Lower Limb Human Anatomy ( Muscles ) by DR RAI M. AMMAR www.facebook.com/drraiammar www.twitter.com/drraiammar www.instagram.com/drraiammar www.linkedin.com/in/drraiammar www.themedicall.com/blog/auther/drraiammar/ For Any Book or Notes Visit Our Website: www.allmedicaldata.wordpress.com www.drraiammar.blogspot.com YOUTUBE CHANNEL : https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCu-oR9V3OdFNTJW5yqXWXxA ANY QUESTION ?? Get in touch with us at Any of the Above Social Media or Email at drraiammar@gmail.com allmedicaldata@gmail.com

1. MusclesMuscles
ofof
LowerLower
LimbLimb
DR RAI M. AMMAR MADNIDR RAI M. AMMAR MADNI
( M.B.B.S , RMP )( M.B.B.S , RMP )
01-08-2018

2.  Larger and stronger than Upper limb muscles,
 Function in stability, locomotion, and
maintenance of posture - In contrast, upper
limb muscles are characterized by versatility of
movement.
 Often cross two joints and can act equally on
both.
Divided into:-
 Muscles of Hip,
 Muscles of Thigh,
 Muscles of Leg &
 Muscles of Foot.

3. Strengthen and stabilize hip joint,
Transmit weight from trunk, upper
extremity, and head & neck,
Help preserve erect posture,
Move the body through space,
Provide stable platform for trunk flexion
Muscles that produce movement
at Hip Joint

4.  Anterior group
 Iliopsoas
• iliacus
• psoas major
 Psoas minor
 Tensor fasciae
latae
Posterior group
 Gluteus maximus
 Gluteus medius
 Gluteus minimus
 Piriformis
 Obturator internus
 Quadratus femoris
 Obturator externus

5. 10-5
Ilio-psoas
Major hip flexor,
Origin:
Psoas major: transverse
processes & lateral surface
of lumbar vertebrae
Iliacus: iliac fossa
Insertion: lesser trochanter
of femur,crosses hip joint
anteriorly,
Action: flexes thigh and
vertebral column,
laterally rotates thigh,
keeps the upper body from
falling backward when
standing erect.

6. Ilio-
psoas
iliacusiliacus
psoaspsoas
majormajor

7. Muscles of the Gluteal Region that
Move the Femur
Most muscles that move the femur,
originate on the pelvic girdle and insert on
the femur.
Major muscle groups that move the thigh
include the gluteals, and adductor muscles.
Most Gluteals laterally rotate the femur;
Except → Gluteus minimus, that medially
rotates the femur.

8. 10-8
Posterior Hip Muscles
 Gluteus maximus
 Origin: Gluteal surface of
ilium and dorsal aspect of
sacrum,
Insertion: Gluteal tuberosity
of femur and iliotibial tract
(band of fascia lata(milky
white) attached to the
tibia).
Action: Extends and laterally
rotates thigh at hip joint;
raises trunk when the lower
limb is fixed
Gluteus maximus
Iliotibial
band
Superficial GlutealsSuperficial Gluteals

9. 10-9
Posterior Hip Muscles
 Gluteus medius
 Origin: Outer surface of
ilium,
Insertion: Greater
trochanter of femur
Action: Abducts thigh;
Tilts pelvis when walking
Gluteus mediusSuperficial GlutealsSuperficial Gluteals

10. Posterior Hip Muscles
 Gluteus minimus;
 Origin: Outer surface of ilium,
Insertion: Greater trochanter
of femur
Action:
* Abducts and medially rotates
the femur,
* Shifts body weight when foot
is lifted;(When R leg is
swinging, it holds up the L
pelvis by pulling against the
fixed thigh on the L side).
Gluteus minimus
Deep GlutealsDeep Gluteals

11. Posterior Hip Muscles
 Piriformis;
Origin: anterior surface of
sacrum
Insertion: greater trochanter
of femur
Divides the greater sciatic
foramen into suprapiriform
foramen and infrapiriform
foramen
Action: Adducts and rotates
thigh laterally at hip joint
Piriformis
Deep GlutealsDeep Gluteals

12. Posterior Hip Muscles
 Quadratus femoris;
Origin: Lateral border of
Ischial tuberosity,
Insertion: Quadrate
tubercle of Femur,
Action: Rotates thigh
laterally at hip joint.
Quadratus femoris
Deep GlutealsDeep Gluteals

13. Posterior Hip Muscles
 superior gemellus
 inferior gemellus
 obturator externus
 obturator internus
¤ All have common
Insertion on
greater trochanteric
fossa
¤ All are lateral
rotators of thigh.
Deep GlutealsDeep Gluteals

14. Gluteal Muscles

15. gluteus maximus
outer surface of ilium,
sacrum, coccyx,
sacrotuberous ligament
iliotibial tract and
gluteal tuberosity of
femur
extends & laterally
rotates thigh; through
iliotibial tract, it extends
knee joint
gluteus medius outer surface of ilium
greater trochanter of
femur
abducts thigh. Tilts
pelvis when walking
gluteus minimus outer surface of ilium
greater trochanter of
femur
abduct thigh; anterior
fibers medially rotate
thigh
tensor fasciae latae iliac crest iliotibial tract
assists gluteus major in
locking the knee into
full extension
Quadratus femoris
Lateral border of Ischial
tuberosity
Quadrate tubercle of
Femur
lateral rotator of thigh
piriformis
anterior surface of
sacrum
greater trochanteric
fossa
lateral rotator of thigh
superior gemellus spine of ischium
greater trochanteric
fossa
lateral rotator of thigh
obturator internus
inner surface of
obturator membrane
greater trochanteric
fossa
lateral rotator of thigh
inferior gemellus ischial tuberosity
greater trochanteric
fossa
lateral rotator of thigh
obturator externus
outer surface of
obturator membrane
greater trochanteric
fossa of femur
lateral rotator of thigh
Muscles of the Gluteal Region

16. Muscle compartments of Thigh
Deep fascia separate muscles that act on
the femur, and tibia and fibula into medial,
anterior, and posterior compartments.
Medial (Adductor) compartment of the
thigh adduct the femur at the hip joint.
Anterior (Extensor) compartment of
the thigh extend the leg (and flex the
thigh).
Posterior (Flexor) compartment of the
thigh flex the leg (and extend the thigh).

17. Muscle Compartments of the Thigh
Figure 11.6a

18. 10-18
Muscles of thigh
MedialMedial (Adductor)(Adductor) groupgroup
 5 muscles act as
adductors
 Pectineus
Adductor brevis
Adductor longus
Adductor magnus
Gracilis

19. Muscles of thigh
MedialMedial (Adductor)(Adductor) groupgroup
 Adductor magnus;
is hip joint extensor
 Pectineus;
is hip joint Flexor
 Gracilis;
is flexor of knee
 Adductor magnus,
Adductor longus &
Adductor brevis
assist in lateral rotation
of femur

20. Medial Leg Muscles
gastrocnemius
soleus
calcaneal (Achilles)
tendon
gracilis
adductor longus
sartoriussartorius
adductor magnus

21. pectineus
superior ramus of
pubis
upper end shaft of
femur
flexes and adducts
thigh
gracilis
inferior ramus of
pubis; ramus of
ischium
upper part of shaft
of tibia on medial
surface
adducts thigh and
flexes knee
adductor
longus
body of pubis
posterior surface of
shaft of femur
adducts thigh;
assists in lateral
rotation
adductor
brevis
inferior ramus of
pubis
posterior surface of
shaft of femur
adducts thigh;
assists in lateral
rotation
adductor
magnus
inferior ramus of
pubis; ramus of
ischium, ischial
tuberosity
posterior surface of
shaft of femur near
linea aspera;
adductor tubercle of
femur
adducts thigh and
assists in lateral
rotation; hamstring
part extends thigh
MUSCLES OF MEDIAL (ADDUCTOR)
COMPARTMENT OF THIGH

22. Muscles of thigh
AnteriorAnterior (Extensor)(Extensor) compartmentcompartment
Sartorius
Quadricep Femoris
• Rectus femoris
• Vastus medialis
• Vastus lateralis
• Vastus intermedius

23.  Origin: Anterior superior iliac
spine
 Insertion: Upper medial
surface of tibia
 Action:
o Flexes hip and knee joints;
o Rotates flexed knee medially.
Sartorius
Sartorius

24. Quadriceps femoris
Powerful knee extensor
Has four separate heads
Origin:
Rectus femoris: anterior
inferior iliac spine
Vastus medialis: medial
lip of linea aspera
Vastus lateralis: lateral
lip of linea aspera
Vastus intermedius:
anterior surface of femur
Insertion: Common
insertion at the tibial
tuberosity via patellar
ligament,
Action: Extends leg at knee
joint; Rectus femoris also
flexes Hip joint

25. Anterior
Thigh
Quadriceps femoris
rectus femoris
vastus lateralis
vastus medials
vastus intermedius
(under rectus femoris)

26. sartorius
pectineus (part of)
quadriceps tendon
patellar ligament
Anterior
Thigh

27. sartorius
anterior superior
iliac spine
upper medial
surface of tibia
flexes, abducts,
laterally rotates
thigh; flexes &
medially rotates leg
iliacus iliac fossa
with psoas into the
lesser trochanter of
femur
flexes thigh on
trunk; if thigh is
fixed, it flexes the
trunk onto the thigh
as in sitting up
psoas
12th thoracic body;
transverse process,
bodies &
intervertebral discs
of the 5 lumbar
vertebrae
lesser trochanter of
femur along with
iliacus
flexes thigh on
trunk; if thigh fixed,
it flexes trunk onto
thigh as in sitting
up
Anterior Muscles of Thigh

28. quadriceps femoris,
Rectus femoris
straight head from
anterior inferior iliac
spine; reflected
head from ilium
above acetabulum
quadriceps tendon
into patella; into
tibial tuberosity by
patellar tendon
extension of leg
quadriceps femoris,
Vastus lateralis
upper end and shaft
of femur
quadriceps tendon
into patella; into
tibial tuberosity by
patellar tendon
extension of leg
quadriceps femoris,
Vastus medialis
upper end and shaft
of femur
quadriceps tendon
into patella; into
tibial tuberosity by
patellar tendon
extension of leg
quadriceps femoris,
Vastus intermedius
shaft of femur
quadriceps tendon
into patella; into
tibial tuberosity by
patellar tendon
extension of leg
Anterior Muscles of Thigh

29. Muscles of thigh
PosteriorPosterior (Flexor)(Flexor)compartmentcompartment
Hamstring group—
Thigh extensors and
Knee flexors
Biceps femoris
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus

30. Posterior
Thigh
semimembranosus
gluteus maximus
iliotibial band
Hamstring group
biceps femoris
semitendinosus

31. biceps femoris
long head from
ischial tuberosity;
short head from
shaft of femur
head of fibula
flexes and laterally
rotates leg; long
head extends thigh
semitendinosus ischial tuberosity
upper part medial
surface of shaft of
tibia
flexes and medially
rotates leg; extends
thigh
semimembranosus ischial tuberosity
medial condyle of
tibia; forms oblique
popliteal ligament
flexes and medially
rotates leg; extends
thigh
adductor magnus
(hamstring part)
ischial tuberosity
adductor tubercle of
femur
extends thigh
Muscles of Posterior compartment
of Thigh

32. Fascia lata of the leg surrounds muscles,
Tightly binds muscles,
Prevents swelling during exercise,
Aids venous return,
Divides leg into three compartments;
anterior, lateral and posterior.
Tendons are held in place by
Extensor, fibular, and flexor retinacula
Muscle movement at ankle and intertarsal
joints.
Muscles of the Leg

33. 10-33
Muscle compartments of Leg
Leg (crural) muscles are separated into 3 compartments.
Anterior compartment (Red)
Lateral (fibular) compartment (Green)
posterior (superficial = Pink) (deep = purple)

34. Muscles of the Leg
 Leg muscles, like those of the thigh, are divided by
deep fascia into three compartments: anterior,
lateral, and posterior.
 Anterior compartment: Contains digital
extensors and foot dorsiflexors
 Lateral compartment: muscles plantar flex &
evert the foot.
 Posterior compartment: Contains digital and
plantar flexors
• muscles are split between superficial (e.g.,
gastrocnemius) and deep (e.g., tibialis posterior)
groups.
• Superficial muscles share a common tendon of
insertion, the calcaneal tendon.

35. Frolich, Human
Anatomy, Lower LImb
Muscle compartments of Leg

36. Muscles of Leg
Anterior CompartmentAnterior Compartment
Tibialis anterior -
Dorsiflexes and Inverts
foot
Extensor hallucis longus -
Extension of big toe and
ankle
Extensor digitorum longus
- Extension of toes and
ankle
Peroneus (Fibularis)
tertius - Dorsiflexes and
Everts foot

37. tibialis anterior
shaft of tibia and
interosseous
membrane
medial cuneiform &
base of first
metatarsal
extends the foot;
inverts foot at subtalar
and transverse tarsal
joints; supports medial
longitudinal arch
extensor
digitorum
shaft of fibula and
interosseous
membrane
extensor expansion
of lateral four toes
extends toes;
dorsiflexes (extends)
foot
peroneus tertius
shaft of fibula &
interosseous
membrane
base of 5th
metatarsal bone
dorsiflexes (extends)
foot; everts foot at
subtalar and transverse
tarsal joints
extensor hallucis
longus
shaft of fibula &
interosseous
membrane
base of distal
phalanx of big toe
extends big toe;
dorsiflexes (extends)
foot; inverts foot at
subtalar and transverse
tarsal joints
Muscles of Anterior compartment of Leg

38. Muscles of Leg
Lateral compartmentLateral compartment
22 muscles in this
compartment
Both plantar flex
and evert the
foot
Provide lift and
forward thrust
Peroneus longus
Peroneus brevis

39. Lateral Leg
peroneus
longus
extensor digitorum
tibialis anterior
retinaculum

40. Muscles of the Lateral CompartmentMuscles of the Lateral Compartment

41. peroneus
longus
shaft of
fibula
base of 1st
metatarsal &
medial cuneiform
plantar flexes foot; everts
foot at subtalar &
transverse tarsal joints;
supports lateral
longitudinal and
transverse arches of foot
peroneus
brevis
shaft of
fibula
base of 5th
metatarsal bone
plantar flexes foot; everts
foot at subtalar &
transverse tarsal joints;
supports lateral
longitudinal arch
Muscles of Lateral compartment of Leg

42.  Superficial group
Triceps surae
• Gastrocnemius
• Soleus
Plantaris
Deep group
Popliteus
Flexor digitorum
longus
Flexor hallucis
longus
Tibialis posterior

43. 10-43
Posterior Compartment of Leg
Superficial Group (Plantar Flexors)Superficial Group (Plantar Flexors)
Gastrocnemius:
Flexes knee and
plantar-flexes ankle
Soleus:
Plantar-flexes ankle
Plantaris:
plantar flexes foot;
flexes leg
Gastrocnemius
SoleusPlantaris

44. 10-44
Posterior Compartment of Leg
Deep Group (Plantar Flexors)Deep Group (Plantar Flexors)
Tibialis posterior,
Flexor digitorum
longus,
Flexor hallucis
longus and
Popliteus - unlocks
the knee joint for knee
flexion.

45. Posterior Compartment of Leg
- SuperficialSuperficial
Triceps surae
Origin:
Gastrocnemius: medial and
lateral condyles of femur
Soleus: soleal line of tibia
and upper third of fibula
Insertion: calcaneum via
tendo calcaneus
Action: flexes knee joint and
plantarflexes foot at ankle
joint; steadies leg on foot
during standing
Gastrocnemius
soleus

46. Posterior Compartment of Leg
- DeepDeep
Tibialis posterior
Origin: posterior surface of
tibia and fibula and
interosseous membrane
Insertion: tuberosity of
navicular, all cuniforms
Action: plantar-flexes and
inverts foot
Tibialis posterior

47. gastrocnemius
medial and lateral
condyles of femur
by way of Achilles
tendon to calcaneum
plantar flexes foot;
flexes leg
plantaris
lateral
supracondylar ridge
of femur
calcaneum
plantar flexes foot;
flexes leg
soleus
shafts of tibia and
fibula
by way of achilles
tendon into
calcaneum
with gastrocnemius &
plantaris is powerful
plantar flexor of foot;
provides main
propulsive force in
walking & running
popliteus
lateral condyle of
femur
shaft of tibia
flexes leg; unlocks full
extension of knee by
laterally rotating femur
on tibia
Muscles of Posterior compartment of Leg

48. flexor digitorum
longus
shaft of tibia
distal phalanges of
lateral four toes
flexes distal phalanges
of lateral four toes;
plantar flexes foot;
supports medial and
lateral longitudinal
arches of foot
flexor hallucis
longus
shaft of fibula
base of distal
phalanx of big toe
flexes distal phalanx of
big toe; plantar flexes
foot; supports medial
longitudinal arch
tibialis posterior
shafts of tibia and
fibula &
interosseous
membrane
tuberosity of
navicular bone
plantar flexes foot;
inverts foot at subtalar
and transverse tarsal
joints; supports medial
longitudinal arch of
foot
Muscles of Posterior compartment of Leg

49. Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot
 These muscles are termed intrinsic
because they originate & insert within the
foot.
 These muscles are limited designed for Toe
movements and support arches of the foot,
 Split into dorsal and plantar groups.
 There is a single dorsal foot muscle, the
extensor digitorum brevis, which extends
the toes 2–5 at the MTP joints.
 The plantar muscles are arranged in 4
layers, from superficial to deep.

50. Dorsal muscle ofDorsal muscle of
foot:foot:
Extensor digitorum
brevis
Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot
Extensor digitorum brevis

51. Planter musclesPlanter muscles
First layer
• Flexor digitorum
brevis
• Abductor hallucis
• Abductor digiti
minimi
Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot

52. Figure 11.25b
Planter musclesPlanter muscles
Second layer
Flexor accessorius
(Quadratus plantæ)
Lumbricals
Tendon of Flexor
digitorum longus
Tendon of Flexor
hallucis longus
Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot

53. Flexor hallucis
brevis
Adductor hallucis
Flexor digiti minimi
brevis
Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot
PlanterPlanter musclesmuscles
Third layer

54. Planter musclesPlanter muscles
Fourth layer
Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot
Dorsal Interossei
(dab)
meaning dorsal
abduct
Plantar Interossei
(pad)
meaning plantar
adduct

55. Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot
Muscle Origin Insertion Action Layer
Extensor
Digitorum
Brevis
Anterior part
of calcaneus
Base of proximal
phalanx 1,
extensor
expansions of toes
2-4
Extend the
MPJ
Only one
on dorsum
of foot
Flexor
Digitorum
Brevis
Calcaneal
tuber
Middle phalanx of
toes 2-4
Flex toes 1
Abductor
Hallucis
Tuber
calcanei and
flexor
retinaculum
Proximal phalanx
of hallux
Abducts
hallux
1
Abductor
digiti minimi
Tuber
calcanei
Lateral side base
of little toe
proximal phalanx
Abducts little
toe
1
Quadratus
Plantae
calcaneus Tendon on FDL Straightens
the pull of
FDL
2

56. Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot
Muscle Origin Insertion Action Layer
Lumbricales Tendons of FDL Extensor
expansion of
proximal phalanx
of toes 2-5 on
medial side
Flex at MPJ
and extend at
IPJ
2
Flexor
Hallucis
Brevis
Lateral
cuneiform and
cuboid bones
Base of proximal
phalanx of hallux.
Each tendon has
asesamoid bone
Flex hallux at
MPJ
3
Adductor
Hallucis
Bases of
metatarsals 2-
4,
Base of proximal
phalanx of great
toe
Weak adductor
of great toe
3
Flexor Digiti
Minimi Brevis
Base of 5th
metatarsal
Base of 5th
toe
proximal phalanx
Flexes little toe 3
Plantar and
Dorsal
Interossei
Same as
interossei of
hand
Same as
interossei of hand
Same as
interossei of
hand
4

57. Lower Limb MovementsLower Limb Movements
Flexion: Bending on posterior side, except hip
Extension: Bending on anterior , except hip
Hip
Flexion/extension
Abduction/adduction
Lateral/medial rotation
Knee
Flexion/extension
Ankle
Dorsiflexion/plantarflexion
Inversion/eversion
Toes
Flexion/extension

58. 58
Common Disorders of MuscularCommon Disorders of Muscular
SystemSystem
Paralysis - loss of voluntary movement
due to neurological damage such as
stroke or trauma
Multiple sclerosis – weakness of
muscles due to loss of covering on nerves
that control them.
Atrophy – muscle mass decreases in size

59. 59
Common Disorders of MuscularCommon Disorders of Muscular
SystemSystem(continued)(continued)
Contracture - permanent shortening of
muscle; joints become ankylosed (frozen)
Muscle strain – damage caused by
trauma
Myalgia - muscle pain
Torn muscle - tear caused by trauma

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For Any Book or Notes Visit Our Website:
www.allmedicaldata.wordpress.com
www.drraiammar.blogspot.com
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCu-oR9V3OdFNTJW5yqXWXxA
YouTube Channel :
DR RAI M. AMMAR MADNIDR RAI M. AMMAR MADNI
( M.B.B.S , RMP )( M.B.B.S , RMP )