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           1
HISTORY OF
INTERACTION DESIGN
Week 1: Course Overview
WHAT’S EXPECTED OF YOU



                         3
1. RESEARCH PLAN
(10% OF YOUR GRADE)

_ Select a person, event, theme, or innovation in
  the history of interaction design.
_ Develop an approach to researching this topic
  through original sources — beyond Wikipedia.
_ Document your topic and research methods in a
  brief outline (1–2 pages).

RESEARCH PLAN DUE FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER 11


                                                    4
2. 2500 WORD PAPER
40% OF YOUR GRADE

_ Write a paper explaining why your topic is
  important in the history of interaction design.
_ Cite your sources appropriately. Citation text
  is not included in word count.
_ Images may be included if desired.


   PAPER DUE TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 22


                                                    5
3. FIVE-MINUTE PRESENTATION
40% OF YOUR GRADE

_ Prepare a five-minute presentation about your research
  topic.
_ Include photos, diagrams, charts, or other visual aids.
  Keep bullet points to a minimum.
_ Presentations which exceed the five-minute maximum will
  be penalized one letter grade. Rehearse!

PRESENTATION DUE IN CLASS TUESDAY, OCTOBER 6


                                                            6
4. CLASS PARTICIPATION
10% OF YOUR GRADE

_ 80% of success is just showing up.
_ Actively participate in class discussions.
_ Read or watch the required material.




                                               7
What is interaction design?




                              8
“   Interaction Design (IxD) defines the structure and
    behavior of interactive products and services.
    Interaction Designers create compelling
    relationships between people and the interactive
    systems they use, from computers to mobile
    devices to appliances; Interaction Designers lay
    the groundwork for intangible experiences.
                —Interaction Design Association (IxDA)




                                                     9
“   In the same way that industrial designers have
    shaped our everyday life through objects they
    design for our offices and for our homes,
    interaction design is shaping our life with
    interactive technologies — computers,
    telecommunications, mobile phones, and so on.
                              — Gillian Crampton Smith
                       Interaction Design Institute, Ivrea




                                                        10
IS THIS INTERACTION DESIGN?




                              11
IS THIS INTERACTION DESIGN?



  
GRAPHIC DESIGN


                              11
IS THIS INTERACTION DESIGN?



   
GRAPHIC DESIGN   INFORMATION DESIGN


                                      11
IS THIS INTERACTION DESIGN?



    
GRAPHIC DESIGN   INFORMATION DESIGN   INDUSTRIAL DESIGN


                                                     11
HUMAN
 COMPUTER
INTERACTION
   (HCI)




              12
HUMAN
        COMPUTER
       INTERACTION
           (HCI)


COMPUTER
 SCIENCE

                     12
HUMAN
        COMPUTER
       INTERACTION
           (HCI)


COMPUTER            HUMAN
 SCIENCE           FACTORS

                             12
INTERACTION
          DESIGN

          HUMAN
        COMPUTER
       INTERACTION
           (HCI)


COMPUTER            HUMAN
 SCIENCE           FACTORS

                             12
g          INTERACTION
          r in              DESIGN
       e e
   g in                     HUMAN
E n                       COMPUTER
                         INTERACTION
                             (HCI)


                  COMPUTER            HUMAN
                   SCIENCE           FACTORS

                                               12
g                INTERACTION
          r in                    DESIGN
       e e
   g in                           HUMAN
E n                             COMPUTER
                               INTERACTION
           ELECTRICAL
          ENGINEERING
                                   (HCI)


                        COMPUTER            HUMAN
                         SCIENCE           FACTORS

                                                     12
g                 INTERACTION
            r in                     DESIGN
         e e
   g in                              HUMAN
E n                                COMPUTER
                                  INTERACTION
              ELECTRICAL
             ENGINEERING
                                      (HCI)


                           COMPUTER            HUMAN
      MECHANICAL            SCIENCE           FACTORS
      ENGINEERING

                                                        12
g                 INTERACTION           Ps Re
            r in                     DESIGN               yc sea
         e e                                                ho rc
   g in                              HUMAN                     lo h
  n                                COMPUTER                      gy
E             ELECTRICAL
                                  INTERACTION
             ENGINEERING
                                      (HCI)


                           COMPUTER            HUMAN
      MECHANICAL            SCIENCE           FACTORS
      ENGINEERING

                                                                 12
g                 INTERACTION                   Ps Re
            r in                     DESIGN                       yc sea
         e e                                                        ho rc
   g in                              HUMAN                             lo h
  n                                COMPUTER                              gy
E             ELECTRICAL
                                  INTERACTION
             ENGINEERING                                ERGONOMICS
                                      (HCI)


                           COMPUTER            HUMAN
      MECHANICAL            SCIENCE           FACTORS
      ENGINEERING

                                                                         12
g                 INTERACTION                   Ps Re
            r in                     DESIGN                       yc sea
         e e                                                        ho rc
   g in                              HUMAN                             lo h
  n                                COMPUTER                              gy
E             ELECTRICAL
                                  INTERACTION
             ENGINEERING                                ERGONOMICS
                                      (HCI)


                           COMPUTER            HUMAN
      MECHANICAL            SCIENCE           FACTORS          COGNITIVE
      ENGINEERING                                             PSYCHOLOGY

                                                                           12
Design




                g                 INTERACTION                    Ps Re
            r in                     DESIGN                        yc sea
         e e                                                         ho rc
   g in                              HUMAN                              lo h
  n                                COMPUTER                               gy
E             ELECTRICAL
                                  INTERACTION
             ENGINEERING                                 ERGONOMICS
                                       (HCI)


                           COMPUTER             HUMAN
      MECHANICAL            SCIENCE            FACTORS          COGNITIVE
      ENGINEERING                                              PSYCHOLOGY

                                                                            12
Design




                g   ARCHITECTURE   INTERACTION                   Ps Re
            r in                      DESIGN                       yc sea
         e e                                                         ho rc
   g in                               HUMAN                             lo h
  n                                 COMPUTER                              gy
E             ELECTRICAL
                                   INTERACTION
             ENGINEERING                                 ERGONOMICS
                                       (HCI)


                           COMPUTER             HUMAN
      MECHANICAL            SCIENCE            FACTORS          COGNITIVE
      ENGINEERING                                              PSYCHOLOGY

                                                                            12
Design
                            INFORMATION
                               DESIGN




                g   ARCHITECTURE    INTERACTION                     Ps Re
            r in                       DESIGN                         yc sea
         e e                                                            ho rc
   g in                                HUMAN                               lo h
  n                                  COMPUTER                                gy
E             ELECTRICAL
                                    INTERACTION
             ENGINEERING                                    ERGONOMICS
                                          (HCI)


                           COMPUTER                HUMAN
      MECHANICAL            SCIENCE               FACTORS          COGNITIVE
      ENGINEERING                                                 PSYCHOLOGY

                                                                               12
Design
                            INFORMATION           GRAPHIC
                               DESIGN             DESIGN




                g   ARCHITECTURE    INTERACTION                     Ps Re
            r in                       DESIGN                         yc sea
         e e                                                            ho rc
   g in                                HUMAN                               lo h
  n                                  COMPUTER                                gy
E             ELECTRICAL
                                    INTERACTION
             ENGINEERING                                    ERGONOMICS
                                          (HCI)


                           COMPUTER                HUMAN
      MECHANICAL            SCIENCE               FACTORS          COGNITIVE
      ENGINEERING                                                 PSYCHOLOGY

                                                                               12
Design
                            INFORMATION           GRAPHIC
                               DESIGN             DESIGN




                                                        INDUSTRIAL
                g   ARCHITECTURE    INTERACTION           DESIGN
                                                                       Ps Re
            r in                       DESIGN                            yc sea
         e e                                                               ho rc
   g in                                HUMAN                                  lo h
  n                                  COMPUTER                                   gy
E             ELECTRICAL
                                    INTERACTION
             ENGINEERING                                       ERGONOMICS
                                          (HCI)


                           COMPUTER                HUMAN
      MECHANICAL            SCIENCE               FACTORS             COGNITIVE
      ENGINEERING                                                    PSYCHOLOGY

                                                                                  12
HOW WE TALK TO COMPUTERS
 HOW MACHINES TALK BACK




                       13
COGNITIVE   PHYSICAL
SYMBOLIC     TACTILE



                       14
GOAL


                   INTENTION                    EVALUATION



                   ACTION                      INTERPRETATION
                SPECIFICATION




                   EXECUTION                    PERCEPTION




Donald Norman, Seven Stages of Action
                                                                15
INTERACTION DESIGN HISTORY
in the teensiest possible nutshell



*with apologies to Mark Rettig
Research
   TIMELINE OF ADOPTION                                         Professional Use
   (AND ADAPTATION!)                                               Personal Use

   Punched Cards / Switches
1880s

          Keyboard / Terminal


                        Graphical User Interface


   Hypertext Networks


                                       Mobility



   1945          1955           1965              1975   1985       1995       2005
WHO’S THE USER?
WHAT’S THE INTERFACE?
HOW WAS IT USED?
WHO BOUGHT THEM?
BEFORE 1945
MECHANICAL TOOLS
Who’s                        What’s
the user?                    the
                             interface?




            MAD SCIENTISTS                GEARS AND CRANKS

How                          Who
is it                        bought
used?
             1, 2, 3, 4...   them?



            COUNTING                      IT DEPENDS
1945–1950
THE NEW INVENTION
Who’s                                What’s
the user?                            the
                                     interface?




            THE INVENTORS                         MOVING CABLES AROUND

How                                  Who
is it                                bought
used?                                them?



            BRUTE FORCE ARITHMETIC                THE MILITARY
1950 –1960
THE CALCULATOR
Who’s                                 What’s the
the user?                             interface?




            EXPERTS AND PIONEERS                   PUNCH CARDS AND TAPE

How is it                             Who
used?                                 bought
                                      them?




            HIGH SPEED CALCULATIONS                ROCKET SCIENTISTS
1960 –1970
THE GIANT BRAIN
Who’s the                              What’s the
user?                                  interface?




            COMPUTER CENTER ACOLYTES            TELETYPE AND TERMINAL

How is it                              Who
used?                                  bought
                                       them?




             BATCH PROCESSING                INFORMATION INTENSIVE BUSINESSES
1970 –1985
PINK COLLAR LABOR
Who’s the                          What’s the
user?                              interface?




            DATA ENTRY OPERATORS                GREEN-SCREEN ALPHANUMERIC

How is it                          Who
used?                              bought
                                   them?




            TIME SHARING                        MOST BUSINESSES
1985 –1995
PRODUCTIVITY TOOL
Who’s                                 What’s the
the user?                             interface?




            GEEKS                                  GUIs

How is                                Who
it used?                              bought
                                      them?




            SHRINK-WRAPPED SOFTWARE                UPWARDLY MOBILE HOME USERS
1995 – ?
NETWORKED UBIQUITY
Who’s                           What’s the
the user?                       interface?




            EVERYONE.                        GUIs

How is                          Who
it used?                        bought
                                them?




            WEB-ENABLED TOOLS                THEY’RE CHEAP! BUY SEVERAL!
THE PEOPLE THAT
YOU’LL MEET
WEEK 1
COMPUTING BEFORE COMPUTERS
         CHARLES BABBAGE      HERMAN HOLLERITH
         Inventor of the      Inventor of the
         Difference Engine    punched card
         and the Analytical
         Engine




         ADA LOVELACE         THOMAS J. WATSON
         The first            President of IBM
         programmer?
         Or the first
         technical writer?
WEEK 1
COMPUTING BEFORE COMPUTERS
         F.W. TAYLOR          ALAN TURING
         Defined scientific   The father of modern
         management or        computer science
         “Taylorism”




         VANNEVAR BUSH        JOHN VON NEUMANN
         The “Godfather” of   Inventor of stored
         American science     program architecture
         and technology
WEEK 3
PROFESSIONAL COMPUTING
         JOHN MAUCHLEY &        J.C.R. LICKLIDER
         PRESPER ECKERT         Defined the idea of
         Invented the digital   man-computer
         computer               symbiosis




         GRACE MURRAY           HENRY DREYFUS
         HOPPER                 Legendary industrial
         “The third             designer
         programmer of the
         first computer”
WEEK 4
PERSONAL COMPUTING
         IVAN SUTHERLAND       TERRY WINOGRAD
         Designed the first    Wrote “Bringing
         direct manipulation   Design to Software”
         interface




         DOUGLAS               ALAN KAY
         ENGELBART             Conceived the first
         Developed an          laptop
         interactive system
         to “augment
         human intellect”
WEEK 4
INTERACTION DESIGN DISCIPLINE
         DONALD NORMAN          JOHN CARROLL
         Wrote “The Design      Leading HCI
         of Everyday            researcher
         Things”




         JAKOB NIELSEN          BRUCE TOGNAZZINI
         Don’t knock him ‘til   Called for an
         you’ve tried him       interaction design
                                discipline
NEXT WEEK
Interaction Design Before Computers
_Early Information Processing
_The Human Factor
_World War II Computing

RESEARCH PLAN DUE FRIDAY
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h4wQJfdhOlU   36

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Week 1 IxD History: Course Overview

  • 4. 1. RESEARCH PLAN (10% OF YOUR GRADE) _ Select a person, event, theme, or innovation in the history of interaction design. _ Develop an approach to researching this topic through original sources — beyond Wikipedia. _ Document your topic and research methods in a brief outline (1–2 pages). RESEARCH PLAN DUE FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER 11 4
  • 5. 2. 2500 WORD PAPER 40% OF YOUR GRADE _ Write a paper explaining why your topic is important in the history of interaction design. _ Cite your sources appropriately. Citation text is not included in word count. _ Images may be included if desired. PAPER DUE TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 22 5
  • 6. 3. FIVE-MINUTE PRESENTATION 40% OF YOUR GRADE _ Prepare a five-minute presentation about your research topic. _ Include photos, diagrams, charts, or other visual aids. Keep bullet points to a minimum. _ Presentations which exceed the five-minute maximum will be penalized one letter grade. Rehearse! PRESENTATION DUE IN CLASS TUESDAY, OCTOBER 6 6
  • 7. 4. CLASS PARTICIPATION 10% OF YOUR GRADE _ 80% of success is just showing up. _ Actively participate in class discussions. _ Read or watch the required material. 7
  • 9. Interaction Design (IxD) defines the structure and behavior of interactive products and services. Interaction Designers create compelling relationships between people and the interactive systems they use, from computers to mobile devices to appliances; Interaction Designers lay the groundwork for intangible experiences. —Interaction Design Association (IxDA) 9
  • 10. In the same way that industrial designers have shaped our everyday life through objects they design for our offices and for our homes, interaction design is shaping our life with interactive technologies — computers, telecommunications, mobile phones, and so on. — Gillian Crampton Smith Interaction Design Institute, Ivrea 10
  • 11. IS THIS INTERACTION DESIGN? 11
  • 12. IS THIS INTERACTION DESIGN?  GRAPHIC DESIGN 11
  • 13. IS THIS INTERACTION DESIGN?   GRAPHIC DESIGN INFORMATION DESIGN 11
  • 14. IS THIS INTERACTION DESIGN?    GRAPHIC DESIGN INFORMATION DESIGN INDUSTRIAL DESIGN 11
  • 16. HUMAN COMPUTER INTERACTION (HCI) COMPUTER SCIENCE 12
  • 17. HUMAN COMPUTER INTERACTION (HCI) COMPUTER HUMAN SCIENCE FACTORS 12
  • 18. INTERACTION DESIGN HUMAN COMPUTER INTERACTION (HCI) COMPUTER HUMAN SCIENCE FACTORS 12
  • 19. g INTERACTION r in DESIGN e e g in HUMAN E n COMPUTER INTERACTION (HCI) COMPUTER HUMAN SCIENCE FACTORS 12
  • 20. g INTERACTION r in DESIGN e e g in HUMAN E n COMPUTER INTERACTION ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING (HCI) COMPUTER HUMAN SCIENCE FACTORS 12
  • 21. g INTERACTION r in DESIGN e e g in HUMAN E n COMPUTER INTERACTION ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING (HCI) COMPUTER HUMAN MECHANICAL SCIENCE FACTORS ENGINEERING 12
  • 22. g INTERACTION Ps Re r in DESIGN yc sea e e ho rc g in HUMAN lo h n COMPUTER gy E ELECTRICAL INTERACTION ENGINEERING (HCI) COMPUTER HUMAN MECHANICAL SCIENCE FACTORS ENGINEERING 12
  • 23. g INTERACTION Ps Re r in DESIGN yc sea e e ho rc g in HUMAN lo h n COMPUTER gy E ELECTRICAL INTERACTION ENGINEERING ERGONOMICS (HCI) COMPUTER HUMAN MECHANICAL SCIENCE FACTORS ENGINEERING 12
  • 24. g INTERACTION Ps Re r in DESIGN yc sea e e ho rc g in HUMAN lo h n COMPUTER gy E ELECTRICAL INTERACTION ENGINEERING ERGONOMICS (HCI) COMPUTER HUMAN MECHANICAL SCIENCE FACTORS COGNITIVE ENGINEERING PSYCHOLOGY 12
  • 25. Design g INTERACTION Ps Re r in DESIGN yc sea e e ho rc g in HUMAN lo h n COMPUTER gy E ELECTRICAL INTERACTION ENGINEERING ERGONOMICS (HCI) COMPUTER HUMAN MECHANICAL SCIENCE FACTORS COGNITIVE ENGINEERING PSYCHOLOGY 12
  • 26. Design g ARCHITECTURE INTERACTION Ps Re r in DESIGN yc sea e e ho rc g in HUMAN lo h n COMPUTER gy E ELECTRICAL INTERACTION ENGINEERING ERGONOMICS (HCI) COMPUTER HUMAN MECHANICAL SCIENCE FACTORS COGNITIVE ENGINEERING PSYCHOLOGY 12
  • 27. Design INFORMATION DESIGN g ARCHITECTURE INTERACTION Ps Re r in DESIGN yc sea e e ho rc g in HUMAN lo h n COMPUTER gy E ELECTRICAL INTERACTION ENGINEERING ERGONOMICS (HCI) COMPUTER HUMAN MECHANICAL SCIENCE FACTORS COGNITIVE ENGINEERING PSYCHOLOGY 12
  • 28. Design INFORMATION GRAPHIC DESIGN DESIGN g ARCHITECTURE INTERACTION Ps Re r in DESIGN yc sea e e ho rc g in HUMAN lo h n COMPUTER gy E ELECTRICAL INTERACTION ENGINEERING ERGONOMICS (HCI) COMPUTER HUMAN MECHANICAL SCIENCE FACTORS COGNITIVE ENGINEERING PSYCHOLOGY 12
  • 29. Design INFORMATION GRAPHIC DESIGN DESIGN INDUSTRIAL g ARCHITECTURE INTERACTION DESIGN Ps Re r in DESIGN yc sea e e ho rc g in HUMAN lo h n COMPUTER gy E ELECTRICAL INTERACTION ENGINEERING ERGONOMICS (HCI) COMPUTER HUMAN MECHANICAL SCIENCE FACTORS COGNITIVE ENGINEERING PSYCHOLOGY 12
  • 30. HOW WE TALK TO COMPUTERS HOW MACHINES TALK BACK 13
  • 31. COGNITIVE PHYSICAL SYMBOLIC TACTILE 14
  • 32. GOAL INTENTION EVALUATION ACTION INTERPRETATION SPECIFICATION EXECUTION PERCEPTION Donald Norman, Seven Stages of Action 15
  • 33. INTERACTION DESIGN HISTORY in the teensiest possible nutshell *with apologies to Mark Rettig
  • 34. Research TIMELINE OF ADOPTION Professional Use (AND ADAPTATION!) Personal Use Punched Cards / Switches 1880s Keyboard / Terminal Graphical User Interface Hypertext Networks Mobility 1945 1955 1965 1975 1985 1995 2005
  • 37. HOW WAS IT USED?
  • 39. BEFORE 1945 MECHANICAL TOOLS Who’s What’s the user? the interface? MAD SCIENTISTS GEARS AND CRANKS How Who is it bought used? 1, 2, 3, 4... them? COUNTING IT DEPENDS
  • 40. 1945–1950 THE NEW INVENTION Who’s What’s the user? the interface? THE INVENTORS MOVING CABLES AROUND How Who is it bought used? them? BRUTE FORCE ARITHMETIC THE MILITARY
  • 41. 1950 –1960 THE CALCULATOR Who’s What’s the the user? interface? EXPERTS AND PIONEERS PUNCH CARDS AND TAPE How is it Who used? bought them? HIGH SPEED CALCULATIONS ROCKET SCIENTISTS
  • 42. 1960 –1970 THE GIANT BRAIN Who’s the What’s the user? interface? COMPUTER CENTER ACOLYTES TELETYPE AND TERMINAL How is it Who used? bought them? BATCH PROCESSING INFORMATION INTENSIVE BUSINESSES
  • 43. 1970 –1985 PINK COLLAR LABOR Who’s the What’s the user? interface? DATA ENTRY OPERATORS GREEN-SCREEN ALPHANUMERIC How is it Who used? bought them? TIME SHARING MOST BUSINESSES
  • 44. 1985 –1995 PRODUCTIVITY TOOL Who’s What’s the the user? interface? GEEKS GUIs How is Who it used? bought them? SHRINK-WRAPPED SOFTWARE UPWARDLY MOBILE HOME USERS
  • 45. 1995 – ? NETWORKED UBIQUITY Who’s What’s the the user? interface? EVERYONE. GUIs How is Who it used? bought them? WEB-ENABLED TOOLS THEY’RE CHEAP! BUY SEVERAL!
  • 47. WEEK 1 COMPUTING BEFORE COMPUTERS CHARLES BABBAGE HERMAN HOLLERITH Inventor of the Inventor of the Difference Engine punched card and the Analytical Engine ADA LOVELACE THOMAS J. WATSON The first President of IBM programmer? Or the first technical writer?
  • 48. WEEK 1 COMPUTING BEFORE COMPUTERS F.W. TAYLOR ALAN TURING Defined scientific The father of modern management or computer science “Taylorism” VANNEVAR BUSH JOHN VON NEUMANN The “Godfather” of Inventor of stored American science program architecture and technology
  • 49. WEEK 3 PROFESSIONAL COMPUTING JOHN MAUCHLEY & J.C.R. LICKLIDER PRESPER ECKERT Defined the idea of Invented the digital man-computer computer symbiosis GRACE MURRAY HENRY DREYFUS HOPPER Legendary industrial “The third designer programmer of the first computer”
  • 50. WEEK 4 PERSONAL COMPUTING IVAN SUTHERLAND TERRY WINOGRAD Designed the first Wrote “Bringing direct manipulation Design to Software” interface DOUGLAS ALAN KAY ENGELBART Conceived the first Developed an laptop interactive system to “augment human intellect”
  • 51. WEEK 4 INTERACTION DESIGN DISCIPLINE DONALD NORMAN JOHN CARROLL Wrote “The Design Leading HCI of Everyday researcher Things” JAKOB NIELSEN BRUCE TOGNAZZINI Don’t knock him ‘til Called for an you’ve tried him interaction design discipline
  • 52. NEXT WEEK Interaction Design Before Computers _Early Information Processing _The Human Factor _World War II Computing RESEARCH PLAN DUE FRIDAY

Hinweis der Redaktion

  1. Design for how people interact with (and adapt to) computers or digital products Includes physical, cognitive, and social aspects of interaction How people interact is determined by input devices (like keyboards and mice) and output devices (like screens and printers) Based in the fundamental tenets of user-centered design, interaction designers strive to create useful and usable products Addresses the paradox of technology: devices intended to make life simpler by automating tasks make life more complicated by being hard to use
  2. The story of interaction design is largely a story of how we create machines to enable us to do things we couldn’t otherwise do. At first, it was enough to be able to do something at all – fly through the air, or multiply very large numbers. But usually in order to gain this new skill, we first had to adapt ourselves to the computer, we tried to fit our behavior to the way the machine worked. After a while, though, we started trying to refine the computer to fit the way we think and behave and move. Interaction design is the design process where we understand human behavior so we can refine digital products to better fit our lives. Don’t think of this presentation as about the history of technology – it’s not about the machines. Think of it as a history of how people communicate with the machines – how we talk to computers, and tell them what to do, and how computers present their information or results back to us. This communication includes physical actions, whether that’s feeding something in to a machine, or pushing a button. What’s more, this communication requires fairly complex cognitive skills to understand the results of our actions and understand what the computer is saying. And there’s a social aspect to it too – our relationship to computers is increasingly about how they enable us to work with a group of people, or develop personal relationships.
  3. Hierarchical menus and function keys
  4. Hierarchical menus and function keys
  5. Hierarchical menus and function keys