2. Uses and Sources of Lead Uses and Sources of Lead
Paint (until 1970)
Petrol (tetraethyl lead)
Household dust
Ceiling dust
Occupational
Solder
Ceramic glazes
Pesticide(Pb arsenate)
Cigarettes
Mines, smelters
TV's, Computer monitors
Batteries, Bullets
Sinkers
Aviation
X-ray shields
Crystal-ware (high levels
in decanters)
Explosives
Non-stick linings of pots
(in the past)
Plastic colouring (wire,
blinds)
Pewter
2
3. S no. Compound Uses
1 Lead acetate Astringent, local sedative
2 Lead tetra oxide Sindoor
3 Tetraethyl lead Antiknock for petrol
4 Lead sulphide Surma
5 Lead carbonate paints
3
4. ◦ Sugar of lead, lead sugar, salt of Saturn
◦ Formula: Pb(C2H3O2)2
◦ White crystalline chemical compound with a sweetish taste
◦ Solubility: Anhydrous and trihydrate are soluble in alcohol,
glycerol
◦ LD50 (median dose): 400 mg/kg (mice, oral)
4
6. Bright Red or Orange Crystalline or Amorphous
Pigment, Chemically, Red Lead
Formula: Pb3O4
6
7. Lead tetraoxide is most often used as a pigment for
primer paints for iron objects.
The combination of minium and linen fibres was also
used for plumbing,.
Currently it is mostly used for manufacture of glass,
especially lead crystal glass.
7
12. Lead goes down iron or calcium absorption pathway in GIT.
Children absorb lead well orally (~50%) cf adults poorly
(~10%). Children also have more hand to mouth activity.
Lead absorption is enhanced if diet is poor in iron or calcium.
Pica is one of the worst risk factors.
Lead can be inhaled.
Tetraethyl lead can be absorbed via skin.
12
16. 95% long bones.
Binds into matrix.
Released during osteolysis.
4% brain,liver, kidneys.
1% blood.
Crosses placenta, foetal BBB is
open
16
18. Pb + essential SH-groups of certain enzymes
Increase in permeability
Potassium leakage
19. INORGANIC Pb
exposure:-
Abd. Colic
obstinate constipation
Loss of appetite
Blue lines on gums
Stippling of red
cells
Anaemia
Wrist drop
Foot drop
19
30. Fatal dose
Lead carbonate:40 g
Lead acetate:20 g.
Fatal period: 1-2 days
30
31. Aim
a)To prevent further absorption
b)To remove lead from soft tissues
c)To prevent recurrence
TREATMENT
Saline purge (remove lead from the gut)
d-penicillamine(promote Pb excretion in urine)
32. In a child with acute lead ingestion, consider placing an orogastric or
nasogastric catheter to enable whole-bowel irrigation (WBI) with
polyethylene glycol
Dimercaprol, also k/a BAL (British antilewisite), IM
CaNa2 EDTA
Succimer
32
33. a)Substitution
Pb compounds should be substituted by less toxic materials.
b)Isolation
Pb dust or fumes should be enclosed and segregated
c)Local exhaust ventillation
To remove dust & fumes
34. d)Personal protection
By approved respirators
e)Good housekeeping
f)In working atmosphere
Pb conc. Should be kept <2mg per 10cu.m of air
g)Periodic medical examination of workers
h)Personal hygiene (Hand washing)
i)Health education