SlideShare ist ein Scribd-Unternehmen logo
1 von 59
Downloaden Sie, um offline zu lesen
Monetary policy
Mohammad Maksudul Huq Chowdhury
Head of Branch
Export Import Bank of Bangladesh Limited, Islampur Branch
What is a Policy
What is Money
Money is anything that is generally acceptable to
sellers in exchange for goods and services.
 
A liquid asset is an asset that can easily (i.e., quickly,
cheaply, conveniently) be exchanged for goods and
services.
Characteristics of Money
1. Medium of Exchange – Token that can be offered
as a payment for goods.
2. Unit of Account – All goods will have a value in
money and, thus, can be used to measure all
goods
3. Store of Value – If money is to be accepted for
goods today it must have durable value. (Money
is an Asset).
Two categories of money
1. Definitive Money (sometimes known as monetary
base/narrow money): Money that can be used
immediately for transactions without conversion to
more basic forms of money.
- Currency+ Reserve accounts
2. Broad Money: A set of assets, typically some form
of bank deposit, which can be easily converted to
definitive money.
- Checking Accounts, Savings Accounts, Liquid
Time Deposits and CD’s
Broad Money vs. Narrow Money
1. Broad money has grown much faster than narrow
money.
2. Narrow money is money directly controlled by the
government.
3. Broad money includes money printed by the
government plus deposits at banks.
4. Money multiplier is ratio of broad money to narrow
money.
What is Monetary Policy
It is the government’s decision about how much
money to supply to the economy. This means
controlling the supply of Broad Money vs. Narrow
Money.
History of Monetary Policy
 In old times, monetary policy was mainly focused
to maintain the value of money.
 Inflation was not a big concern
 Bank of England created in 1694
 During 1870 – 1920 industrialized nations set up
central banks
 Monetary policy came into question during the
great depression.
Monetary Policy Can be-
1. Loose or
2. Tight
Loose monetary policy
 If the Central Bank implements a loose monetary
policy (often called expansionary), the supply of
credit increases and its cost falls.
 A loose monetary policy is often implemented as
an attempt to encourage economic growth.
Tight monetary policy
 If the Central Bank allows a tight monetary policy
(often called contractionary), the supply of credit
decreases and its cost increases.
 Any nation wants a tight money policy - In order
to control inflation.
The Two Faces of Monetary Policy
Goals of Monetary Policy
 Price stability
 GDP growth
 Investment
 Fight recession
 Exchange rate stabilization
 Desired level of unemployment rate
How these goals are achieved by controlling
money supply?
 Price Stability: for example, price is shooting up
and we want to control it…
We
reduce
money
supply
Now
people
have
less
money
at hand
So,
people
buy less
amount
of
goods
Demand
for
goods
falls
Producers
reduce
price to
maintain
sales
 Investment can be induced by controlling money
supply
 GDP growth: for example, we want to increase
GDP growth…
We
increase
money
supply
Now
people
have
more
money
at hand
So,
people
buy
more
amount
of
goods
Demand
for
goods
rise
Producers
produce
more
goods to
match
market
demand
 For example: our export is reducing and we want
to increase it…
We
increase
money
supply
As a
result
banks
have
more
idle
money
So,
banks
reduce
interest
rate
Cost of
investment
falls and
goods
become
cheaper
Export
rises
Channels through which monetary policy works
 Interest Rate channel
 Exchange rate channel
 Credit channel
How is the money supply controlled
 The Central Bank generally uses three tools
 Open market operation (OMO)
 Discount rate (DR)
 Reserve ratio (RR)
Open Market Operation (OMO)
 Defined as the buying or selling of treasury bills
and bonds by the Bangladesh Bank in the
open market.
 Expansionary – Bangladesh Bank buys bonds
(injects money)
 Contractionary – Bangladesh Bank sells bonds
(pulls out money)
Characteristics of OMO
 Sometimes done for temporary periods
 Repurchase Agreement -- BB buys bond
with agreement to sell it back.
 Matched-Sale Purchase -- BB sells bond
with agreement to buy it back.
 Occurs at the initiative of the BB.
 BB is in complete control.
 They are flexible: BB can do small or large
amounts.
 They are reversible: BB can undo policy mistakes.
 Very low-key policy instrument: difficult to tell
what BB has done
Discount Rate
 Defined as the rate of interest charged to banks
that borrow from the BB.
 Expansionary -- BB lowers discount rate.
 Contractionary -- BB raises discount rate.
Characteristics of DR
 Done at the discretion of the commercial banks
 Affects interest rate structure of the commercial
and specialized banks
 DR may influence economic activity
Reserve Ratio (RR)
 Banks are required to maintain a certain
percentage of their deposits in the form of
reserves or balances with the BB. This percentage
is called the Reserve Ratio.
 Expansionary Policy -- BB lowers reserve
ratios.
 Contractionary Policy -- BB raises reserve
ratios.
Characteristics of RR
 Too blunt -- needs tiny changes for reasonable
adjustments in money growth.
 Too Disruptive -- affects all banks balance sheets.
Strategies of Monetary Policy
 Money Growth Targeting
 Inflation Targeting
Money Growth Targeting
 The decade of 1970s was characterized by high
inflation and unemployment
 Central banks initially pursued money growth
targeting to achieve steady growth and low
inflation
 In this strategy central banks announces the rate
of growth of money for the next one year
 But in 1980s, in spite of low inflation, output and
unemployment were unstable in USA, UK,
Canada and Germany
 Because, due to changing financial system,
money demand was hard to predict and,
therefore, money growth targeting was
ineffective
 A tightly regulated financial system is necessary
for money growth targeting to be successful. Tight
financial regulation is often not possible
 Specially, in the developing countries, where
financial reforms are still taking place, strict
financial regulations are not viable
Inflation Targeting
 Central banks in many countries adopted
inflation targeting during 1990s. New Zealand was
the pioneer.
 In this strategy central bank announces the
rate(s) of inflation that it wants to achieve over
the next year(s)
 Through this announcement the central bank
signals that hitting that target in the long-run is its
number one priority
 Inflation targeting bypasses the problem of
money demand instability
 Also, it helps to make central bank’s
commitments credible to the people as most of
the people understands what goal the central
bank is trying to achieve
 However, success of inflation targeting depends
on how quickly the economy responds to the
policy changes
 If the economy responds to policy changes
slowly then inflation targeting may lose credibility
The Issue of Credibility
 Monetary policy has important goals for the
country
 If these goals are not achieved, then operation of
the monetary policy tools are not effective
 People do not have faith in monetary policy
anymore
 Monetary policy lose credibility
 Country’s development objectives fall into chaos
How can the central bank maintain credibility:
 Appointing a “tough central banker”
 In 1979, in the face of serious inflation US
President Jimmy Carter appointed Paul
Volcker, who succeeded to curb
inflation… but failed to check
unemployment!!!
 Changing central bankers’ incentives
 For example, if the head of the central
bank is easy to remove s/he might want
to be serious about her/his commitments
 Increasing central bank’s independence
 If the central bank is independent it might be free
of political influence, and hence,
might escape political pressure to increase
output and employment (say, before national
election)
Monetary Policy and Inflation
 “Inflation is always and everywhere a monetary
phenomenon.” – Milton Friedman
 
 Historical evidence suggests a strong link
between high growth rates in the money supply
and high inflation
 Does correlation imply causality here?
 Could some other variable be driving
both inflation and money growth in the
same direction?
 Why would money growth and inflation be
related?
 Inflation is the result of too many money
chasing too few goods
 When the amount of money (currency)
increases, but the number of goods does
not, then prices must rise.
Hyperinflation
 A period of abnormally high growth in the cost of
living is a hyperinflation
 Behind every hyperinflation is an extremely
high rate of growth in money.
 The German Hyperinflation, 1921-1923
 Costs of rebuilding and reparations payments
induced the Weimar government to print
more money.
 As the pace of money supply growth
increased, so too did inflation.
 At one point prices were rising by 41% per
day
 Inflation became a self-fulfilling prophecy as
people rushed to make purchases as soon as
they received any money.
 Inflation only ended when confidence was
restored in the value of the currency.
Inflation and Money: Theory
 Empirical evidence suggests a causal
relationship between money growth and inflation
 A theoretical link may be established using the
AD-AS model
 The basic intuition is that increasing the
money supply will give people more
spending power, but does not actually
increase productive capacity
 As a result, prices must eventually rise to
account for increased demand without any
increase in supply
 Increasing the money supply shifts the AD curve
right. This expands output in the short run, but
only prices in the long run.
 A sustained increase in the rate of money supply
growth will lead to a sustained increase in the
rate of inflation.
Inflation is Purely a Monetary Phenomenon
 Recall that we define inflation as the percentage
change in the cost of living from one year to the
next
 A one time increase in the money supply will
cause prices to rise (positive inflation)
 An increase in the growth rate of the money
supply will cause the rate at which prices rise
(inflation) to increase
 Suppose government spending increases by 20%
next year
 Prices will rise next year, but the increase in
the level of government spending is only
enough to increase prices once.
 A permanent increase in the growth rate of
government spending could increase
inflation, but there is an upper limit on how
much the government can spend (no more
than 100% of GDP)
 Similarly, temporary supply shocks can
cause prices to change, but cannot cause
changes in the rate of inflation.
Why do we see inflationary monetary policy
 If we agree that high inflation is bad and that
high inflation can only be caused by
expansionary monetary policy, why would the
central bank ever choose to expand the growth
rate of money?
 Demand-Pull Inflation
 The central bank is committed to an
unemployment target below the natural rate,
leading to a continual expansion of the
money supply to push output above full
employment.
 Cost-Push Inflation
 Worker demands (or expectations of
inflation) for higher salaries raise costs,
leading to more unemployment. The central
bank expands the money supply to restore
full employment.
 Government Budget Deficits
 The government finances its budget deficit
by printing more money or getting the
central bank to buy government bonds
which it then retires.
Budget Deficits and Inflation
 There are three ways a government can pay for
its purchases
 With money from tax revenue
 With money borrowed from the public in the
form of bonds
 With money borrowed from the central bank
(i.e. money printed up for the government).
 If the government finances a deficit through tax
increases or borrowing directly from the public,
there is no change in the money supply.
 If the government borrows from the central bank,
it will cause the money supply to increase.
 
 A sustained budget deficit could lead to inflation.
 Budget deficits are notable causes of inflation in
countries with shallow credit markets.
Monetary Policy in Bangladesh
 Until 1990:
 limited role of BB
 Government directly controlled exchange
rate and interest rate
 Taka was pegged against foreign currencies
 Financial Sector Reform Program started in 1989
 Strategy was to target monetary aggregates
 Free floating exchange rate was introduced in
May, 2003
 Bangladesh Bank is regularly issuing Monetary
Policy Statement since January 2006
Limitations of Monetary Policy
 Does not work when aggregate demand needs
to be stimulated through direct government
spending (Great Depression)
 Works on the economy through indirect
channels. Therefore, often suffers from lag to
have impact
 May be dominated by fiscal policy
 Wrong policy may result in severe damage for
the economy
Monetary Policy vs. Fiscal Policy
 If the goals of the two policies do not match,
development objective will be damaged.
Example:
 Suppose, Bangladesh is suffering from high
inflation and BB wants to reduce it. BB reduces
money supply…
 But, national election is close and will be held
within a year.
 So, the ruling party decides to spend more
money on safety-net programs and employment
generating activities
 Accordingly, the ruling party sets its fiscal policy
so that expenditure goes up…
 What will happen?
Other problems related to mismatch of policies
 If the government borrows too much from the
banking system, then little money is left for the
private sector to borrow.
 As a result, private sector initiatives are
hampered
 This is called the “crowding out effect”
 Because of crowding out private investment falls
and GDP falls as well
 In this case, if the monetary policy authority
wants to enhance private sector credit growth,
practically it has little room to do so…
Government debt:
 If the government borrows a lot, it means that at
some point of time future, the government will
have to pay substantial amount of interest when
the loan matures
 If at that time, the government does not have
money enough to pay the interest, it might print
money for the purpose…
 This means that money supply will go up
 But, if the country at that time suffers from high
inflation and BB wants to control it, the
contractionary monetary policy will not help.
Monetary Policy Framework of Bangladesh Bank
The monetary policy framework of Bangladesh Bank
identifies a logical and sequential set of actions for
designing and conducting the monetary policy. The
framework is based on credible information on the
stability of the money demand function, the money
supply process, and the monetary transmission
mechanism.
Monetary policy in Bangladesh is framed using
projected real GDP growth rate. The targeted rate of
inflation adopts Reserve Money (RM) and Broad
money (M2) as operating and intermediate targets
respectively.
Monetary policy consists of a set of rules that aim at
regulating the supply of money in accordance with
predetermined goals. Monetary policy is important
because it can influence economic growth, inflation,
and the balance of payments (BOP). The central
bank conducts monetary policy by using instruments
that influence the supply of money and interest rates
in the economy.
The main policy goals of monetary policy of
Bangladesh Bank are:
 
 To achieve sustainable economic growth
 To maintain price stability
 To attain sustainable BoP
The Key Players of Money Supply Process
in Bangladesh
The key players in the money supply process as
follows:
1.The Central Bank- The government agency that
oversees the banking system and is responsible for
the conduct of monetary policy; in Bangladesh, it is
Bangladesh Bank.
2. Banks (depository money banks (DMBs)) - The
financial intermediaries that accept deposits from
individual and institutions and make loans:
commercial banks, savings and loan associations,
mutual savings banks and credit unions.
Depositors- individuals and institutions that hold
deposits in banks.
Analytical Balance Sheet of the Central Bank
 
Assets Liabilities
Net Foreign Assets Reserve Money
Net Domestic Assets Currency
Net Domestic Credit Currency held in bank
Net Claims on Government Currency in Circulation
Claims on DMBs Deposits of DMBs
Claims on private sector Other deposits
Other items net
Factors Determining the Money Supply in
Bangladesh
1. The monetary base or reserve money -
components of the RM include currency in
circulation, currency held in banks, deposits of
DMBs and other deposits which creates the
monetary base for money supply
2. The Money Multiplier - The central bank influences
the money supply by controlling Monetary Base
(MB), reserves and required reserve ratio. It can
be done through controlling money multiplier,
denoted by mm, which tells us how much the
money supply changes for a given change in the
monetary base. The relationship between the
money supply, the money multiplier, and the
monetary base is described by the following
equation:
M = mm *MB
The money multiplier mm tells us what multiple of
the monetary base is transformed into the money
supply
Factors affecting the money multiplier
Based on the complex money multiplier that we have
derived above, we know that it is affected by three
factors:
 
a) The currency-deposit ratio (C/D)
b) The excess reserves-deposit ratio (E/D)
c) The required reserves ratio (R/D)
3. Bank Deposits and Credits
4. Credit to the Public and Private Sector
5. Cash Reserve Requirement (CRR), Statutory
Liquidity Requirement (SLR) and Bank Rate
6. Interest rate and Inflation
7. Government Borrowing
8. Projection of Broad Money (M2) and Income
Velocity of Money
Monetary policy of bangladesh

Weitere ähnliche Inhalte

Was ist angesagt?

Monetary Policy
Monetary PolicyMonetary Policy
Monetary PolicyAIT
 
Presentation on bangladesh bank
Presentation on bangladesh bankPresentation on bangladesh bank
Presentation on bangladesh bankMd. Nazmus Sakib
 
Monetary policy presentation.ppt
Monetary policy presentation.pptMonetary policy presentation.ppt
Monetary policy presentation.pptAgnes Stephanie
 
Central bank 2
Central bank 2Central bank 2
Central bank 2raju915
 
Chapter 07_Central Banking and the Conduct of Monetary Policy
Chapter 07_Central Banking and the Conduct of Monetary PolicyChapter 07_Central Banking and the Conduct of Monetary Policy
Chapter 07_Central Banking and the Conduct of Monetary PolicyRusman Mukhlis
 
monetary policy and its tools
monetary policy and its toolsmonetary policy and its tools
monetary policy and its toolszunairahanif
 
Role of central bank in bangladesh
Role of central bank in bangladeshRole of central bank in bangladesh
Role of central bank in bangladeshHosneara Swarnaly
 
Central banking & the monetary policy
Central banking & the monetary policyCentral banking & the monetary policy
Central banking & the monetary policyAshar Azam
 
Monetary policy (theoritical)
Monetary policy (theoritical)Monetary policy (theoritical)
Monetary policy (theoritical)Jannatul Ferdous
 
Central bank functions & Bangladesh Bank
Central bank  functions & Bangladesh BankCentral bank  functions & Bangladesh Bank
Central bank functions & Bangladesh BankAfiaAnzum
 
The fed and monetary policy
The fed and monetary policyThe fed and monetary policy
The fed and monetary policydwessler
 

Was ist angesagt? (20)

Monetary Policy
Monetary PolicyMonetary Policy
Monetary Policy
 
Presentation on bangladesh bank
Presentation on bangladesh bankPresentation on bangladesh bank
Presentation on bangladesh bank
 
Monetary policy
Monetary policyMonetary policy
Monetary policy
 
Monetary Policy
Monetary Policy Monetary Policy
Monetary Policy
 
Monetary policy presentation.ppt
Monetary policy presentation.pptMonetary policy presentation.ppt
Monetary policy presentation.ppt
 
Central bank
Central bankCentral bank
Central bank
 
Central bank 2
Central bank 2Central bank 2
Central bank 2
 
Monetary policy
Monetary policyMonetary policy
Monetary policy
 
Chapter 07_Central Banking and the Conduct of Monetary Policy
Chapter 07_Central Banking and the Conduct of Monetary PolicyChapter 07_Central Banking and the Conduct of Monetary Policy
Chapter 07_Central Banking and the Conduct of Monetary Policy
 
monetary policy and its tools
monetary policy and its toolsmonetary policy and its tools
monetary policy and its tools
 
Role of central bank in bangladesh
Role of central bank in bangladeshRole of central bank in bangladesh
Role of central bank in bangladesh
 
Central banking & the monetary policy
Central banking & the monetary policyCentral banking & the monetary policy
Central banking & the monetary policy
 
Monetary policy by Ali Roshaan
Monetary policy by Ali RoshaanMonetary policy by Ali Roshaan
Monetary policy by Ali Roshaan
 
Monetary policy (theoritical)
Monetary policy (theoritical)Monetary policy (theoritical)
Monetary policy (theoritical)
 
Monetary Policy
Monetary PolicyMonetary Policy
Monetary Policy
 
Monetary policy
Monetary policyMonetary policy
Monetary policy
 
Credit creation of bank ppt
Credit creation of bank pptCredit creation of bank ppt
Credit creation of bank ppt
 
Central bank functions & Bangladesh Bank
Central bank  functions & Bangladesh BankCentral bank  functions & Bangladesh Bank
Central bank functions & Bangladesh Bank
 
Basel iii presentation
Basel iii presentationBasel iii presentation
Basel iii presentation
 
The fed and monetary policy
The fed and monetary policyThe fed and monetary policy
The fed and monetary policy
 

Ähnlich wie Monetary policy of bangladesh

monetary policy of bangladesh .pptx
monetary policy of bangladesh       .pptxmonetary policy of bangladesh       .pptx
monetary policy of bangladesh .pptxSaic Group
 
Monetary Policies And Monetary Policy
Monetary Policies And Monetary PolicyMonetary Policies And Monetary Policy
Monetary Policies And Monetary PolicyJanet Robinson
 
Fiscal Policy And Monetary Policy
Fiscal Policy And Monetary PolicyFiscal Policy And Monetary Policy
Fiscal Policy And Monetary PolicyErika Nelson
 
Monetary Policy and its impact in Pakistan
Monetary Policy and its impact in PakistanMonetary Policy and its impact in Pakistan
Monetary Policy and its impact in Pakistantahirsartaj81
 
Rohit Business and economic environment
Rohit Business and economic environmentRohit Business and economic environment
Rohit Business and economic environmentRohit Yadav
 
etfin-pro Inflation budget,ppt
etfin-pro Inflation budget,pptetfin-pro Inflation budget,ppt
etfin-pro Inflation budget,pptSana Mushtaque
 
SPFIB08A57E6BFBD2E545D488962C43CF3A85B9
SPFIB08A57E6BFBD2E545D488962C43CF3A85B9SPFIB08A57E6BFBD2E545D488962C43CF3A85B9
SPFIB08A57E6BFBD2E545D488962C43CF3A85B9rajeev kumar tiwari
 
Econ201-Chapter35-2023Fall.pptx
Econ201-Chapter35-2023Fall.pptxEcon201-Chapter35-2023Fall.pptx
Econ201-Chapter35-2023Fall.pptxsakanor
 
Monetary Policy in Macro Economics
Monetary Policy in Macro EconomicsMonetary Policy in Macro Economics
Monetary Policy in Macro EconomicsAqib Syed
 
Monetary Policy Of Bangladesh
Monetary Policy Of BangladeshMonetary Policy Of Bangladesh
Monetary Policy Of BangladeshJeanne Hall
 

Ähnlich wie Monetary policy of bangladesh (20)

monetary policy of bangladesh .pptx
monetary policy of bangladesh       .pptxmonetary policy of bangladesh       .pptx
monetary policy of bangladesh .pptx
 
Monetary policy
Monetary policyMonetary policy
Monetary policy
 
Monetary Policies And Monetary Policy
Monetary Policies And Monetary PolicyMonetary Policies And Monetary Policy
Monetary Policies And Monetary Policy
 
Monetary policy
Monetary policyMonetary policy
Monetary policy
 
Broader role for monetary policy
Broader role for monetary policyBroader role for monetary policy
Broader role for monetary policy
 
Monetary policy
Monetary policyMonetary policy
Monetary policy
 
Fiscal Policy And Monetary Policy
Fiscal Policy And Monetary PolicyFiscal Policy And Monetary Policy
Fiscal Policy And Monetary Policy
 
Chap010
Chap010Chap010
Chap010
 
Monetary Policy and its impact in Pakistan
Monetary Policy and its impact in PakistanMonetary Policy and its impact in Pakistan
Monetary Policy and its impact in Pakistan
 
Monetary policy
Monetary policyMonetary policy
Monetary policy
 
Rohit Business and economic environment
Rohit Business and economic environmentRohit Business and economic environment
Rohit Business and economic environment
 
An Over view on Inflation.pptx
An Over view on Inflation.pptxAn Over view on Inflation.pptx
An Over view on Inflation.pptx
 
etfin-pro Inflation budget,ppt
etfin-pro Inflation budget,pptetfin-pro Inflation budget,ppt
etfin-pro Inflation budget,ppt
 
SPFIB08A57E6BFBD2E545D488962C43CF3A85B9
SPFIB08A57E6BFBD2E545D488962C43CF3A85B9SPFIB08A57E6BFBD2E545D488962C43CF3A85B9
SPFIB08A57E6BFBD2E545D488962C43CF3A85B9
 
Econ201-Chapter35-2023Fall.pptx
Econ201-Chapter35-2023Fall.pptxEcon201-Chapter35-2023Fall.pptx
Econ201-Chapter35-2023Fall.pptx
 
Monetary policy
 Monetary policy Monetary policy
Monetary policy
 
Monetary policy
 Monetary policy Monetary policy
Monetary policy
 
Money1& Inflation.docx
Money1& Inflation.docxMoney1& Inflation.docx
Money1& Inflation.docx
 
Monetary Policy in Macro Economics
Monetary Policy in Macro EconomicsMonetary Policy in Macro Economics
Monetary Policy in Macro Economics
 
Monetary Policy Of Bangladesh
Monetary Policy Of BangladeshMonetary Policy Of Bangladesh
Monetary Policy Of Bangladesh
 

Mehr von Maksudul Huq Chowdhury (16)

Strategic Role of HR
Strategic Role of HRStrategic Role of HR
Strategic Role of HR
 
International Human Resources Management
International Human Resources ManagementInternational Human Resources Management
International Human Resources Management
 
Strategic Management and Strategic HRM
Strategic Management and Strategic HRMStrategic Management and Strategic HRM
Strategic Management and Strategic HRM
 
Financial Statement Analysis and Financial Models
Financial Statement Analysis and Financial ModelsFinancial Statement Analysis and Financial Models
Financial Statement Analysis and Financial Models
 
Corporate Finance: Basic Concept
Corporate Finance: Basic ConceptCorporate Finance: Basic Concept
Corporate Finance: Basic Concept
 
Capital structure basic concepts
Capital structure basic conceptsCapital structure basic concepts
Capital structure basic concepts
 
Fundamentals of foreign exchange market
Fundamentals of foreign exchange marketFundamentals of foreign exchange market
Fundamentals of foreign exchange market
 
Mutual funds
Mutual fundsMutual funds
Mutual funds
 
Commercial banks
Commercial banksCommercial banks
Commercial banks
 
Leasing
LeasingLeasing
Leasing
 
Primary market and secondary market
Primary market and secondary marketPrimary market and secondary market
Primary market and secondary market
 
Bond markets
Bond marketsBond markets
Bond markets
 
Rules of classification provision rescheduling_write-off
Rules of classification provision rescheduling_write-offRules of classification provision rescheduling_write-off
Rules of classification provision rescheduling_write-off
 
Money Market
Money MarketMoney Market
Money Market
 
Interest Rate Theory
Interest Rate TheoryInterest Rate Theory
Interest Rate Theory
 
Overview of Financial Market, Institution and System
Overview of Financial Market, Institution and SystemOverview of Financial Market, Institution and System
Overview of Financial Market, Institution and System
 

Kürzlich hochgeladen

PISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptx
PISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptxPISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptx
PISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptxEduSkills OECD
 
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptx
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptxCAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptx
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptxSaurabhParmar42
 
UKCGE Parental Leave Discussion March 2024
UKCGE Parental Leave Discussion March 2024UKCGE Parental Leave Discussion March 2024
UKCGE Parental Leave Discussion March 2024UKCGE
 
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptxSandy Millin
 
Maximizing Impact_ Nonprofit Website Planning, Budgeting, and Design.pdf
Maximizing Impact_ Nonprofit Website Planning, Budgeting, and Design.pdfMaximizing Impact_ Nonprofit Website Planning, Budgeting, and Design.pdf
Maximizing Impact_ Nonprofit Website Planning, Budgeting, and Design.pdfTechSoup
 
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdf
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdfHED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdf
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdfMohonDas
 
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptx
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptxCapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptx
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptxCapitolTechU
 
Human-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming Classes
Human-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming ClassesHuman-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming Classes
Human-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming ClassesMohammad Hassany
 
How to Solve Singleton Error in the Odoo 17
How to Solve Singleton Error in the  Odoo 17How to Solve Singleton Error in the  Odoo 17
How to Solve Singleton Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
 
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17Celine George
 
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptx
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptxPatterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptx
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptxMYDA ANGELICA SUAN
 
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRA
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRADUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRA
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRATanmoy Mishra
 
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptx
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptxIn - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptx
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptxAditiChauhan701637
 
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdf
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdfP4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdf
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdfYu Kanazawa / Osaka University
 
Philosophy of Education and Educational Philosophy
Philosophy of Education  and Educational PhilosophyPhilosophy of Education  and Educational Philosophy
Philosophy of Education and Educational PhilosophyShuvankar Madhu
 
Clinical Pharmacy Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptx
Clinical Pharmacy  Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptxClinical Pharmacy  Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptx
Clinical Pharmacy Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptxraviapr7
 
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptxM-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptxDr. Santhosh Kumar. N
 
General views of Histopathology and step
General views of Histopathology and stepGeneral views of Histopathology and step
General views of Histopathology and stepobaje godwin sunday
 

Kürzlich hochgeladen (20)

PISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptx
PISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptxPISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptx
PISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptx
 
Personal Resilience in Project Management 2 - TV Edit 1a.pdf
Personal Resilience in Project Management 2 - TV Edit 1a.pdfPersonal Resilience in Project Management 2 - TV Edit 1a.pdf
Personal Resilience in Project Management 2 - TV Edit 1a.pdf
 
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptx
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptxCAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptx
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptx
 
UKCGE Parental Leave Discussion March 2024
UKCGE Parental Leave Discussion March 2024UKCGE Parental Leave Discussion March 2024
UKCGE Parental Leave Discussion March 2024
 
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx
 
Maximizing Impact_ Nonprofit Website Planning, Budgeting, and Design.pdf
Maximizing Impact_ Nonprofit Website Planning, Budgeting, and Design.pdfMaximizing Impact_ Nonprofit Website Planning, Budgeting, and Design.pdf
Maximizing Impact_ Nonprofit Website Planning, Budgeting, and Design.pdf
 
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdf
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdfHED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdf
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdf
 
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptx
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptxCapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptx
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptx
 
Human-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming Classes
Human-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming ClassesHuman-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming Classes
Human-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming Classes
 
How to Solve Singleton Error in the Odoo 17
How to Solve Singleton Error in the  Odoo 17How to Solve Singleton Error in the  Odoo 17
How to Solve Singleton Error in the Odoo 17
 
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
 
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptx
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptxPatterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptx
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptx
 
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRA
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRADUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRA
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRA
 
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptx
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptxIn - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptx
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptx
 
Finals of Kant get Marx 2.0 : a general politics quiz
Finals of Kant get Marx 2.0 : a general politics quizFinals of Kant get Marx 2.0 : a general politics quiz
Finals of Kant get Marx 2.0 : a general politics quiz
 
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdf
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdfP4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdf
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdf
 
Philosophy of Education and Educational Philosophy
Philosophy of Education  and Educational PhilosophyPhilosophy of Education  and Educational Philosophy
Philosophy of Education and Educational Philosophy
 
Clinical Pharmacy Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptx
Clinical Pharmacy  Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptxClinical Pharmacy  Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptx
Clinical Pharmacy Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptx
 
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptxM-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
 
General views of Histopathology and step
General views of Histopathology and stepGeneral views of Histopathology and step
General views of Histopathology and step
 

Monetary policy of bangladesh

  • 1. Monetary policy Mohammad Maksudul Huq Chowdhury Head of Branch Export Import Bank of Bangladesh Limited, Islampur Branch
  • 2. What is a Policy
  • 3. What is Money Money is anything that is generally acceptable to sellers in exchange for goods and services.   A liquid asset is an asset that can easily (i.e., quickly, cheaply, conveniently) be exchanged for goods and services.
  • 4. Characteristics of Money 1. Medium of Exchange – Token that can be offered as a payment for goods. 2. Unit of Account – All goods will have a value in money and, thus, can be used to measure all goods 3. Store of Value – If money is to be accepted for goods today it must have durable value. (Money is an Asset).
  • 5. Two categories of money 1. Definitive Money (sometimes known as monetary base/narrow money): Money that can be used immediately for transactions without conversion to more basic forms of money. - Currency+ Reserve accounts 2. Broad Money: A set of assets, typically some form of bank deposit, which can be easily converted to definitive money. - Checking Accounts, Savings Accounts, Liquid Time Deposits and CD’s
  • 6. Broad Money vs. Narrow Money 1. Broad money has grown much faster than narrow money. 2. Narrow money is money directly controlled by the government. 3. Broad money includes money printed by the government plus deposits at banks. 4. Money multiplier is ratio of broad money to narrow money.
  • 7. What is Monetary Policy It is the government’s decision about how much money to supply to the economy. This means controlling the supply of Broad Money vs. Narrow Money.
  • 8. History of Monetary Policy  In old times, monetary policy was mainly focused to maintain the value of money.  Inflation was not a big concern  Bank of England created in 1694  During 1870 – 1920 industrialized nations set up central banks  Monetary policy came into question during the great depression.
  • 9. Monetary Policy Can be- 1. Loose or 2. Tight
  • 10. Loose monetary policy  If the Central Bank implements a loose monetary policy (often called expansionary), the supply of credit increases and its cost falls.  A loose monetary policy is often implemented as an attempt to encourage economic growth.
  • 11. Tight monetary policy  If the Central Bank allows a tight monetary policy (often called contractionary), the supply of credit decreases and its cost increases.  Any nation wants a tight money policy - In order to control inflation.
  • 12. The Two Faces of Monetary Policy
  • 13. Goals of Monetary Policy  Price stability  GDP growth  Investment  Fight recession  Exchange rate stabilization  Desired level of unemployment rate
  • 14. How these goals are achieved by controlling money supply?  Price Stability: for example, price is shooting up and we want to control it… We reduce money supply Now people have less money at hand So, people buy less amount of goods Demand for goods falls Producers reduce price to maintain sales
  • 15.  Investment can be induced by controlling money supply  GDP growth: for example, we want to increase GDP growth… We increase money supply Now people have more money at hand So, people buy more amount of goods Demand for goods rise Producers produce more goods to match market demand
  • 16.  For example: our export is reducing and we want to increase it… We increase money supply As a result banks have more idle money So, banks reduce interest rate Cost of investment falls and goods become cheaper Export rises
  • 17. Channels through which monetary policy works  Interest Rate channel  Exchange rate channel  Credit channel
  • 18. How is the money supply controlled  The Central Bank generally uses three tools  Open market operation (OMO)  Discount rate (DR)  Reserve ratio (RR)
  • 19. Open Market Operation (OMO)  Defined as the buying or selling of treasury bills and bonds by the Bangladesh Bank in the open market.  Expansionary – Bangladesh Bank buys bonds (injects money)  Contractionary – Bangladesh Bank sells bonds (pulls out money)
  • 20. Characteristics of OMO  Sometimes done for temporary periods  Repurchase Agreement -- BB buys bond with agreement to sell it back.  Matched-Sale Purchase -- BB sells bond with agreement to buy it back.  Occurs at the initiative of the BB.  BB is in complete control.  They are flexible: BB can do small or large amounts.  They are reversible: BB can undo policy mistakes.  Very low-key policy instrument: difficult to tell what BB has done
  • 21. Discount Rate  Defined as the rate of interest charged to banks that borrow from the BB.  Expansionary -- BB lowers discount rate.  Contractionary -- BB raises discount rate.
  • 22. Characteristics of DR  Done at the discretion of the commercial banks  Affects interest rate structure of the commercial and specialized banks  DR may influence economic activity
  • 23. Reserve Ratio (RR)  Banks are required to maintain a certain percentage of their deposits in the form of reserves or balances with the BB. This percentage is called the Reserve Ratio.  Expansionary Policy -- BB lowers reserve ratios.  Contractionary Policy -- BB raises reserve ratios.
  • 24. Characteristics of RR  Too blunt -- needs tiny changes for reasonable adjustments in money growth.  Too Disruptive -- affects all banks balance sheets.
  • 25. Strategies of Monetary Policy  Money Growth Targeting  Inflation Targeting
  • 26. Money Growth Targeting  The decade of 1970s was characterized by high inflation and unemployment  Central banks initially pursued money growth targeting to achieve steady growth and low inflation  In this strategy central banks announces the rate of growth of money for the next one year  But in 1980s, in spite of low inflation, output and unemployment were unstable in USA, UK, Canada and Germany
  • 27.  Because, due to changing financial system, money demand was hard to predict and, therefore, money growth targeting was ineffective  A tightly regulated financial system is necessary for money growth targeting to be successful. Tight financial regulation is often not possible  Specially, in the developing countries, where financial reforms are still taking place, strict financial regulations are not viable
  • 28. Inflation Targeting  Central banks in many countries adopted inflation targeting during 1990s. New Zealand was the pioneer.  In this strategy central bank announces the rate(s) of inflation that it wants to achieve over the next year(s)  Through this announcement the central bank signals that hitting that target in the long-run is its number one priority
  • 29.  Inflation targeting bypasses the problem of money demand instability  Also, it helps to make central bank’s commitments credible to the people as most of the people understands what goal the central bank is trying to achieve  However, success of inflation targeting depends on how quickly the economy responds to the policy changes  If the economy responds to policy changes slowly then inflation targeting may lose credibility
  • 30. The Issue of Credibility  Monetary policy has important goals for the country  If these goals are not achieved, then operation of the monetary policy tools are not effective  People do not have faith in monetary policy anymore  Monetary policy lose credibility  Country’s development objectives fall into chaos
  • 31. How can the central bank maintain credibility:  Appointing a “tough central banker”  In 1979, in the face of serious inflation US President Jimmy Carter appointed Paul Volcker, who succeeded to curb inflation… but failed to check unemployment!!!  Changing central bankers’ incentives  For example, if the head of the central bank is easy to remove s/he might want to be serious about her/his commitments
  • 32.  Increasing central bank’s independence  If the central bank is independent it might be free of political influence, and hence, might escape political pressure to increase output and employment (say, before national election)
  • 33. Monetary Policy and Inflation  “Inflation is always and everywhere a monetary phenomenon.” – Milton Friedman    Historical evidence suggests a strong link between high growth rates in the money supply and high inflation  Does correlation imply causality here?  Could some other variable be driving both inflation and money growth in the same direction?
  • 34.  Why would money growth and inflation be related?  Inflation is the result of too many money chasing too few goods  When the amount of money (currency) increases, but the number of goods does not, then prices must rise.
  • 35. Hyperinflation  A period of abnormally high growth in the cost of living is a hyperinflation  Behind every hyperinflation is an extremely high rate of growth in money.
  • 36.  The German Hyperinflation, 1921-1923  Costs of rebuilding and reparations payments induced the Weimar government to print more money.  As the pace of money supply growth increased, so too did inflation.  At one point prices were rising by 41% per day  Inflation became a self-fulfilling prophecy as people rushed to make purchases as soon as they received any money.  Inflation only ended when confidence was restored in the value of the currency.
  • 37. Inflation and Money: Theory  Empirical evidence suggests a causal relationship between money growth and inflation  A theoretical link may be established using the AD-AS model  The basic intuition is that increasing the money supply will give people more spending power, but does not actually increase productive capacity  As a result, prices must eventually rise to account for increased demand without any increase in supply
  • 38.  Increasing the money supply shifts the AD curve right. This expands output in the short run, but only prices in the long run.  A sustained increase in the rate of money supply growth will lead to a sustained increase in the rate of inflation.
  • 39. Inflation is Purely a Monetary Phenomenon  Recall that we define inflation as the percentage change in the cost of living from one year to the next  A one time increase in the money supply will cause prices to rise (positive inflation)  An increase in the growth rate of the money supply will cause the rate at which prices rise (inflation) to increase
  • 40.  Suppose government spending increases by 20% next year  Prices will rise next year, but the increase in the level of government spending is only enough to increase prices once.  A permanent increase in the growth rate of government spending could increase inflation, but there is an upper limit on how much the government can spend (no more than 100% of GDP)  Similarly, temporary supply shocks can cause prices to change, but cannot cause changes in the rate of inflation.
  • 41. Why do we see inflationary monetary policy  If we agree that high inflation is bad and that high inflation can only be caused by expansionary monetary policy, why would the central bank ever choose to expand the growth rate of money?  Demand-Pull Inflation  The central bank is committed to an unemployment target below the natural rate, leading to a continual expansion of the money supply to push output above full employment.
  • 42.  Cost-Push Inflation  Worker demands (or expectations of inflation) for higher salaries raise costs, leading to more unemployment. The central bank expands the money supply to restore full employment.  Government Budget Deficits  The government finances its budget deficit by printing more money or getting the central bank to buy government bonds which it then retires.
  • 43. Budget Deficits and Inflation  There are three ways a government can pay for its purchases  With money from tax revenue  With money borrowed from the public in the form of bonds  With money borrowed from the central bank (i.e. money printed up for the government).
  • 44.  If the government finances a deficit through tax increases or borrowing directly from the public, there is no change in the money supply.  If the government borrows from the central bank, it will cause the money supply to increase.    A sustained budget deficit could lead to inflation.  Budget deficits are notable causes of inflation in countries with shallow credit markets.
  • 45. Monetary Policy in Bangladesh  Until 1990:  limited role of BB  Government directly controlled exchange rate and interest rate  Taka was pegged against foreign currencies  Financial Sector Reform Program started in 1989  Strategy was to target monetary aggregates  Free floating exchange rate was introduced in May, 2003  Bangladesh Bank is regularly issuing Monetary Policy Statement since January 2006
  • 46. Limitations of Monetary Policy  Does not work when aggregate demand needs to be stimulated through direct government spending (Great Depression)  Works on the economy through indirect channels. Therefore, often suffers from lag to have impact  May be dominated by fiscal policy  Wrong policy may result in severe damage for the economy
  • 47. Monetary Policy vs. Fiscal Policy  If the goals of the two policies do not match, development objective will be damaged. Example:  Suppose, Bangladesh is suffering from high inflation and BB wants to reduce it. BB reduces money supply…  But, national election is close and will be held within a year.  So, the ruling party decides to spend more money on safety-net programs and employment generating activities  Accordingly, the ruling party sets its fiscal policy so that expenditure goes up…  What will happen?
  • 48. Other problems related to mismatch of policies  If the government borrows too much from the banking system, then little money is left for the private sector to borrow.  As a result, private sector initiatives are hampered  This is called the “crowding out effect”  Because of crowding out private investment falls and GDP falls as well  In this case, if the monetary policy authority wants to enhance private sector credit growth, practically it has little room to do so…
  • 49. Government debt:  If the government borrows a lot, it means that at some point of time future, the government will have to pay substantial amount of interest when the loan matures  If at that time, the government does not have money enough to pay the interest, it might print money for the purpose…  This means that money supply will go up  But, if the country at that time suffers from high inflation and BB wants to control it, the contractionary monetary policy will not help.
  • 50. Monetary Policy Framework of Bangladesh Bank The monetary policy framework of Bangladesh Bank identifies a logical and sequential set of actions for designing and conducting the monetary policy. The framework is based on credible information on the stability of the money demand function, the money supply process, and the monetary transmission mechanism. Monetary policy in Bangladesh is framed using projected real GDP growth rate. The targeted rate of inflation adopts Reserve Money (RM) and Broad money (M2) as operating and intermediate targets respectively.
  • 51. Monetary policy consists of a set of rules that aim at regulating the supply of money in accordance with predetermined goals. Monetary policy is important because it can influence economic growth, inflation, and the balance of payments (BOP). The central bank conducts monetary policy by using instruments that influence the supply of money and interest rates in the economy.
  • 52. The main policy goals of monetary policy of Bangladesh Bank are:    To achieve sustainable economic growth  To maintain price stability  To attain sustainable BoP
  • 53. The Key Players of Money Supply Process in Bangladesh The key players in the money supply process as follows: 1.The Central Bank- The government agency that oversees the banking system and is responsible for the conduct of monetary policy; in Bangladesh, it is Bangladesh Bank. 2. Banks (depository money banks (DMBs)) - The financial intermediaries that accept deposits from individual and institutions and make loans: commercial banks, savings and loan associations, mutual savings banks and credit unions. Depositors- individuals and institutions that hold deposits in banks.
  • 54. Analytical Balance Sheet of the Central Bank   Assets Liabilities Net Foreign Assets Reserve Money Net Domestic Assets Currency Net Domestic Credit Currency held in bank Net Claims on Government Currency in Circulation Claims on DMBs Deposits of DMBs Claims on private sector Other deposits Other items net
  • 55. Factors Determining the Money Supply in Bangladesh 1. The monetary base or reserve money - components of the RM include currency in circulation, currency held in banks, deposits of DMBs and other deposits which creates the monetary base for money supply
  • 56. 2. The Money Multiplier - The central bank influences the money supply by controlling Monetary Base (MB), reserves and required reserve ratio. It can be done through controlling money multiplier, denoted by mm, which tells us how much the money supply changes for a given change in the monetary base. The relationship between the money supply, the money multiplier, and the monetary base is described by the following equation: M = mm *MB The money multiplier mm tells us what multiple of the monetary base is transformed into the money supply
  • 57. Factors affecting the money multiplier Based on the complex money multiplier that we have derived above, we know that it is affected by three factors:   a) The currency-deposit ratio (C/D) b) The excess reserves-deposit ratio (E/D) c) The required reserves ratio (R/D)
  • 58. 3. Bank Deposits and Credits 4. Credit to the Public and Private Sector 5. Cash Reserve Requirement (CRR), Statutory Liquidity Requirement (SLR) and Bank Rate 6. Interest rate and Inflation 7. Government Borrowing 8. Projection of Broad Money (M2) and Income Velocity of Money