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Indian Ocean tsunami 2004
                       (a secondary impact of an earthquake)
Causes
• The earthquake that caused the tsunami
struck at 7:58am on December 26th 2004
• The earthquake was caused by the
subduction of the Indo-Australian plate
(oceanic) under the Eurasian plate
(continental) 240km off the coast of Indonesia
• This mega-thrust earthquake involved a 20
metre uplift of the sea floor all the way along a
fault line which was over 1000km in length
• The uplift of the sea floor caused a
displacement of billions of tonnes of water
setting in motion a tsunami wave which hit the
coast of Indonesia within half an hour of the
earthquake
Indian Ocean tsunami 2004
                      (a secondary impact of an earthquake)
Impacts of the earthquake                         Primary effects of the tsunami
• despite being 240km off the coast the           • The wave killed people in 14 different
seismic waves from the earthquake still caused    countries around the Indian Ocean
damage to poorly built homes and better built     totalling over 250,000
structures over 3 storeys high in Banda Aceh (a   • The highest death toll was on the
city on the coast of Sumatra)                     Indonesian island of Sumatra where over
                                                  130,000 were killed and over 30,000
                                                  remain missing
                                                  • In Sumatra over 500,000 people were
                                                  made homeless, over 80,000 houses
                                                  were destroyed as well as serious
                                                  damage to any ports, boats, roads,
                                                  bridges, hospitals, forests and crops
                                                  within 1km of the shore
                                                  • 8 people were killed in South Africa
                                                  which is over 8000km from the epicentre
                                                  and over 8000 tourists from Australia,
                                                  Europe and America were also killed
                                                  • In Sri Lanka, a train was derailed by the
                                                  force of the wave killing over 1000
Indian Ocean tsunami 2004
                    (a secondary impact of an earthquake)


Secondary effects of the tsunami
• Diseases such as cholera and dysentery
spread due to the lack of clean water and
sanitation in the refugee camps killing an
estimated 150,000
• Incomes were lost due to the destruction of
fishing boats and damage to the ocean bed
• Loss of foreign income from tourism was
significant in Thailand
• Emotional and psychological impacts on the
survivors and aid workers
• Land disputes broke out as documents were
lost in the devastation and in some cases land
was destroyed by erosion from the wave
Indian Ocean tsunami 2004
                     (a secondary impact of an earthquake)
Short term responses
• Bodies were buried in mass graves to help
prevent the spread of diseases
• Over $7billion was provided by governments
and NGOs (charities) in the aid effort and to
help with reconstruction
• Up to 5 million people had to be relocated
into temporary refugee camps and had to be
provided with shelter, food and water
• It took months to simply clear the debris
before rebuilding could start again             Long term responses
                                                • The Indonesian government decided to
                                                relocate the people from the refugee camps
                                                straight into new homes. The building of these
                                                new home took a lot longer than expected due
                                                to the lack of building materials and
                                                destruction of main transport routes.
                                                • An tsunami early warning system (shown
                                                below) has now been installed in the Indian
                                                Ocean at a cost of $20 million

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Indian ocean tsunami case study

  • 1. Indian Ocean tsunami 2004 (a secondary impact of an earthquake) Causes • The earthquake that caused the tsunami struck at 7:58am on December 26th 2004 • The earthquake was caused by the subduction of the Indo-Australian plate (oceanic) under the Eurasian plate (continental) 240km off the coast of Indonesia • This mega-thrust earthquake involved a 20 metre uplift of the sea floor all the way along a fault line which was over 1000km in length • The uplift of the sea floor caused a displacement of billions of tonnes of water setting in motion a tsunami wave which hit the coast of Indonesia within half an hour of the earthquake
  • 2. Indian Ocean tsunami 2004 (a secondary impact of an earthquake) Impacts of the earthquake Primary effects of the tsunami • despite being 240km off the coast the • The wave killed people in 14 different seismic waves from the earthquake still caused countries around the Indian Ocean damage to poorly built homes and better built totalling over 250,000 structures over 3 storeys high in Banda Aceh (a • The highest death toll was on the city on the coast of Sumatra) Indonesian island of Sumatra where over 130,000 were killed and over 30,000 remain missing • In Sumatra over 500,000 people were made homeless, over 80,000 houses were destroyed as well as serious damage to any ports, boats, roads, bridges, hospitals, forests and crops within 1km of the shore • 8 people were killed in South Africa which is over 8000km from the epicentre and over 8000 tourists from Australia, Europe and America were also killed • In Sri Lanka, a train was derailed by the force of the wave killing over 1000
  • 3. Indian Ocean tsunami 2004 (a secondary impact of an earthquake) Secondary effects of the tsunami • Diseases such as cholera and dysentery spread due to the lack of clean water and sanitation in the refugee camps killing an estimated 150,000 • Incomes were lost due to the destruction of fishing boats and damage to the ocean bed • Loss of foreign income from tourism was significant in Thailand • Emotional and psychological impacts on the survivors and aid workers • Land disputes broke out as documents were lost in the devastation and in some cases land was destroyed by erosion from the wave
  • 4. Indian Ocean tsunami 2004 (a secondary impact of an earthquake) Short term responses • Bodies were buried in mass graves to help prevent the spread of diseases • Over $7billion was provided by governments and NGOs (charities) in the aid effort and to help with reconstruction • Up to 5 million people had to be relocated into temporary refugee camps and had to be provided with shelter, food and water • It took months to simply clear the debris before rebuilding could start again Long term responses • The Indonesian government decided to relocate the people from the refugee camps straight into new homes. The building of these new home took a lot longer than expected due to the lack of building materials and destruction of main transport routes. • An tsunami early warning system (shown below) has now been installed in the Indian Ocean at a cost of $20 million