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The Future of Energy Production and Renewable Energy Trends
- 1. THE FUTURE OF ENERGY PRODUCTION THE STATE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY
- 2. LEARNING OBJECTIVES Understand the fundamentals of energy and its role in the US economy for commercial & residential end users Identify the types of energy sources, geographic/natural potential, barriers to production, and environmental impact Understand the “climate” of renewable energy in the US and future trends Identify resources & tools for application on commercial design projects
- 3. A QUIZ ALREADY??? https://energy.gov/articles/quiz-know-your-power-plants
- 4. 2016 RENEWABLES OUT PACE COAL!
- 5. CURRENT STATE OF ENERGY USE
- 6. US ENERGY PRODUCTION PROJECTIONS
- 7. WHAT IS ENERGY??? Energy comes in different forms: Heat (thermal) Light (radiant) Motion (kinetic) Electrical Chemical Nuclear energy Gravitational There are two types of energy: Stored (potential) energy Working (kinetic) energy BACK TO BASICS
- 13. COST – RENEWABLES VERSUS NON- RENEWABLES 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Solar Coal Nuclear Gas Wind Oil Cost (US$ cents/kWh)
- 14. TACKLING GLOBAL WARMING Demand Side More efficient end-user appliances and lower consumer demand Energy-saving light bulbs, more efficient air conditioners and freezers etc. Nearly 80% of projected CO2 reductions by 2030 to come from demand- side efficiencies Supply Side Produce energy from cleaner sources such as wind, solar, biofuels, nuclear etc. Produce energy more efficiently Reduce emissions Reduce deforestation Adaptation Measures such as strengthening flood defenses to adapt to the effects of climate change Reducing CO2 Emissions
- 15. WHY RENEWABLES? Do not deplete natural resources Global warming has hit the public (and political?) conscience Effective method to reduce CO2 emissions Guarantee Energy security for countries deploying it Legislation being passed making renewables more attractive
- 16. CORPORATE RESPONABILITY LEADING CHANGE IN AMERICA
- 18. HYDROELECTRIC Currently largest source of electricity from renewables. Needs guaranteed supply of water. Kinetic energy of water rotates turbines which generate electricity. One of the oldest types of renewable energy technologies
- 19. TIDAL POWER Located at some coastal sites - usually estuaries and bays with large tidal range. At high tide reservoir of water is created which is allowed to ebb through turbines located in dam. Expensive construction.
- 21. COSTS
- 23. WIND ENERGY
- 24. THE BASICS OF WIND Converts kinetic energy for wind to electrical energy Broadly serving as the renewable of choice in Europe and the United States Uncertainty is the main problem with wind production owing to the inherent unpredictability of weather conditions Utilization for wind generation is generally rather low, with most in the 25-35% utilization rate
- 26. WINDMILLERS
- 28. SOLAR ENERGY
- 30. PHOTOVOLTAICS Solar energy is generally captured in two forms: via photovoltaic cells for electricity generation or via thermal panels for heating purposes Recent advances in technology and support from certain governments have continued to drive solar penetration
- 31. SOLAR THERMAL
- 33. THE POWER OF SOLAR
- 34. HOW ARE WE DOING?
- 35. HOW MUCH DOES IT COST?
- 37. BIOFUELS
- 38. LIFE CYCLE
- 40. OTHER RENEWABLES Landfill Gas Biomass Fuel Cells Active Solar Heating Energy Crops Geothermal
- 43. SIMPLE FRAMEWORK
- 45. TOOLS & RESOURCES Whole Building Design Guide Database of State Incentives for Renewable Energy (DSIRE) DOE–EERE Biomass Basics DOE–EERE Alternative Fuels and Advanced Vehicles DOE–EERE Geothermal Technologies Office DOE–Marine and Hydrokinetic Technology Database DOE–EERE Microhydropower Basics NREL Biomass Basics PVWatts® Calculator Wind Resource Maps
- 46. QUESTIONS?
Editor's Notes
- Clean energy grew at a record pace as the United States added 22GW of capacity — the equivalent of 11 Hoover Dams — to the grid from renewable sources last year, significantly trumping new fossil fuel additions, according to a new report. Coal-fired power plants now provide only 30% of the country's electricity compared with nearly half of the supply in 2008. The 2017 edition of the Sustainable Energy in America Factbook – produced for the Business Council for Sustainable Energy by Bloomberg New Energy Finance, provides up-to-date, accurate market information about the broad range of industries — energy efficiency, natural gas and renewable energy— that are contributing to the country’s move towards cleaner energy production and more efficient energy usage.
- America needs energy that is secure, reliable, improves public health, protects the environment, addresses climate change, creates jobs, and provides technological leadership. America needs renewable energy. If renewable energy is to be developed to its full potential, America will need coordinated, sustained federal and state policies that expand renewable energy markets; promote and deploy new technology; and provide appropriate opportunities to encourage renewable energy use in all critical energy market sectors: wholesale and distributed electricity generation, thermal energy applications, and transportation
- People use energy for everything from making a jump shot to sending astronauts into space. For example, the food a person eats contains chemical energy, and a person's body stores this energy until he or she uses it as kinetic energy during work or play. Renewable vs. Non-Renewable Renewable and nonrenewable energy sources can be used as primary energy sources to produce useful energy such as heat or used to produce secondary energy sources such as electricity. When people use electricity in their homes, the electrical power was probably generated from burning coal or natural gas, a nuclear reaction, or a hydroelectric plant on a river, to name a few possible energy sources. The gasoline people use to fuel their cars is made from crude oil (nonrenewable energy) and may contain a biofuel (renewable energy) like ethanol, which is made from processed corn. A car engine burns gasoline, converting the chemical energy in gasoline into mechanical energy. Solar photovoltaic cells change radiant energy into electrical energy. Energy changes form, but the total amount of energy in the universe stays the same. Most energy transformations are not efficient. The human body is a good example. The human body is like a machine, and the fuel it requires is food. Food gives a person energy to move, breathe, and think. However, the human body isn't very efficient at converting food into useful work. The human body is less than 5% efficient most of the time. The rest of the energy is converted to heat, which may or may not be useful, depending on how cool or warm a person wants to be.
- 1MW – powers approx. 165 US homes
- The trick with renewable energy generation is that not every tool works in every environment. The gusty plains of the midwest are great for wind, while solar does better in the deserts of the south. In this map by SNL you can see where the new energy infrastructure is expected to roll out.
- LLNL Flow charts, also referred to as Sankey Diagrams, are single-page references that contain quantitative data about resource, commodity, and byproduct flows in a graphical form. These flow charts help scientists, analysts, and other decision makers to visualize the complex interrelationships involved in managing our nation’s resources.
- According to a new report by Oil Change international and the Overseas Development Institute, the G20 countries provide $452 billion in subsidies to the fossil fuel industry, while only $121 billion goes to subsidizing clean, renewable energy.
- A 2010 survey conducted by Applied Materials shows that two-thirds of Americans believe solar technology should play a greater role in meeting the country's energy needs. In addition, "three-quarters of Americans feel that increasing renewable energy and decreasing U.S. dependence on foreign oil are the country's top energy priorities". According to the survey, "67 percent of Americans would be willing to pay more for their monthly utility bill if their utility company increased its use of renewable energy".
- Why don't we use more renewable energy? In general, renewable energy is more expensive to produce and to use than fossil fuel energy. Favorable renewable resources are often located in remote areas, and it can be expensive to build power lines from the renewable energy sources to the cities that need the electricity. In addition, renewable sources are not always available: Clouds reduce electricity from solar power plants. Days with low wind reduce electricity from wind farms. Droughts reduce the water available for hydropower.
- Nova Scotia hailed North America's first successful grid-connected tidal turbine Tuesday with a ceremonial flipping of a switch at a substation outside Parrsboro. "We are ushering in a new era and taking an unprecedented step towards a lower carbon future," said Energy Minister Michel Samson. The 1,000-tonne, five-storey turbine was lowered onto the floor of the Minas Passage earlier this month. It was quickly connected to land via a subsea cable and started producing electricity almost right away. The turbine generates two megawatts of electricity — enough to power 500 homes. The deployment is part of a large-scale demonstration project to test the technology in the powerful tides of the Bay of Fundy over the next several years.
- Obtaining electricity from tidal power stations is an expensive undertaking. The 8000 MW [1.3M homes] proposed Severn Estuary barrage system in the UK is estimated to cost US$15 billion and the proposed San Bernadino Strait, 2,200 MW [380k homes] tidal fence in the Philippines will cost US$3 billion (SMEC 2003). PROS Cheap electricity Capable of providing base load power Capable of large scale production CONS Environmental concerns. Ecology in dam catchment area destroyed Humanitarian implications. Settlements in catchment areas have to be relocated Depends on seasonal nature of water (rain) availability in catchment area High upfront capital investment costs Limited in number of potential sites/locations
- Current is generated through Photovoltaic effect -flow of free electrons in Silicon Panel due to solar irradiance Direct current (DC) is generated which can be stored in a battery or converted to Alternating Current (AC)
- Sun’s infrared rays are concentrated through reflecting mirrors on a heating fluid (normally liquid salt) medium, which in turn generates steam to propel turbines
- Texas drops a spot this year, even with its pockets of great solar policy in big cities like Dallas, Austin and San Antonio. On the whole, the energy marketplace here gives utility companies a better chance than the little guy, but those big cities often have great programs to help you go solar, and we’ve heard there might be a few people living in them. If you live within 40 miles of a major city center in Texas, you owe it to yourself to check out the possibilities for solar on your roof.
- PROS Most widely available source of energy Not as limited in location siting as other renewable sources such as Wind & Hydro Largest potential for decentralized power generation Solar thermal technology characteristics attractive owing to ability to store energy Scaling up (& down) very easy for Solar PV Increased demand driving down costs (grid parity?) CONS Most expensive form of energy (though not so much if you consider end-to-end costs of other energy sources) Large up-front Capital investment Cannot contribute to base-load power (until further improvements in energy storage) Imposes great stress on the grid owing to fluctuating nature Solar PV - Difficult to store energy in electric form INCENTIVES & REGULATIONS!
- Ethanol is an alcohol distilled from plant material (corn in the U.S., sugar cane in Brazil, wheat in Europe) and used as gasoline substitute or blend stock U.S. and Brazil account for 90% of global ethanol production and consumption Ethanol can be blended to around 10% of the gasoline pool without any noticeable impact on vehicle performance, but higher blend proportions require some engine modifications Biodiesel is produced by the transformation of animal fat or vegetable oil into a conventional diesel substitute
- PROS Inherently renewable Emit less particulate pollution than traditional petroleum based gasoline and diesel fuels Easier to transition to without special infrastructure needs CONS Not enough land space to grow crops for biofuel demand Question over whether producing them actually requires more energy than they generate Still polluting when compared to wind or solar