SlideShare ist ein Scribd-Unternehmen logo
1 von 60
Downloaden Sie, um offline zu lesen
Business Research
Sampling
Business research sampling
• The tendency of the casual mind is to pick
out or stumble upon a sample which
supports or defies its prejudices, and then
to make it the representative of a whole
class. –Walter Lippmann
Business research sampling
Sampling
• A population is the aggregate of all the
members of a defined group that is being
studied.
• A census involves collection of from every
member of the population being studied
Business research sampling
• A sample is a group of people, objects, or
items taken from a larger population as a
representative of the population for
measurement and generalizing the findings
to the population as a whole
Business research sampling
Sampling Design Process
Business research sampling
Select a Sampling Technique
• Bayesian Versus Traditional approach
• Sampling with or without replacement
• Nonprobability Versus probability
sampling
Business research sampling
Sampling Techniques
Convenience
Sampling
Non-Probability
Sampling
Purposive
Sampling
QuotaSampling
Sampling
Techniques
Snowball
Sampling
Simple Random
Sampling
Probability
Sampling
Systematic
Sampling
Stratified
Sampling
Area Sampling
Cluster Sampling
Double Stage
Sampling
Sampling With
Probability
Proportional To Size
Business research sampling
Convenience:
• Convenience sampling is done based on
ease of selection of sample. The samples
are chosen simply because they were the
most convenient to choose.
Business research sampling
Purposive Sampling
• For purposive sampling, the researcher
chooses the sample based on who they
think would be appropriate for the study.
Quota Sampling
• Under quota sampling the samples are
selected in quotas from different strata.
Business research sampling
Snowball Sampling
• Snowball sampling is non-probability
sampling technique where existing samples
elements recruit future sample elements
from among their acquaintances
Business research sampling
Simple Random Sampling
• Simple random sampling is defined by two
properties. First, each member of the
population has an equal and known
probability of being selected in the sample.
Second, each combination of members of
the population has an equal chance of
forming the sample.
Business research sampling
Systematic Sampling
• Systematic sampling is also called as
Interval sampling. The sample is chosen by
selecting a random starting point and then
picking every ith element in succession
from the sampling frame.
Business research sampling
stratified sampling
• For stratified sampling, the population is
divided into homogeneous groups called
Strata. The strata should be mutually
exclusive and collectively exhaustive.
Independent samples are selected from
each stratum
Business research sampling
Cluster Sampling
• In cluster sampling the target population is
first divided into subpopulations called
clusters. The clusters are mutually
exclusive and collectively exhaustive
subpopulations. A random sample of
clusters is selected, using probability
sampling techniques.
Business research sampling
• If clusters are geographic subdivisions, then the
cluster sampling is also referred to as area
sampling. In case the cluster sampling units do
not have the same or approximately same number
of elements, then each cluster being included in
the sample is selected randomly such that the
probability of selection is proportional to the size
of the cluster. This type of cluster sampling is
called Sampling with probability proportional to
size.
Business research sampling
Selection of Non-probability versus probability sampling
Selection of non-probabilityversus probability samplingtechnique depends
on many factors. Some key conditionsin favor of probabilityand non-
probability samplingare discussed in below table:
Selection Criteria Favor Non-Probability
Sampling
Favor Probability
Sampling
Type of Research QualitativeResearch Quantitative
Research
Relativemagnitudeof Sampling
and Non sampling error
Non sampling error is
larger
Samplingerror is
larger
Population Homogeneity High Low
Statistical Considerations Unfavorable Favorable
Operational Considerations Favorable Unfavorable
Time Availability Low High
Budget Low High
Business research sampling
Question for Discussion
• In order to survey the opinions of its
customers, a restaurant chain obtained a
random sample of 30 customers from each
restaurant in the chain. Each selected
customer was asked to fill out a survey.
Which one of the following sampling plans
was used in this survey?
– Cluster sampling
– Stratified sampling
Online Sampling Techniques
• Internet surveys provide an easy and cost
effective method of survey. The online
survey can also provide a much better user
experience while answering the questions
than printed questionnaires.
Business research sampling
• BREAK
Business research sampling
Important terms and symbols
• Sample Statistic: A sample statistic is a summary
description of a characteristic or measure of the
sample. The sample statistic is used as an
estimate of the population parameter.
• Population Parameter: A population parameter is
a summary description of a fixed characteristic or
measure of the entire target population. A
population parameter indicates the true value
which would be obtained if a census was done
instead of a sample survey.
Business research sampling
• Descriptive statistics: The statistics that
describe basic characteristics and
summarize the data in a straightforward
and understandable manner.
• Inferential statistics: The statistics which is
used to make inferences or generalize
results from a sample to an entire
population
Business research sampling
• Proportions: A proportion denotes the
percentage of population elements that
successfully meet some criteria related to a
particular characteristic. A proportion may
be expressed as a percentage (20%), a
fraction (1/5), or a decimal value (0.20)
• Mean: The mean is the arithmetic average.
Researchers generally wish to know the
population mean µ
Business research sampling
Sampling Distribution
• The sampling distribution is a distribution
of a sample statistic calculated for each
sample that can be possibly drawn from
the target population
Business research sampling
For infinite population, sample size for means is calculated as:
For finite population sample size for means is calculated as:
Business research sampling
Sample Size
• A researcher wants to estimate the
population mean of P/E ratio for all stocks
listed on National Stock Exchange with 99
per cent confidence. Suppose the sample
standard deviation of P/E ratios for stocks
listed on the NSE is s = 6.5. How many
stocks should be included in the sample if
margin of error of 2 is desired?
Business research sampling
For infinite population, sample size for proportions is calculated as:
For finite population sample size for proportions is calculated as:
For finite population, sample size for means for a stratified sample is
calculated as:
Business research sampling
• A warehouse received a shipment of
returned glass bottles. These bottles are to
be sampled to estimate the proportion that
is unusable. From past experience, the
proportion of unusable bottles is estimated
to be 10 per cent. How large a random
2 2 2
=(2.576) (6.5) /(2) =70.09
sample should be taken to estimate the true
proportion of unusable bottles to within 7%
with 90 per cent confidence?
Business research sampling
It is given that e= 0.07, 0.10, Confidence level= 90%
α/2 = 1.645 at 90 per cent confidence level
Using the formula for n and substituting the given values, we have
2(0.10*0.90) / (0.07)2 = 49.7025
n= (1.645)
Business research sampling
Question
• For a population of 900, what should be
the sampling size necessary to estimate the
populatin mean at 95 per cent confidence
with a sampling error of 5 and the standard
deviation equal to 15?
Discussion Question
• A survey is carried out at a university to estimate the
percentage of undergraduates interested in hostel
accommodation during the current year. The university's
registrar keeps an alphabetical list of all undergraduates,
undergraduates registered in the year during which this
research is conducted. Someone proposes to choose a
number at random between one and one hundred, count
that far down the list, then take that name and every
hundredth name after it for the sample.
Business research sampling
– What will the sample size be?
– Is this a probability method? Is it the same as simple random
sampling
– Assume now that the registrar's list is not alphabetical, but rather
ordered by their percentage score in previous semester. Would
this method of sampling be adequate?
– Someone else proposes to go out and take the first hundred
undergraduates she sees as the sample. Is this a probability
method? Is it the same as simple random sampling?
– Assume that many students in the university who are from other
cities would have a higher chance of needing hostel. What
sampling method would you recommend?

Weitere ähnliche Inhalte

Was ist angesagt?

Introduction to sampling
Introduction to samplingIntroduction to sampling
Introduction to samplingSituo Liu
 
Sampling - Probability Vs Non-Probability
Sampling - Probability Vs Non-ProbabilitySampling - Probability Vs Non-Probability
Sampling - Probability Vs Non-ProbabilityAniruddha Deshmukh
 
Chp11 - Research Methods for Business By Authors Uma Sekaran and Roger Bougie
Chp11  - Research Methods for Business By Authors Uma Sekaran and Roger BougieChp11  - Research Methods for Business By Authors Uma Sekaran and Roger Bougie
Chp11 - Research Methods for Business By Authors Uma Sekaran and Roger BougieHassan Usman
 
Sampling and statistical inference
Sampling and statistical inferenceSampling and statistical inference
Sampling and statistical inferenceBhavik A Shah
 
200 chapter 7 measurement :scaling by uma sekaran
200 chapter 7 measurement :scaling by uma sekaran 200 chapter 7 measurement :scaling by uma sekaran
200 chapter 7 measurement :scaling by uma sekaran Irfan Sheikh
 
Conducting Marketing Research and Forecasting Demand
Conducting Marketing Research and Forecasting DemandConducting Marketing Research and Forecasting Demand
Conducting Marketing Research and Forecasting DemandAIMS Education
 
Chp9 - Research Methods for Business By Authors Uma Sekaran and Roger Bougie
Chp9  - Research Methods for Business By Authors Uma Sekaran and Roger BougieChp9  - Research Methods for Business By Authors Uma Sekaran and Roger Bougie
Chp9 - Research Methods for Business By Authors Uma Sekaran and Roger BougieHassan Usman
 
Bio statistics-Sampling techniques, Probability Sampling, Non-Probability Sam...
Bio statistics-Sampling techniques, Probability Sampling, Non-Probability Sam...Bio statistics-Sampling techniques, Probability Sampling, Non-Probability Sam...
Bio statistics-Sampling techniques, Probability Sampling, Non-Probability Sam...Quaid-e-Azam University, Islamabad
 
Chp12 - Research Methods for Business By Authors Uma Sekaran and Roger Bougie
Chp12  - Research Methods for Business By Authors Uma Sekaran and Roger BougieChp12  - Research Methods for Business By Authors Uma Sekaran and Roger Bougie
Chp12 - Research Methods for Business By Authors Uma Sekaran and Roger BougieHassan Usman
 
Parametric versus non parametric test
Parametric versus non parametric testParametric versus non parametric test
Parametric versus non parametric testJWANIKA VANSIYA
 
Non parametric methods
Non parametric methodsNon parametric methods
Non parametric methodsPedro Moreira
 
Sampling types-presentation-business research
Sampling types-presentation-business researchSampling types-presentation-business research
Sampling types-presentation-business researchHareesh M
 
Chapter 6 (sample design)
Chapter 6 (sample design)Chapter 6 (sample design)
Chapter 6 (sample design)BoreyThai1
 

Was ist angesagt? (20)

Brm sampling techniques
Brm sampling techniquesBrm sampling techniques
Brm sampling techniques
 
On Samples And Sampling
On Samples And SamplingOn Samples And Sampling
On Samples And Sampling
 
Introduction to sampling
Introduction to samplingIntroduction to sampling
Introduction to sampling
 
Sampling - Probability Vs Non-Probability
Sampling - Probability Vs Non-ProbabilitySampling - Probability Vs Non-Probability
Sampling - Probability Vs Non-Probability
 
Chp11 - Research Methods for Business By Authors Uma Sekaran and Roger Bougie
Chp11  - Research Methods for Business By Authors Uma Sekaran and Roger BougieChp11  - Research Methods for Business By Authors Uma Sekaran and Roger Bougie
Chp11 - Research Methods for Business By Authors Uma Sekaran and Roger Bougie
 
Malhotra14
Malhotra14Malhotra14
Malhotra14
 
Sampling and statistical inference
Sampling and statistical inferenceSampling and statistical inference
Sampling and statistical inference
 
Lecture 06
Lecture 06Lecture 06
Lecture 06
 
200 chapter 7 measurement :scaling by uma sekaran
200 chapter 7 measurement :scaling by uma sekaran 200 chapter 7 measurement :scaling by uma sekaran
200 chapter 7 measurement :scaling by uma sekaran
 
Conducting Marketing Research and Forecasting Demand
Conducting Marketing Research and Forecasting DemandConducting Marketing Research and Forecasting Demand
Conducting Marketing Research and Forecasting Demand
 
Chp9 - Research Methods for Business By Authors Uma Sekaran and Roger Bougie
Chp9  - Research Methods for Business By Authors Uma Sekaran and Roger BougieChp9  - Research Methods for Business By Authors Uma Sekaran and Roger Bougie
Chp9 - Research Methods for Business By Authors Uma Sekaran and Roger Bougie
 
Types of Sampling
Types of SamplingTypes of Sampling
Types of Sampling
 
Bio statistics-Sampling techniques, Probability Sampling, Non-Probability Sam...
Bio statistics-Sampling techniques, Probability Sampling, Non-Probability Sam...Bio statistics-Sampling techniques, Probability Sampling, Non-Probability Sam...
Bio statistics-Sampling techniques, Probability Sampling, Non-Probability Sam...
 
Chp12 - Research Methods for Business By Authors Uma Sekaran and Roger Bougie
Chp12  - Research Methods for Business By Authors Uma Sekaran and Roger BougieChp12  - Research Methods for Business By Authors Uma Sekaran and Roger Bougie
Chp12 - Research Methods for Business By Authors Uma Sekaran and Roger Bougie
 
Ch14 attitude measurement
Ch14 attitude measurementCh14 attitude measurement
Ch14 attitude measurement
 
Parametric versus non parametric test
Parametric versus non parametric testParametric versus non parametric test
Parametric versus non parametric test
 
Statistics2x2'x2'yates 'x'2
Statistics2x2'x2'yates 'x'2Statistics2x2'x2'yates 'x'2
Statistics2x2'x2'yates 'x'2
 
Non parametric methods
Non parametric methodsNon parametric methods
Non parametric methods
 
Sampling types-presentation-business research
Sampling types-presentation-business researchSampling types-presentation-business research
Sampling types-presentation-business research
 
Chapter 6 (sample design)
Chapter 6 (sample design)Chapter 6 (sample design)
Chapter 6 (sample design)
 

Ähnlich wie Business research sampling

Statr sessions 11 to 12
Statr sessions 11 to 12Statr sessions 11 to 12
Statr sessions 11 to 12Ruru Chowdhury
 
unit 10 Sampling presentation L- short.ppt
unit 10 Sampling presentation L- short.pptunit 10 Sampling presentation L- short.ppt
unit 10 Sampling presentation L- short.pptMitikuTeka1
 
Business Research Method - Unit IV, AKTU, Lucknow Syllabus
Business Research Method - Unit IV, AKTU, Lucknow SyllabusBusiness Research Method - Unit IV, AKTU, Lucknow Syllabus
Business Research Method - Unit IV, AKTU, Lucknow SyllabusKartikeya Singh
 
sampling techniques.pdf
sampling techniques.pdfsampling techniques.pdf
sampling techniques.pdfmng2021
 
Business Research Methods Unit IV
Business Research Methods Unit IVBusiness Research Methods Unit IV
Business Research Methods Unit IVKartikeya Singh
 
Research, Research Types and Research Methodology
Research, Research Types and Research MethodologyResearch, Research Types and Research Methodology
Research, Research Types and Research MethodologyIndreshBRajwade
 
Sampling and sampling distribution
Sampling and sampling distributionSampling and sampling distribution
Sampling and sampling distributionAli Raza
 
5. sampling design
5. sampling design5. sampling design
5. sampling designkbhupadhoj
 
Sampling biostatistics.pptx
Sampling biostatistics.pptxSampling biostatistics.pptx
Sampling biostatistics.pptxAhmedMinhas3
 
Probability & Non-Probability.pptx
Probability & Non-Probability.pptxProbability & Non-Probability.pptx
Probability & Non-Probability.pptxfakharmasood2
 
Chapter_2_Sampling.pptx
Chapter_2_Sampling.pptxChapter_2_Sampling.pptx
Chapter_2_Sampling.pptxSubodhPaudel6
 

Ähnlich wie Business research sampling (20)

Statr sessions 11 to 12
Statr sessions 11 to 12Statr sessions 11 to 12
Statr sessions 11 to 12
 
unit 10 Sampling presentation L- short.ppt
unit 10 Sampling presentation L- short.pptunit 10 Sampling presentation L- short.ppt
unit 10 Sampling presentation L- short.ppt
 
2RM2 PPT.pptx
2RM2 PPT.pptx2RM2 PPT.pptx
2RM2 PPT.pptx
 
Business Research Method - Unit IV, AKTU, Lucknow Syllabus
Business Research Method - Unit IV, AKTU, Lucknow SyllabusBusiness Research Method - Unit IV, AKTU, Lucknow Syllabus
Business Research Method - Unit IV, AKTU, Lucknow Syllabus
 
sampling techniques.pdf
sampling techniques.pdfsampling techniques.pdf
sampling techniques.pdf
 
Business Research Methods Unit IV
Business Research Methods Unit IVBusiness Research Methods Unit IV
Business Research Methods Unit IV
 
Research, Research Types and Research Methodology
Research, Research Types and Research MethodologyResearch, Research Types and Research Methodology
Research, Research Types and Research Methodology
 
Sampling and sampling distribution
Sampling and sampling distributionSampling and sampling distribution
Sampling and sampling distribution
 
Sampling
SamplingSampling
Sampling
 
5. sampling design
5. sampling design5. sampling design
5. sampling design
 
samplingdesignppt.pdf
samplingdesignppt.pdfsamplingdesignppt.pdf
samplingdesignppt.pdf
 
Sampling
SamplingSampling
Sampling
 
Sampling design ppt
Sampling design pptSampling design ppt
Sampling design ppt
 
Brm chap-4 present-updated
Brm chap-4 present-updatedBrm chap-4 present-updated
Brm chap-4 present-updated
 
Sampling biostatistics.pptx
Sampling biostatistics.pptxSampling biostatistics.pptx
Sampling biostatistics.pptx
 
Sampling.pdf
Sampling.pdfSampling.pdf
Sampling.pdf
 
Sampling.pptx
Sampling.pptxSampling.pptx
Sampling.pptx
 
Probability & Non-Probability.pptx
Probability & Non-Probability.pptxProbability & Non-Probability.pptx
Probability & Non-Probability.pptx
 
Chapter_2_Sampling.pptx
Chapter_2_Sampling.pptxChapter_2_Sampling.pptx
Chapter_2_Sampling.pptx
 
chapter8-sampling-IoxO.pptx
chapter8-sampling-IoxO.pptxchapter8-sampling-IoxO.pptx
chapter8-sampling-IoxO.pptx
 

Mehr von Nishant Pahad

International business 1
International business 1International business 1
International business 1Nishant Pahad
 
International business 4 WORLD TRADE
International business 4 WORLD TRADEInternational business 4 WORLD TRADE
International business 4 WORLD TRADENishant Pahad
 
International business 2 ECONOMIC SYSTEM
International business 2 ECONOMIC SYSTEMInternational business 2 ECONOMIC SYSTEM
International business 2 ECONOMIC SYSTEMNishant Pahad
 
10 online transactions
10 online transactions10 online transactions
10 online transactionsNishant Pahad
 
Micro finance in India: legal and regulatory framework
Micro finance in India: legal and regulatory frameworkMicro finance in India: legal and regulatory framework
Micro finance in India: legal and regulatory frameworkNishant Pahad
 
Credit facilities and support services
Credit facilities and support services Credit facilities and support services
Credit facilities and support services Nishant Pahad
 
e-business technologies and trends
e-business technologies and trendse-business technologies and trends
e-business technologies and trendsNishant Pahad
 
E marketing planning
E marketing planningE marketing planning
E marketing planningNishant Pahad
 
E marketing planning
E marketing planningE marketing planning
E marketing planningNishant Pahad
 
Unit 5 E-BUSINESS OPERATIONS AND PROCESSES
Unit 5 E-BUSINESS OPERATIONS AND PROCESSESUnit 5 E-BUSINESS OPERATIONS AND PROCESSES
Unit 5 E-BUSINESS OPERATIONS AND PROCESSESNishant Pahad
 
Online commodity trading
Online commodity tradingOnline commodity trading
Online commodity tradingNishant Pahad
 
commodity trading and derivatives
commodity trading and derivativescommodity trading and derivatives
commodity trading and derivativesNishant Pahad
 
Commodity derivatives
Commodity derivativesCommodity derivatives
Commodity derivativesNishant Pahad
 
Issues and challenges in e-business
Issues and challenges in e-businessIssues and challenges in e-business
Issues and challenges in e-businessNishant Pahad
 

Mehr von Nishant Pahad (20)

International business 1
International business 1International business 1
International business 1
 
International business 4 WORLD TRADE
International business 4 WORLD TRADEInternational business 4 WORLD TRADE
International business 4 WORLD TRADE
 
International business 2 ECONOMIC SYSTEM
International business 2 ECONOMIC SYSTEMInternational business 2 ECONOMIC SYSTEM
International business 2 ECONOMIC SYSTEM
 
10 online transactions
10 online transactions10 online transactions
10 online transactions
 
Micro finance in India: legal and regulatory framework
Micro finance in India: legal and regulatory frameworkMicro finance in India: legal and regulatory framework
Micro finance in India: legal and regulatory framework
 
Credit facilities and support services
Credit facilities and support services Credit facilities and support services
Credit facilities and support services
 
e-business technologies and trends
e-business technologies and trendse-business technologies and trends
e-business technologies and trends
 
E ticketing
E ticketing E ticketing
E ticketing
 
E marketing planning
E marketing planningE marketing planning
E marketing planning
 
E marketing planning
E marketing planningE marketing planning
E marketing planning
 
E - governance
E - governanceE - governance
E - governance
 
E governance
E governance E governance
E governance
 
E banking
E bankingE banking
E banking
 
Unit 5 E-BUSINESS OPERATIONS AND PROCESSES
Unit 5 E-BUSINESS OPERATIONS AND PROCESSESUnit 5 E-BUSINESS OPERATIONS AND PROCESSES
Unit 5 E-BUSINESS OPERATIONS AND PROCESSES
 
Online commodity trading
Online commodity tradingOnline commodity trading
Online commodity trading
 
commodity trading and derivatives
commodity trading and derivativescommodity trading and derivatives
commodity trading and derivatives
 
Commodity derivatives
Commodity derivativesCommodity derivatives
Commodity derivatives
 
Issues and challenges in e-business
Issues and challenges in e-businessIssues and challenges in e-business
Issues and challenges in e-business
 
EDI
EDIEDI
EDI
 
E business models
E business modelsE business models
E business models
 

Kürzlich hochgeladen

What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?TechSoup
 
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17Celine George
 
Prescribed medication order and communication skills.pptx
Prescribed medication order and communication skills.pptxPrescribed medication order and communication skills.pptx
Prescribed medication order and communication skills.pptxraviapr7
 
Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.
Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.
Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.raviapr7
 
How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17
How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17
How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17Celine George
 
Practical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptx
Practical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptxPractical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptx
Practical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptxKatherine Villaluna
 
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17Celine George
 
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptx
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptxAUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptx
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptxiammrhaywood
 
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptxM-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptxDr. Santhosh Kumar. N
 
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptxEducation and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptxraviapr7
 
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17Celine George
 
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptx
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptxIn - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptx
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptxAditiChauhan701637
 
General views of Histopathology and step
General views of Histopathology and stepGeneral views of Histopathology and step
General views of Histopathology and stepobaje godwin sunday
 
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...CaraSkikne1
 
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17Celine George
 
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptx
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptxCAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptx
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptxSaurabhParmar42
 
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRA
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRADUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRA
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRATanmoy Mishra
 
How to Solve Singleton Error in the Odoo 17
How to Solve Singleton Error in the  Odoo 17How to Solve Singleton Error in the  Odoo 17
How to Solve Singleton Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
 

Kürzlich hochgeladen (20)

Prelims of Kant get Marx 2.0: a general politics quiz
Prelims of Kant get Marx 2.0: a general politics quizPrelims of Kant get Marx 2.0: a general politics quiz
Prelims of Kant get Marx 2.0: a general politics quiz
 
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?
 
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
 
Prescribed medication order and communication skills.pptx
Prescribed medication order and communication skills.pptxPrescribed medication order and communication skills.pptx
Prescribed medication order and communication skills.pptx
 
Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.
Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.
Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.
 
How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17
How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17
How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17
 
Practical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptx
Practical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptxPractical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptx
Practical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptx
 
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17
 
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptx
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptxAUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptx
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptx
 
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptxM-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
 
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptxEducation and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
 
Personal Resilience in Project Management 2 - TV Edit 1a.pdf
Personal Resilience in Project Management 2 - TV Edit 1a.pdfPersonal Resilience in Project Management 2 - TV Edit 1a.pdf
Personal Resilience in Project Management 2 - TV Edit 1a.pdf
 
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
 
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptx
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptxIn - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptx
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptx
 
General views of Histopathology and step
General views of Histopathology and stepGeneral views of Histopathology and step
General views of Histopathology and step
 
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...
 
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
 
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptx
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptxCAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptx
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptx
 
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRA
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRADUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRA
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRA
 
How to Solve Singleton Error in the Odoo 17
How to Solve Singleton Error in the  Odoo 17How to Solve Singleton Error in the  Odoo 17
How to Solve Singleton Error in the Odoo 17
 

Business research sampling

  • 3. • The tendency of the casual mind is to pick out or stumble upon a sample which supports or defies its prejudices, and then to make it the representative of a whole class. –Walter Lippmann
  • 5. Sampling • A population is the aggregate of all the members of a defined group that is being studied. • A census involves collection of from every member of the population being studied
  • 7. • A sample is a group of people, objects, or items taken from a larger population as a representative of the population for measurement and generalizing the findings to the population as a whole
  • 11. Select a Sampling Technique • Bayesian Versus Traditional approach • Sampling with or without replacement • Nonprobability Versus probability sampling
  • 15. Convenience: • Convenience sampling is done based on ease of selection of sample. The samples are chosen simply because they were the most convenient to choose.
  • 17. Purposive Sampling • For purposive sampling, the researcher chooses the sample based on who they think would be appropriate for the study.
  • 18. Quota Sampling • Under quota sampling the samples are selected in quotas from different strata.
  • 20. Snowball Sampling • Snowball sampling is non-probability sampling technique where existing samples elements recruit future sample elements from among their acquaintances
  • 22. Simple Random Sampling • Simple random sampling is defined by two properties. First, each member of the population has an equal and known probability of being selected in the sample. Second, each combination of members of the population has an equal chance of forming the sample.
  • 24. Systematic Sampling • Systematic sampling is also called as Interval sampling. The sample is chosen by selecting a random starting point and then picking every ith element in succession from the sampling frame.
  • 26. stratified sampling • For stratified sampling, the population is divided into homogeneous groups called Strata. The strata should be mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive. Independent samples are selected from each stratum
  • 28. Cluster Sampling • In cluster sampling the target population is first divided into subpopulations called clusters. The clusters are mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive subpopulations. A random sample of clusters is selected, using probability sampling techniques.
  • 30. • If clusters are geographic subdivisions, then the cluster sampling is also referred to as area sampling. In case the cluster sampling units do not have the same or approximately same number of elements, then each cluster being included in the sample is selected randomly such that the probability of selection is proportional to the size of the cluster. This type of cluster sampling is called Sampling with probability proportional to size.
  • 32. Selection of Non-probability versus probability sampling Selection of non-probabilityversus probability samplingtechnique depends on many factors. Some key conditionsin favor of probabilityand non- probability samplingare discussed in below table: Selection Criteria Favor Non-Probability Sampling Favor Probability Sampling Type of Research QualitativeResearch Quantitative Research Relativemagnitudeof Sampling and Non sampling error Non sampling error is larger Samplingerror is larger Population Homogeneity High Low Statistical Considerations Unfavorable Favorable Operational Considerations Favorable Unfavorable Time Availability Low High Budget Low High
  • 34. Question for Discussion • In order to survey the opinions of its customers, a restaurant chain obtained a random sample of 30 customers from each restaurant in the chain. Each selected customer was asked to fill out a survey. Which one of the following sampling plans was used in this survey? – Cluster sampling – Stratified sampling
  • 35. Online Sampling Techniques • Internet surveys provide an easy and cost effective method of survey. The online survey can also provide a much better user experience while answering the questions than printed questionnaires.
  • 39. Important terms and symbols • Sample Statistic: A sample statistic is a summary description of a characteristic or measure of the sample. The sample statistic is used as an estimate of the population parameter. • Population Parameter: A population parameter is a summary description of a fixed characteristic or measure of the entire target population. A population parameter indicates the true value which would be obtained if a census was done instead of a sample survey.
  • 41. • Descriptive statistics: The statistics that describe basic characteristics and summarize the data in a straightforward and understandable manner. • Inferential statistics: The statistics which is used to make inferences or generalize results from a sample to an entire population
  • 43. • Proportions: A proportion denotes the percentage of population elements that successfully meet some criteria related to a particular characteristic. A proportion may be expressed as a percentage (20%), a fraction (1/5), or a decimal value (0.20) • Mean: The mean is the arithmetic average. Researchers generally wish to know the population mean µ
  • 45. Sampling Distribution • The sampling distribution is a distribution of a sample statistic calculated for each sample that can be possibly drawn from the target population
  • 47. For infinite population, sample size for means is calculated as: For finite population sample size for means is calculated as:
  • 49. Sample Size • A researcher wants to estimate the population mean of P/E ratio for all stocks listed on National Stock Exchange with 99 per cent confidence. Suppose the sample standard deviation of P/E ratios for stocks listed on the NSE is s = 6.5. How many stocks should be included in the sample if margin of error of 2 is desired?
  • 51. For infinite population, sample size for proportions is calculated as: For finite population sample size for proportions is calculated as: For finite population, sample size for means for a stratified sample is calculated as:
  • 53. • A warehouse received a shipment of returned glass bottles. These bottles are to be sampled to estimate the proportion that is unusable. From past experience, the proportion of unusable bottles is estimated to be 10 per cent. How large a random 2 2 2 =(2.576) (6.5) /(2) =70.09 sample should be taken to estimate the true proportion of unusable bottles to within 7% with 90 per cent confidence?
  • 55. It is given that e= 0.07, 0.10, Confidence level= 90% α/2 = 1.645 at 90 per cent confidence level Using the formula for n and substituting the given values, we have 2(0.10*0.90) / (0.07)2 = 49.7025 n= (1.645)
  • 57. Question • For a population of 900, what should be the sampling size necessary to estimate the populatin mean at 95 per cent confidence with a sampling error of 5 and the standard deviation equal to 15?
  • 58. Discussion Question • A survey is carried out at a university to estimate the percentage of undergraduates interested in hostel accommodation during the current year. The university's registrar keeps an alphabetical list of all undergraduates, undergraduates registered in the year during which this research is conducted. Someone proposes to choose a number at random between one and one hundred, count that far down the list, then take that name and every hundredth name after it for the sample.
  • 60. – What will the sample size be? – Is this a probability method? Is it the same as simple random sampling – Assume now that the registrar's list is not alphabetical, but rather ordered by their percentage score in previous semester. Would this method of sampling be adequate? – Someone else proposes to go out and take the first hundred undergraduates she sees as the sample. Is this a probability method? Is it the same as simple random sampling? – Assume that many students in the university who are from other cities would have a higher chance of needing hostel. What sampling method would you recommend?