Presented by: Luisa V. Infante Carmen Lucía Parra

1. UNIT 1: TASK 3UNIT1: THE CONCEPT OF TRANSLATION AND ITS COMPLEXITY
TRANSLATION TECHNIQUES
Presented by:
LUISA VIVIANA INFANTE PABON
CARMEN LUCIA PARRA
Group: 551037_33

2. Competence to develop
 Disciplinary competence: Students identify and analyze theoretical
information related to translation techniques in order to use them in a
personal and professional field.
 Communicative competences:
Interpretative: Students distinguish concepts, strategies and methods in
order to apply them in translation exercises.
Argumentative: Students discuss critically the given contents with the
purpose of developing the activities stablished in the collaborative work
and final activity

3. TASKS 1-4
Carmen Lucía Parra

4. TASK 1: TRANSLATION
ENGLISH TEXT SPANISH TEXT
GM crops – Frankenstein Food ? Cultivos
Genéticamente Modifica
Paragraph 2
When the first steam trains appeared in the 1830's,
they provoked violent reactions too; opponents claimed that
they were dangerous, noisy and dirty, would destroy cities
by fire, and kill people through speed. Some landowners
resolutely refused to allow lines to be built over their land.
Fifty years later, the arrival of the motor car was met with a
similar mixed response - opponents arguing that "horseless
carriages" were far too dangerous to be allowed on Britain's
roads. For a while, the opponents almost won the battle, and
until 1896, cars on Britain's roads had to be preceded by a
man walking with a red flag.
Cultivos Genéticamente Modificados – ¿La comida de
Frankenstein?
Párrafo 2
Cuando los primeros trenes de vapor aparecieron en la
década de 1830, también provocaron reacciones violentas; los
opositores reclamaban que eran peligrosos, ruidosos y sucios, que
destruirían las ciudades por el fuego y que matarían a las personas
a través de la velocidad. Algunos terratenientes se negaron
resueltamente a permitir que se construyeran líneas sobre sus
tierras. Cincuenta años después, la llegada del automóvil se
encontró con una respuesta mixta similar: los opositores
argumentaban que los "carruajes sin caballos" eran demasiado
peligrosos como para permitirse en las carreteras de Gran
Bretaña. Por un tiempo, los oponentes casi ganaron la batalla, y
hasta 1896, los automóviles en las carreteras de Gran Bretaña
debían ser precedidos por un hombre que caminaba con una
bandera roja.

5. ENGLISH TEXT SPANISH TEXT
Indeed, the history of scientific and technical
progress is full of examples of resistance to progress - in
a paradoxical illustration of Newton's third law of
motion*.
This being the case, the vigorous reaction in
Britain and several other countries against the
introduction of genetically modified crops is not
surprising; indeed, it is probably inevitable. Since the
catastrophe of "Mad Cow Disease", - and in spite of the
enormous benefits brought about by modern
agricultural practice - agribusiness and scientific
modern farming methods are seriously contested in
many quarters.
De hecho, la historia del progreso científico y técnico está
llena de ejemplos de resistencia al progreso, en una
ilustración paradójica de la tercera ley de movimiento de
Newton *.
Siendo este el caso, la reacción enérgica en Gran
Bretaña y en varios otros países contra la introducción de
cultivos modificados genéticamente no es sorprendente; de
hecho, es probable que sea inevitable. Desde la catástrofe
de la "Enfermedad de las Vacas Locas", y a pesar de los
enormes beneficios que aportan las prácticas agrícolas
modernas, los agro negocios y los métodos agrícolas
científicos modernos se cuestionan seriamente en muchos
sectores.
TASK 1: TRANSLATION

6. TASK 2: REFLECTION
I did not know the translation of some words, for example: reclaimed, landowners,
crops and, in spite of everything. I found the translation of these words in the Google
translator, and adapted them to the context. It was a bit difficult because at the
beginning those words did not fit.
In some sentences use the literal translation technique, for example in the first
paragraph: "For a while, the opponents almost won the battle, and until 1896, cars
on Britain's roads had to be preceded by a man walking with a red flag ".
The technique of transposition and modulation I also used it, especially in the
sentence: "Some landowners resolutely refused to allow lines to be built over their
land". I was not able to find the meaning but then find the meaning and I was able
to achieve a correct translation without altering the meaning.

7. TASK 3: CHART
TRANSLATIONSTRATEGIES
•Way to guide learning; is applied
through techniques.
•It is a logical process through which
knowledge is gained
•Logical succession of steps or
stages that lead to achieve a
predetermined goal.
•Example of methods: Clinical
method, Montessori method,
deductive method, inductive,
analog, etc.
TRANSLATIONMETHODS
•A strategy is a set of actions that are
carried out to achieve a certain
purpose. It comes from the Greek
Stratos = Army and Agein = driver,
guide. It is applied in different
contexts, for example;
• Teaching strategy: carried out by
the teacher.
•Learning strategy: the student does
it.
•Didactic Strategy: Art of projecting
and directing a series of cognitive
operations, which the student carries
out to elaborate and communicate
overcoming, with the facilitator's
mediation. Strategies are
considered guidelines for actions to
follow. Therefore, they are always
conscious and intentional, aimed at
a goal related to learning.
TRANSLATIONTECHNIQUES
•A technique (from the Greek,
(téchne), art) is a procedure or set
of rules, norms or protocols, that
aim at obtaining a certain result,
whether in the field of science,
technology, art, education or any
other activity.
•Techniques would be specific
activities carried out by students
when they learn: to repeat, to
underline, to schematize, to ask
questions, to deduce, to induce,
and so on. They can be used
mechanically.

8. TASKS 1-4
Luisa Viviana Infante Pabón

9. TASK 1: TRANSLATION
ENGLISH TEXT SPANISH TEXT
GM crops – Frankenstein Food ? Cultivos
Genéticamente Modifica
Paragraph 4
One of the main objectives in altering the genes of
certain plants is to make them resistant to disease and
to pests, and thus reduce the need for pesticides.
Another is to make them resistant to particular weed-
killers, so that farmers can spray fields knowing that the
spray will kill almost all plants except the selected crop
that they are growing. Other genetic modifications are
aimed at producing plants that need less fertilizer or are
more resistant to drought, and thus need less watering.
Most developments in these directions are strongly
positive in environmental terms.
Cultivos Genéticamente Modificados – ¿La comida de
Frankenstein?
Párrafo 4
Uno de los principales objetivos en la alteración de genes
en ciertas plantas, es hacerlas resistentes a enfermedades y
pestes; y de este modo, reducir la necesidad de pesticidas.
Otro objetivo es hacerlas resistentes a ciertos herbicidas, así
los agricultores pueden rociar sus campos, sabiendo que el
aerosol exterminará casi todas las plantas a excepción del
sembrado seleccionado que están cultivando. Otras
modificaciones genéticas están dirigidas a la producción de
plantas que requieran menos fertilizante o sean más
resistentes a la sequía, por lo cual necesitan menos riego. La
mayoría de los avances en estas direcciones son fuertemente
positivos en términos ambientales.

10. ENGLISH TEXT SPANISH TEXT
They are also positive in human terms, and
development of drought-resistant and disease-resistant
crops will have major implications for developing
countries, where famine is a constant risk. It is therefore
not surprising that developing nations with large
populations to feed, such as China and India, are keen
supporters of genetic research; unlike Europe and North
America, with their agricultural surpluses, many poorer
nations already cannot produce enough food to feed
their populations.
In other developments, laboratories are
genetically incorporating vaccines - including hepatitis
B and rabies - into certain plants. Plant-based vaccines
are potentially far cheaper to produce and easier to
store than their chemically-manufactured equivalents.
Éstos también son positivos en términos humanos, y el
desarrollo de cultivos resistentes a la sequía y enfermedades
tendrá importantes implicaciones para los países en
desarrollo, donde la hambruna es un riesgo constante. Por
consiguiente, no es sorprendente que naciones en desarrollo
con grandes poblaciones por alimentar, como China e India,
sean entusiastas partidarias de investigaciones genéticas; a
diferencia de Europa y Norte América, con sus excesos
agrícolas, muchas naciones más pobres ya no pueden
producir suficiente alimento para sus poblaciones.
En otros avances, los laboratorios están incorporando
vacunas genéticamente (incluyendo hepatitis B y rabia)
dentro de ciertas plantas. Las vacunas basadas en plantas
son potencialmente mucho más baratas en producir y más
fáciles de almacenar a comparación de sus equivalentes
elaborados químicamente.
TASK 1: TRANSLATION

11. TASK 2: REFLECTION
I consider this paragraph wasn’t too difficult, although there were some unknown
words related to agriculture that I had to look for (weed-killers, drought, crops) taking
on account the text's context. I used both direct (literal) and oblique (transposition
and reformulation) translation techniques as it was required.
For example, I had to look for synonyms when translating the word “spray”. The
borrowing technique seemed a good option but I preferred to use a reformulation or
equivalence for the word because it was required as a noun and a verb in the
paragraph.

12. TASK 3: CHART
TRANSLATIONSTRATEGIES
•Venuti (1998:240) emphasizes
that TS ‘involve the basic tasks of
choosing the foreign text to be
translated and developing a
method to translate it.’
•Seguinot (1989) believes that
there are at least three global
strategies employed by the
translators:
•(i) translating without
interruption for as long as
possible;
•(ii) correcting surface errors
immediately;
•(iii) leaving the monitoring for
qualitative or stylistic errors in
the text to the revision stage.
TRANSLATIONMETHODS
•Newmark mentions that TM relate
to whole texts.
•This autor goes on to refer to the
following methods of translation:
•Word-for-word translation
•Literal translation
•Faithful translation
•Adaptation
•Free translation
•Idiomatic translation
•Communicative translation
TRANSLATIONTECHNIQUES
•According to Newmark, TT are
useful in the case of small units,
such as words, phrases or
sentences.
•The following are the different
translation procedures that
Newmark (1988b) proposes:
•Transference - Naturalization
•Cultural, functional and
descriptive equivalent
•Componential analysis
•Synonymy
•Through-translation
Modulation
•Shifts or transpositions
•Compensation
•Paraphrase
•Couplets
•Notes

13. TASK 4: FEEDBACK