Natural Sources of Drugs e.g. from Microorganisms Prepared by Mustafa Kamal Ahmed Khan, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi.

1. Presentation
ON
Natural Sources of Drugs e.g. from Microorganisms

2. Prepared By -
Mustafa Kamal Ahmed Khan
Sub- Pharmacology
B.Sc.-M.Sc. Integrated Program
3rd Semester- 2019
Department of Toxicology
School of chemical and Life Sciences
Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi - 110062

3. • Sources of Drugs
• --- Natural Sources Of Drugs -
• Microorganisms
Some medicines name are written below and Microorganisms,
from where the Specific Medicine Prepared by Scientist in
various year and the disease is written in which the Medicines
are being used.

4. 1. Mycophenolate
• Bartolomeo Gasio
• 1893
• Penicillium brevicompactum
• Used to treat : Mycophenolate is used for the prevention of organ
transplant rejection. Mycophenolate mofetil is indicated for the
prevention of organ transplant rejection in adults and renal
transplant rejection in children over 2 years; whereas mycophenolate
sodium is indicated for the prevention of renal transplant rejection in
adults. Mycophenolate sodium has also been used for the prevention of
rejection in liver, heart, or lung transplants in children older than two
year. It is also used for retroperitoneal fibrosis along with a number of
other medications.

5. • Its increasing application in treating lupus nephritis has demonstrated more
frequent complete response and less frequent complicationscompared
to cyclophosphamide bolus therapy, a regimen with risk of bone marrow
suppression, infertility, and malignancy.Further work addressing maintenance
therapy demonstrated mycophenolate superior to cyclophosphamide, again in
terms of response and side-effects. Walsh proposed that mycophenolate should
be considered as a first-line induction therapy for treatment of lupus nephritis
in people without kidney dysfunction.

6. Structure : Mycophenolate

7. 2. Penicillin
• First Antibiotic
• Alexander Fleming
• 1928
• Penicillium mold
• Nobel Prize – 1945 (Shared with Florey and Chain).
• Extensively used to treat to treat American Soldiers wounded in World War II.
• Penicillin can be used to treat a wide range of infections caused
by certain susceptible bacteria, including those in
the Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Clostridium, Neisseria,
and Listeria genera.

8. Structure: Penicillin
Penicillin core Structure , where
“R” is the variable group

9. 3. Streptomycin
•Albert Israel Schatz
•1943
• Streptomyces griseus
• Used to treat : Tuberculosis, Mycobacterium
avium complex, endocarditis, brucellosis, plague,
and rat bite fever, etc.
Common side effects include feeling like the world is spinning, vomiting,
numbness of the face, fever, and rash.Use during pregnancy may result in
permanent deafness in the developing baby.Use appears to be safe
while breastfeeding.

10. Structure : Streptomycin

11. 4.Tetracycline
•Benjamin Minge Duggar
•1945
•Streptomyces genus of Actinobacteria
•Used to treat a number of infections. This
includes acne, cholera, brucellosis,
plague, malaria, and syphilis.

12. Structure : Tetracycline

13. 5.Erythromycin
• Abelardo B. Aguilar
• 1952
• Saccharopolyspora erythraea
• It is used for the treatment of a number of bacterial infections.
This includes respiratory tract infections, skin infections, chlamydia
infections, pelvic inflammatory disease, and syphilis. It may also be
used during pregnancy to prevent Group B streptococcal
infection in the new born, as well as to improve delayed stomach
emptying.

14. •Structure : Erythromycin

15. 6.Cephalosporins
• Giuseppe Brotzu
• 1945
• Acremonium
• Used to treat : Cephalosporins are indicated for the prophylaxis and
treatment of infections caused by bacteria susceptible to this particular
form of antibiotic. First-generation cephalosporins are active
predominantly against Gram-positive bacteria, such
as Staphylococcus and Streptococcus. They are therefore used mostly for
skin and soft tissue infections.
The antibiotic may be used for patients who are allergic to penicillin. The
different β-lactam antibiotic structure. The drug is able to be excreted in
the urine.

16. • Structure : Cephalosporins

17. 7.Bacitracin
• Balbina Johnson
• 1945
• Bacillus subtilis
• Bacitracin is used in human medicine as a polypeptide antibiotic and is
"approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in chickens
and turkeys," though use in animals contributes to antibiotic resistance.
• As bacitracin zinc salt, in combination with other topical antibiotics as
an ointment, it is used for topical treatment of a variety of localized skin and eye
infections, as well as for the prevention of wound infections.
• Bacitracin is also commonly used as an aftercare antibiotic on tattoos. It is
preferred over combination products such as Neosporin because of its fewer
ingredients, which lowers chances of an allergic reaction.

18. Structure : Bacitracin

19. 8.Chlortetracycline
•Yellapragada Subbarow
•1945
•Streptomyces aureofaciens
•Used to treat : In veterinary medicine,
chlortetracycline is commonly used to
treat conjunctivitis in cats, dogs and horses. It is
also used to treat infected wounds in cattle, sheep
an pigs, and respiratory tract infections in calves,
pigs and chickens.

20. Structure : Chlortetracycline

21. 9. Chloramphenicol
• Mildred Rebstock and his team
• Sreptomyces venezuelae
• 1947
• Used to treat : for the treatment of a number of bacterial
infections. This includes use as an eye ointment to
treat conjunctivitis. By mouth or by injection into a vein, it
is used to treat meningitis, plague, cholera, and typhoid
fever. It’s use by mouth or by injection is only
recommended when safer antibiotics cannot be used.

22. Structure : Chloramphenicol

23. 10. Neomycin
• Selman Waksman
• 1949
• Streptomyces fradiae
• Neomycin is typically used as a topical preparation, such as Neosporin. It can also
be given orally, where it is usually combined with other antibiotics. Neomycin is not
absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and has been used as a preventive
measure for hepatic encephalopathy and hypercholesterolemia. By killing bacteria
in the intestinal tract, it keeps ammonia levels low and prevents hepatic
encephalopathy, especially prior to GI surgery. It works as an antibiotic that is
active against streptomycin-resistant bacteria, including in the case of tuberculosis
organisms. It has also been used to treat small intestinal bacterial overgrowth. It is
not given via injection, as neomycin is extremely nephrotoxic.

24. Structure : Neomycin

25. *Thank You*