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THE ROLE OF FIRMS IN
WAGE INEQUALITY: POLICY
LESSONS FROM A LARGE-
SCALE STUDY
Laurence Boone
OECD Chief Economist
Launch, 9 December 2021
Productivity gaps between firms
are widening
Source: OECD calculations based on the OECD Orbis productivity
database, following Andrews, Criscuolo and Gal (2016)
Source: OECD calculations based Schwellnus, Pak and
Pionnier (2018)
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017
Labour Productivity
Frontier firms - top 5%
Non-frontier firms
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015
Real wages
90th percentile of workers
10th percentile of workers
3
Market concentration is on the rise
Share of sales of 8 largest groups by intangible investment intensity
Source: Bajgar, Criscuolo and Timmis “Intangibles and Concentration: Supersize me”, (2021)
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Change
since
initial
year
Less intensive
More intensive
4
Why do widening productivity gaps
matter for wage inequality?
Globalisation
Worker-centred
Race between
education and
technology
Wages are determined
exclusively by worker
skills
Large wage
differences between
similarly-skilled workers
in different firms
Firm-centred
Firms have some
wage-setting power
Wages also depend
on firm characteristics
• Mobilises linked employer-employee data for 20 OECD
countries with harmonised data treatment and methodology
• Documents key stylised facts about the role of firm pay
policies in wage inequality and the influence of structural and
public policy factors
• Draws broad policy conclusions from the empirical evidence
to strengthen broadly shared productivity growth
5
Contribution
DATA
7
LinkEED data
• Linked employer-employee microdata from 20 OECD
countries, often on the universe of workers and firms
• Harmonised data treatment and methodology enable
cross-country comparisons
• Cross-country analysis made possible by a network of 19
external collaborators with direct microdata access
MAIN FINDINGS
9
Finding #1: Firm pay practices account for
about one-third of overall wage inequality
Globalisation
10
Finding #2: High productivity dispersion
contributes to high wage dispersion
Globalisation
11
Finding #3: Barriers to job mobility widen firm
wage gaps
Globalisation
POLICY IMPLICATIONS
13
A new perspective on policies to
address wage inequality
Globalisation
Traditional
policy
approach
Wage-setting
institutions
(mínimum wages,
collective
bargaining)
Skills policies
(education, adult
learning)
Complement
This report
Catch-up of lagging
firms
Integrate labour market
considerations into
competition policy
Reduce barriers to job
mobility, especially for
low-skilled
14
Thank you!
Contacts
Chiara Criscuolo (Chiara.criscuolo@oecd.org, STI)
Alexander Hijzen (Alexander.hijzen@oecd.org, ELS)
Cyrille Schwellnus (Cyrille.schwellnus@oecd.org, ECO)
OECD team
Antton Haramboure
Michael Koelle
Nathalie Scholl
Wouter Zwysen (now ETUI)
LinkEED network
Wen-Hao Chen (Canada)
Valerie Lankester, Catalina Sandoval,
Jonathan Garita (Costa Rica)
Antoine Bertheau (Denmark)
Satu Nurmi (Finland)
Duncan Roth, Alfred Garloff (Germany)
Balazs Murakozy (Hungary)
Ryo Kambayashi (Japan)
Katarzyna Grabska-Romagosa (Netherlands)
Richard Fabling (New Zealand)
Erling Barth (Norway)
Priscilla Fialho (Portugal)
Vladimir Peciar (Slovak Republic)
Andrei Gorshkov, Oskar Nordstrom Skans (Sweden)
Richard Upward (United Kingdom)
Kevin Rinz (United States)

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Launch firms and wage inequality

  • 1. THE ROLE OF FIRMS IN WAGE INEQUALITY: POLICY LESSONS FROM A LARGE- SCALE STUDY Laurence Boone OECD Chief Economist Launch, 9 December 2021
  • 2. Productivity gaps between firms are widening Source: OECD calculations based on the OECD Orbis productivity database, following Andrews, Criscuolo and Gal (2016) Source: OECD calculations based Schwellnus, Pak and Pionnier (2018) -0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 Labour Productivity Frontier firms - top 5% Non-frontier firms 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 Real wages 90th percentile of workers 10th percentile of workers
  • 3. 3 Market concentration is on the rise Share of sales of 8 largest groups by intangible investment intensity Source: Bajgar, Criscuolo and Timmis “Intangibles and Concentration: Supersize me”, (2021) 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 Change since initial year Less intensive More intensive
  • 4. 4 Why do widening productivity gaps matter for wage inequality? Globalisation Worker-centred Race between education and technology Wages are determined exclusively by worker skills Large wage differences between similarly-skilled workers in different firms Firm-centred Firms have some wage-setting power Wages also depend on firm characteristics
  • 5. • Mobilises linked employer-employee data for 20 OECD countries with harmonised data treatment and methodology • Documents key stylised facts about the role of firm pay policies in wage inequality and the influence of structural and public policy factors • Draws broad policy conclusions from the empirical evidence to strengthen broadly shared productivity growth 5 Contribution
  • 7. 7 LinkEED data • Linked employer-employee microdata from 20 OECD countries, often on the universe of workers and firms • Harmonised data treatment and methodology enable cross-country comparisons • Cross-country analysis made possible by a network of 19 external collaborators with direct microdata access
  • 9. 9 Finding #1: Firm pay practices account for about one-third of overall wage inequality Globalisation
  • 10. 10 Finding #2: High productivity dispersion contributes to high wage dispersion Globalisation
  • 11. 11 Finding #3: Barriers to job mobility widen firm wage gaps Globalisation
  • 13. 13 A new perspective on policies to address wage inequality Globalisation Traditional policy approach Wage-setting institutions (mínimum wages, collective bargaining) Skills policies (education, adult learning) Complement This report Catch-up of lagging firms Integrate labour market considerations into competition policy Reduce barriers to job mobility, especially for low-skilled
  • 14. 14 Thank you! Contacts Chiara Criscuolo (Chiara.criscuolo@oecd.org, STI) Alexander Hijzen (Alexander.hijzen@oecd.org, ELS) Cyrille Schwellnus (Cyrille.schwellnus@oecd.org, ECO) OECD team Antton Haramboure Michael Koelle Nathalie Scholl Wouter Zwysen (now ETUI) LinkEED network Wen-Hao Chen (Canada) Valerie Lankester, Catalina Sandoval, Jonathan Garita (Costa Rica) Antoine Bertheau (Denmark) Satu Nurmi (Finland) Duncan Roth, Alfred Garloff (Germany) Balazs Murakozy (Hungary) Ryo Kambayashi (Japan) Katarzyna Grabska-Romagosa (Netherlands) Richard Fabling (New Zealand) Erling Barth (Norway) Priscilla Fialho (Portugal) Vladimir Peciar (Slovak Republic) Andrei Gorshkov, Oskar Nordstrom Skans (Sweden) Richard Upward (United Kingdom) Kevin Rinz (United States)