pathology of smoking, medicine, pathophysiology

1. Pathological physiology
NASIM BADARNA
3 GM

2. 
 Smoking is process of inhaling a burned chemical
substances into our lungs…
 It can be through Cigarettes, pipes, cigars, hookahs
etc.…
 where they are rapidly absorbed into the
bloodstream and reach the body tissue (as the gas
diffuses directly into the pulmonary vein, then into
the heart and from there to the brain).
What is Smoking?

3. 
 It is a complex mixture of over 5,000 identified
chemicals, of which 98 are known to have
specific toxicological properties.
*Nicotine is not one of them!
 The inhaled substance nicotine binds to nicotine
acetylcholine resceptors in the brain due to being
similar to endorphins and dopamine (leads to
sensations of pleasure, relaxation, and satisfaction).
What do we inhale ?

4. 
 Smoking is one of the leading causes of preventable
death globally.
 being among the leading causes of many diseases
such as lung cancer, heart attacks, COPD, erectile
dysfunction, Alzheimer's disease, vascular stenosis
and birth defects(Smoking during pregnancy may
cause ADHD to a fetus).
Smoking Kills !

5. 
Smoking can damage
every part of the body

6. 
 Immediately after inhaling; incomplete combustion
produced by tobacco produces carbon monoxide,
which impairs the ability of blood hemoglobin (the
oxygen-carrying component in red blood cells) to
carry oxygen when inhaled into the lungs.
 Blood cells are naturally recycled after a certain
period of time, allowing creation of new
erythrocytes. However, if carbon monoxide exposure
reaches a certain point before they can be recycled,
hypoxia (and later death) occurs.
Step by step

7. 
 responses associated within the heart and blood
vessels. Within one minute the heart rate begins to
rise, increasing by as much as 30 percent during the
first 10 minutes of smoking.
 Increases blood pressure.
 Several ingredients of tobacco lead to the narrowing
and weakening of blood vessels, increasing the
likelihood of a blockage, and thus a heart
attack or stroke.
Cardiovascular disease

8. 
 Smoking raises the levels of fibrinogen and increases
platelet production.
  linked to Buerger's disease (thromboangiitis
obliterans);
 the acute inflammation and thrombosis
(clotting) of arteries and vines of the hands
and feet( e.g. DVT).
Cardiovascular disease

9. 
 Smoking tends to increase blood cholesterol
levels; the ratio of high-density lipoprotein ("good"
cholesterol) to low-density lipoprotein ("bad"
cholesterol) tends to be lower in smokers compared
to non-smokers.
 these factors make smokers more at risk of
developing various forms of arteriosclerosis.
Cardiovascular disease

10. 
 Arteriosclerosis: is the thickening, hardening and
loss of elasticity of the walls of arteries.

As the arteriosclerosis progresses, blood flows less
easily through the narrowed blood vessels,
making the blood more likely to form a
thrombosis (clot). Sudden blockage of a blood
vessel may lead to an myocardial infarction
(strokeMI).
Cardiovascular disease

11. 
…Cardiovascular disease…

12. 
 particularly lung cancer(90%), kidney, larynx, bladder
cancer, esophagus, pancreas] and stomach cancer.
 chemicals are those that produce DNA damage. since
such damage appears to be the primary underlying cause
of cancer.
 genotoxic effect
 e.g. acrolein: binds to guanidine in DNA –
mutagenic and carcinogenic effects.
polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon( epoxide
causes genetic mutation).
Nitrosamine.
Cancer

13. 
 long term exposure to compounds in the smoke
(e.g., carbon monoxide…) is responsible for
pulmonary damage and for loss of elasticity in
the alveoli, leading to emphysema (the air sacs of the
lungs are damaged and enlarged, causing
breathlessness), chronic bronchitis and COPD
(permanent reduction of pulmonary capacity
characterized by shortness of breath, wheezing,
persistent cough with sputum, and damage to the
lungs.)
pulmonary damage

14. 
 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary disease Emphsema

15. 
 Renal:
smoking encourages the progression of diabetic
nephropathy( caused by damage to the capillaries in
the kidney’s glomeruli. It is due to longstanding
diabetes mellitus.
 Infection:
It is believed that smoking increases the risk
pulmonary and respiratory tract infections both
through structural damage and through effects on
the immune system.
Other diseases

16. 
 Skin
premature skin aging
 sexual dysfunction
loss of sexual activity – mainly in men.
 If smoker stops smoking, it lasts 15 years to reach
health status of non-smoker
Other diseases
Smoker’s Face

17. 
 https://youtu.be/bA-s39UH4QY
 https://youtu.be/Bb8p2GEiRk0
Video links

18. 
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoking#Substance
s_and_equipment
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_effects_of_to
bacco
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung_cancer
 http://www.webmd.com/lung/copd/tc/chronic-
obstructive-pulmonary-disease-copd-overview
 Thank you for your attention
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