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PERSIAN
LITERATURE
 Derives from Latin “Persia” deriving
from Greek “Persis”
In the bible it is referred as “Paras”
-(within the books of Esther, Daniel,
Ezra and Nehemiah)
 “Islamic Republic of Iran”
- Second largest country in Middle East
- South of the Caspian Sea and north of
the Persian Gulf
-Multicultural country
-17th most populous country
-One of the world’s oldest civilizations
ABOUT PERSIA/IRAN
 Land Area – 1,648,195 sq. km.
 Population – (2014) 81,840,713
 Life expectancy – 70
 Capital and largest City – Tehran
 Government – Islamic Theocracy
 Monetary unit – Rial
 Elburz Mountains and Mount
Damavand in the north
 From northwest to southeast, crossed
by desert (1,287 km.)
 Shares borders with Iraq, turkey,
Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, Armenia,
Afghanistan and Pakistan
RELIGION
 633 AD- Indigenous faiths of
Manichaeism and Zoroastrianism
1501 – Shite Islam as the official religion
LANGUAGE
 Khwarezmian language
 Mazanderani language
 Old Azeri language
 Persian language
HISTORY
 1500 BC – Occupied by MEDES and
PERSIANS
 525 BC- King Cyrus the Great became
ruler of the Achaemenid Empire
overthrew MEDES
 331 BC – Persia fell to Alexander
 312 BC – Seleucids
 247 BC – Greek speaking Parthians
 224 BC – The Sasanians
 641 – Arab Muslims
 12th century – Invaded by the Mongols
 1501-1722 – Safayid Dynasty
 1794-1925 – Qajar Dynasty
ARTS
Carpet-weaving, pottery, mosaic,
miniature painting, calligraphy, music,
textile design and illustrated manuscripts
CULTURE
Recognized, incorporated, adopted or
celebrated
LITERATURE
 One of the world’s oldest literatures
 Not all Persian literature is written in
Persian language, as some works written in
Arabic and Greek
 Not all literature written in Persian is
written by Persians/Iranians as Turkic,
Caucasian and Indic writers also used
Persian language
 Main issue of Pre- Islamic culture was
wisdom and a kind of rationalism
 Goodness and evil was a principle issue
-Appeared in books and independent
treatises
 Classical Persian poetry is always
rhymed
FAMOUS TYPES OF PERSIAN POETRY
Gosan folk songs
– Oral traditions
- A kind of Iranian minstrels
Qasidah or ode
– Long poem in monorhyme
- Usually panegyric, didactic or religious
nature
Divan
– Collection of poets ghazals and other
verse arranged alphabetically according to
rhymes
Ghazal (ode or lyric)
– Poetic form consisting of rhyming
couplet and refrain
- Poetic expression of both pain of loss or
separation and the beauty of love
- Written by Persian mystics and poets
Masnavi
– Written in rhyming couplets for heroic,
romantic and narrative verse
- A poem based on independent, internally
rhyming lines
- Followed a meter of eleven or
occasionally ten
Rubaiyat
- Poetry style
- Used to describe Persian quatrain
- Rhyming AABA, AAAA
- Contains only four lines
- All lines rhyme, except the third line
EXAMPLE:
1 Come, fill the Cup, and in the fire of Spring
2 The Winter garment of Repentance fling
3 The Bird of Time has built a little way
4 To fly and Lo! The Bird in on the Wing.
EARLYLITERATURE
 Saada and Rumi – two poetic geniuses
 Hamdullah Mostofi – produced notable
works of history, geography, epic, the
ZafarNameh or Book of Victory
 Nasir ud-Din Tusi – wrote about
philosophy and logic
Three Stages of development in Persian
short story:
- Formative period
- Growth and Development Period
- Period of diversity
FORMATIVE PERIOD
 Mohammad AliJamalzadehs
- First writer of modern short stories
– collections of “Yak-I Bud Yak-I Nabud”
and “Gained Momentum”
Sadeq Hedayat – Introduced modernism
in Persian Literature
“Buf-e kur” and “Haji Aqa” – masterpiece
“Se Gathra-ye Khun” (Three drops of
blood)
“Zenda be Gur” (Buried Alive)
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT PERIOD
 Jalal Al-e Ahmad
-Shows awareness of the new generation of
third world writers concerned with the
problems of cultural dominations by
colonial powers
PERIOD OF DIVERSITY
- Influence of the western literature
- New and modern approaches in writing
specially in the short stories
- Mehdi Akhavan-Sales, Simin Behbahani,
Aref Ghazvini and Shahriar
CLASSICAL PERSIAN POETRY
 Mohammad Taghi Bahar
-“King of poets”
- Theme of his poets was social and
political situation of Iran
 Parvin Etesami
- Greatest Persian Poetess
- “Mast va Hoshyar”(The Drunk and the
Sober)
- Admired by those involved in romantic
poetry
MODERN PERSIAN POETRY
 Nima Yushij
- “Father of modern Persian poetry”
-Introduces many techniques and forms to
differentiate the modern from the old
- Sepid poetry
 Ahmad Shamlu
-Adopted Nima’s methods and tried new
techniques of modern poetry
- Discovered the inner characteristics of
poetry
- Recognized the role of prose and music
hidden in the language
 Forough Farrokhzadis
-Among the first generation to embrace
new style of poetry
- First Iranian who graphically articulate
private sexual landscapes from a woman’s
perspective
- She transcended her own literary role
and experimented w/ acting, painting and
documentary film-making
 Hafiz – A term used by Muslims for
people who have completely memorized
the Qur’an
 Hafiz – A Sufi poet, expressed in poetry
love for the divine, the intoxicating
oneness of union w/ it. Uses wine as
symbol for love. Spoke out about the
hypocrisy and deceit that exists in society
List of Poems
All the Hemispheres
From the Large Jug, Drink
I have learned so much
Let thought become you beautiful lover
School of truth
Laughing at the Word Two
I know the way you can get
I’ve said it before and I’ll say it again
Tired of speaking sweetly
No more leaving
“Muqaddame-ye Shahname-ye Abu
Mansuri”
-The oldest surviving work Persian
literary
- Written during the Samanid period
- Deals with the myths and legends
-The oldest example of Persian prose

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Persian/Iran literature

  • 2.  Derives from Latin “Persia” deriving from Greek “Persis” In the bible it is referred as “Paras” -(within the books of Esther, Daniel, Ezra and Nehemiah)
  • 3.  “Islamic Republic of Iran” - Second largest country in Middle East - South of the Caspian Sea and north of the Persian Gulf -Multicultural country -17th most populous country -One of the world’s oldest civilizations
  • 4. ABOUT PERSIA/IRAN  Land Area – 1,648,195 sq. km.  Population – (2014) 81,840,713  Life expectancy – 70  Capital and largest City – Tehran  Government – Islamic Theocracy  Monetary unit – Rial
  • 5.  Elburz Mountains and Mount Damavand in the north  From northwest to southeast, crossed by desert (1,287 km.)  Shares borders with Iraq, turkey, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, Armenia, Afghanistan and Pakistan
  • 6. RELIGION  633 AD- Indigenous faiths of Manichaeism and Zoroastrianism 1501 – Shite Islam as the official religion
  • 7. LANGUAGE  Khwarezmian language  Mazanderani language  Old Azeri language  Persian language
  • 8. HISTORY  1500 BC – Occupied by MEDES and PERSIANS  525 BC- King Cyrus the Great became ruler of the Achaemenid Empire overthrew MEDES  331 BC – Persia fell to Alexander  312 BC – Seleucids
  • 9.  247 BC – Greek speaking Parthians  224 BC – The Sasanians  641 – Arab Muslims  12th century – Invaded by the Mongols  1501-1722 – Safayid Dynasty  1794-1925 – Qajar Dynasty
  • 10. ARTS Carpet-weaving, pottery, mosaic, miniature painting, calligraphy, music, textile design and illustrated manuscripts CULTURE Recognized, incorporated, adopted or celebrated
  • 12.  One of the world’s oldest literatures  Not all Persian literature is written in Persian language, as some works written in Arabic and Greek  Not all literature written in Persian is written by Persians/Iranians as Turkic, Caucasian and Indic writers also used Persian language
  • 13.  Main issue of Pre- Islamic culture was wisdom and a kind of rationalism  Goodness and evil was a principle issue -Appeared in books and independent treatises  Classical Persian poetry is always rhymed
  • 14. FAMOUS TYPES OF PERSIAN POETRY
  • 15. Gosan folk songs – Oral traditions - A kind of Iranian minstrels
  • 16. Qasidah or ode – Long poem in monorhyme - Usually panegyric, didactic or religious nature
  • 17. Divan – Collection of poets ghazals and other verse arranged alphabetically according to rhymes
  • 18. Ghazal (ode or lyric) – Poetic form consisting of rhyming couplet and refrain - Poetic expression of both pain of loss or separation and the beauty of love - Written by Persian mystics and poets
  • 19. Masnavi – Written in rhyming couplets for heroic, romantic and narrative verse - A poem based on independent, internally rhyming lines - Followed a meter of eleven or occasionally ten
  • 20. Rubaiyat - Poetry style - Used to describe Persian quatrain - Rhyming AABA, AAAA - Contains only four lines - All lines rhyme, except the third line
  • 21. EXAMPLE: 1 Come, fill the Cup, and in the fire of Spring 2 The Winter garment of Repentance fling 3 The Bird of Time has built a little way 4 To fly and Lo! The Bird in on the Wing.
  • 22. EARLYLITERATURE  Saada and Rumi – two poetic geniuses  Hamdullah Mostofi – produced notable works of history, geography, epic, the ZafarNameh or Book of Victory  Nasir ud-Din Tusi – wrote about philosophy and logic
  • 23. Three Stages of development in Persian short story: - Formative period - Growth and Development Period - Period of diversity
  • 24. FORMATIVE PERIOD  Mohammad AliJamalzadehs - First writer of modern short stories – collections of “Yak-I Bud Yak-I Nabud” and “Gained Momentum”
  • 25. Sadeq Hedayat – Introduced modernism in Persian Literature “Buf-e kur” and “Haji Aqa” – masterpiece “Se Gathra-ye Khun” (Three drops of blood) “Zenda be Gur” (Buried Alive)
  • 26. GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT PERIOD  Jalal Al-e Ahmad -Shows awareness of the new generation of third world writers concerned with the problems of cultural dominations by colonial powers
  • 27. PERIOD OF DIVERSITY - Influence of the western literature - New and modern approaches in writing specially in the short stories - Mehdi Akhavan-Sales, Simin Behbahani, Aref Ghazvini and Shahriar
  • 28. CLASSICAL PERSIAN POETRY  Mohammad Taghi Bahar -“King of poets” - Theme of his poets was social and political situation of Iran
  • 29.  Parvin Etesami - Greatest Persian Poetess - “Mast va Hoshyar”(The Drunk and the Sober) - Admired by those involved in romantic poetry
  • 30. MODERN PERSIAN POETRY  Nima Yushij - “Father of modern Persian poetry” -Introduces many techniques and forms to differentiate the modern from the old - Sepid poetry
  • 31.  Ahmad Shamlu -Adopted Nima’s methods and tried new techniques of modern poetry - Discovered the inner characteristics of poetry - Recognized the role of prose and music hidden in the language
  • 32.  Forough Farrokhzadis -Among the first generation to embrace new style of poetry - First Iranian who graphically articulate private sexual landscapes from a woman’s perspective - She transcended her own literary role and experimented w/ acting, painting and documentary film-making
  • 33.  Hafiz – A term used by Muslims for people who have completely memorized the Qur’an  Hafiz – A Sufi poet, expressed in poetry love for the divine, the intoxicating oneness of union w/ it. Uses wine as symbol for love. Spoke out about the hypocrisy and deceit that exists in society
  • 34. List of Poems All the Hemispheres From the Large Jug, Drink I have learned so much Let thought become you beautiful lover School of truth Laughing at the Word Two I know the way you can get I’ve said it before and I’ll say it again Tired of speaking sweetly No more leaving
  • 35. “Muqaddame-ye Shahname-ye Abu Mansuri” -The oldest surviving work Persian literary - Written during the Samanid period - Deals with the myths and legends -The oldest example of Persian prose