148. *PICO *P ‐ Population *I ‐ Intervention *C ‐ Comparison *O – Outcome Measured *
  • 149. *You are in OP department ( medicine/ENT/Pediatrics ) *A patient with otitis media comes *Your Asst.Prof prescribes amoxycillin *A scientific curiosity comes to your mind *A research question IS AMOXYCILLIN EFFECTIVE FOR OTITIS MEDIA ? knocks your mind.. *You want to proceed….. HOW ? *
  • 154. *You are sitting in Medicine/Surgery/Orthopedics/OG OP *A regular patient comes with pain on his back visits *You feel pity on his pain *you want to find out “What is the best treatment of back pain?” *How to proceed…..?!! *
  • 155. * What is the best treatment of back pain? 155
  • 157. Is this a good question? • In adult patients younger than 50 years old with acute low back pain (< 6 weeks), does bedrest reduce the risk of recurrence of pain within one year compared with physiotherapy? • • • • P: Adult patients <50yr with acute LBP I: Bed rest C: Physiotherapy O: Recurrence of pain within one year 157
  • 163. *F – Feasible *I – Interesting *N – Novel *E – Ethical *R ‐ Relevant *
  • 164. * * * * Adequate number of subjects Adequate technical expertise Affordable in time and money Manageable in scope *
  • 166. *To you *To the guide *To the peers *Editors of the journals *Reviewers *
  • 169. *Newer topic or idea *Not duplicated *Provides new findings *Confirms or refutes previous findings * extends previous findings *
  • 175. *Should follow existing guidelines like * ICMR code of Ethics in biomedical research *Clinical trials should follow  ICH –GCP guidelines *Get the IEC approval *
  • 178. *Addresses certain community needs *Addresses issues that will have an impact for policy making *Future research directions *
  • 179. knowledge * To scientific * * To clinical and health policy To future research directions *
  • 183. *
  • 184. *Consult with mentors * review the literature again.. *
  • 185. *Consult with IRB/IEC * revise research question *
  • 187. *Question too broad = Reduce variables of interest * narrow focus * Not enough subjects available = Expand inclusion criteria; lengthen time frame; modify exclusion criteria * Too expensive = Consider less costly study designs; fewer subjects; shorter duration; fewer follow-ups *
  • 189. *
  • 190. * A research scientist made 10,000 unsuccessful attempts at an invention *One day, an assistant asked him why he didn’t give up…. * After all, he failed over 10 times…. thousand * the researcher replied that he had not failed once… *
  • 193. *Thomas Edison held a world record of 1093 patents for inventions including *Telegraphs, *electric lights, electric lamps, light bulbs, *telephones, vacuum pumps, storage batteries, *phonographs, transmitters …..etc *
  • 196. Questions to ask yourself Is the question asked in a single sentence? Is the question simple? P Does the question specify the population? I Does the question state the intervention? C Is there a comparison group? O Is there a clear outcome in the question? O Has the measure for the outcome been specified? F Is the question FEASIBLE? I Is it INTERESTING ? to you? to others? N Is it NOVEL? ‐‐ new? Innovative? E ETHICAL? ‐‐ is there a state of equipoise between comp eting therapies? Will your investigations  harm? R RELEVANT? To policy makers? To patients? Yes No Vague
  • 199. *Can be considered as intelligent hunches or predictions *that help to answer a research question *Provide a bridge between theory and real world *
  • 200. * single statement that contains sufficient information that it can be tested using *statistical methodology
  • 201. * are procedures for making ration al decisions about *what is real and what is opinion *
  • 203. Hypothesis Testing (α & β errors) Null Hypothesis: No association between predictor & outcome Results in the Study Sample Reject null hypothesis Fail to reject null hypothesis @bajammal Truth in the Population Association Between Predictor & Outcome No Association Between Predictor & Outcome Correct Type I error (α) Type II error (β) Correct
  • 205. *This may be the answer to your research question *and/or a way to clearly state the purpose of your research. *Your thesis statement will usually be one or two sentences *that states precisely what is to be answered, proven *
  • 207. * stated in broad terms * and covers the topic that interests you *
  • 208. * more focused * There could be more than one *but all would contribute to the overall goal *Define it *
  • 214. Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) Drug A @bajammal Outcomes Drug B Patients with MI F/U F/U Outcomes RANDOM
  • 217. *
  • 219. *
  • 222. *Focus on the mentor
  • 223. *it is common to modify your topic *Be aware of the depth of coverage *and the due date. *Your guide will provide *
  • 226. * DON’T Study something in which your mentor does not have expertise
  • 228. *MAKE SURE PROJECT IS ACHIEVABLE
  • 240. * Hulley SB, Cummings SR. “Designing Clinical Research: An epidemiological approach. * Centre for Health Evidence: “Users’ Guides to Evidence Based Practice” * http://www.cche.net/usersguides/start.asp#Questions * Guidelines for graduate students: “Choosing and refining a research topic” http://www.fiu.edu/~kowert/topic.html * How to write Specific Aims: http://www.theresearchassistant.com/tutorial/4‐4.asp *
  • 242. * you can write the one page description required for the assi gnment. * should write the goal of the research, * what the general objective of the research is, * try to formulate specific aims which can be your refined que stion(s) and then, * if you have a hypothesis that can be tested, write that down. * summarize your thinking on the feasibility * and general plans you have for conducting the research. *
  • 243. *
  • 244. * What is the sample size you are looking for ? * would you have access to the population you wanted? * Would the selected population agree to participate? * Would you be able to obtain the drug samples? * Think through what budget you might need? * Will the ethics committee approve of your project? * How novel are the questions? ( not repeated ) *