Origin – distribution of species – wild relatives and forms – breeding objectives – major breeding procedures for development of hybrids / varieties.

1. ASSIGNMENT FOR
FINAL PRACTICAL
EXAM
ON

2. ORIGIN:-
• The cultivated chrysanthemum is originally native to China.
• Its history can be traced back to the Con-Fucian era (550 B.C.).
Confucius wrote! “The chrysanthemum has its yellow glory inbhis book
Li-ki which treats largely of ancient ceremonies and institutions.
• The Chinese eRa as early as the fourth century A.D. grew ball shaped
progenitors of present-day chryaanthemum in a variety of colors. The
chrysanthemum flower appears Frequently in Chinese literature, poetry,
and songs where it is referred to as chu or chu-hwa.
• Through the ages it was one of the most popular flowers of China, and it
re-mains a popular flower in China today.

3. • MUCH OF THE CREDIT FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
MODERN
HARDY CHRYSANTHEMUM CALLED KOREAN HYBRID IS
ATTRIBUTED TO
ALEX CUMMING.
VARIETIES DERIVED FROM CROSSES BETWEEN C. COREANUM
WITH THE GARDEN CHRYAANTHEMUM C.MORIFCLIUM WERE
PRODUCED IN 1928.
THE INTRODUCTION OF GERM PLASM OF THIS SPECIES HAS
RESULTED IN BETTER HARDY GARDEN CHRYSANTHEMUMAND
POINTS THE WAY TO FUTURE IMPROVEMENT THROUGH
INTERSPECIFIC CROSSES.
BRISTOL NURSERIES OF BRISTOL, CON-NECTICUT WITH
RODERICK CUMMINGHAS BEEN LARGELY RESPONSIBLE FOR
POPULARIZING THE IMPORTANT DEVELOPNANTS IN AMERICAN
GARDEN CHRYAANTHEMUM BREEDING.
THE HARVEST GIANT SERIES WERE PRODUCED BY QRVILLE
DUNHAM AND WERE NATIONALLY PUBLICISED IN 1956 IN LIFE
MAGAZINE.
IN GENERAL, GREAT ADVANCES IN CHRYAANTHEMUM
DEVELOPMENT HAVE BEEN MADE IN THIS LAST QUARTER
CENTURY.

4. WILD RELATIVES OF CHRYSANTHEMUM:
Genus Chrysanthemum belongs to the
family Compositeae which is second largest family among flowering
plants comprising about 20, 000 species, largest being Orchidaceae.
• 1. Chrysanthemum morifolium
• 2. C. sinense
• 3. C. indicum
• 4. C. japonicum
• 5. C. arnatum
• 6. C. satsumense
• 7. C. boreale.

5. SPECIES OF CHRYSANTHEMUM:-
• Indigenous species:-
1. C. indicum– Native to India, Florist chrysanthemum.
• Wild species:-
1. C. stilliszkai
2. C. rkhtsria
3. C. atkinsoni
4. C. leucanthemum
wild species in the Indo-Tibetan
border.

6. •Objective1:-
.
To gather
horticultural
and genetic
evaluation
information.
BREEDING OBJECTIVES:

7. Other breeding methods:-
1. Cultivars with low temperature requirement
2. Rapid growth habit with small to medium size of leaves to enable close
planting.
3. Pollen – free cultivars have been reported to be desirable as pollen spoils the
appearance and also induces allergy reactions during handling.
4. Uniform response to environment,
5. Long storage life
6. Compact and dwarf
7. Easy to root cutting
8. Cultivars with no vernalisation requirement are preferred for year around
production.

8. BREEDING PROCEDURES:-
Major Breeding methods followed
in chrysanthemum:-
a. Introduction
b.Selection
c. Hybridization
d.Mutation breeding

9. INTRODUCTION:-
• Scrutiny of names of cultivars grown in this part of the
country show their Australian, English, French,
Japanese or American origin in addition to those
originating within the country.
• In South India on the other hand only a few yellow or
white small coloured cultivars are grown for use as
loose flowers which are probably of Indian origin.
• Introduction of exhibition types seems to have started
in East India, particularly in Calcutta and Sikkim
during British period.
• Most introductions till two decades back were done by
resourceful individuals or nurserymen in these two
places or through some embassies in New Delhi.

10. •The realization of this fact led
to introduction of 80 cultivars
from Japan in 1972 at
National Botanic Gardens,
Lucknow .
• These introduced cultivars
formed the basis for filling
the gaps mentioned above by
hybridization or mutation
breeding at the institute.

11. NAMES OF SOME WELL KNOWN CULTIVARS GROWN IN INDIA HAVE
BEEN GIVEN BELOW ALONG WITH THE NAME OF COUNTRY
WHEREFROM THEY WERE INTRODUCED INTO THIS COUNTRY OR
WHERE IT ORIGINATED:

12. SELECTION:-
• Most of the outstanding
spray and loose flower type
cultivars evolved in India,
namely Birbal Sahni, Apsara,
Kundou, Jaya, Shard Singer,
Co1, Co2. The drawback of
this method include
unknown parentage, need
for raising a very large
number of seedling
population. Failure of the
improved double long and
tabular ray florets to set
seeds etc. Single plant
selection method is followed.

13. HYBRIDIZATION:-
• The aim of hybridization is
improvement which
assumes different
meanings depending-upon
the purpose for which a
new cultivar is intended.
• A cultivar suitable for pot-
culture may not be fit for
growing as cut-flower.
Similarly, a cultivar may be
suitable for cut-flower
purpose but not for
garland making.

14. IN RECENT YEARS REMARKABLE
PROGRESS HAS BEEN MADE
IN THE PRODUCTION OF
HARDIER TYPES OF GARDEN
FLOWERS BY
USING A NUMBER OF SPECIES
FOR HYBRIDIZING.
CONSIDERABLE
VARIATION MIGHT BE EXPECTED
FROM THESE HYBRIDS

15. 1.CHRYSANTHEMUM INDICUM (MOTHER CHRYAANTHEMUM) -
FROM THIS LITTLE BLOSSOM, THE WIDE RANGE OF GARDEN
CHRYAANTHEMUM AND ENORMOUS EXHIBITION TYPES OF
THE FLORISTS WERE LARGELY DEVELOPED. FOLIAGE AND
STEMS HAVE A STRONG ODOUR.
2.C.MORIFOLIUM (FLORISTS’CHRYAANTHEMUM)
A CULTIGEN OF CHINESE ORIGIN AND CULTIVATED IN CHINA,
JAPAN AND KOREA FOR MORE THAN THREE THOUSAND
YEARS, THERE
ARE HIGHLY DEVELOPED HORTICULTURAL PLANTS AND HAVE
THE
GREATEST NUMBER OF THE HORTICULTURAL VARIETIES
(CULTIVARS).
THESE PLANTS ARE PERENNIAL HERBS, 2 TO 4 FEET OR
MORE HIGH.
FLOWER HEADS HAVE DEVELOPED INTO SEVERAL GROUPS
OF FLOWER TYPES. ITS GROWTH HABIT IS REGULATED BY
PLANTING DATE AND
PINCHING AND PHOTOPERIOD CONTROL. THE LEAVES ARE
PETIOLED
OR WITH WINGED-PETIOLAR BASE, TOOTHED AND DEEPLY
These chrysanthemum species
include:

16. SINGLE FLOWERS 2 INCHES ACROSS; OPEN PURE WHITE,
CHANGING TO PINK, WITH OCCASIONAL CARMINE-PINK TONES
WHEN MATURE
4. C.NIPPONICUM (NIPPON OXEYED DAISY)
SHRUB-LIKE, A LARGE PART OF THE PLANT WILL OVER-
WINTER AND PRODUCE NEW LATERAL STEMS IN SPRING.
LEAVES
CROWNED ON UPPER PART OF STEM, THICK AND STIFFENED;
FLOWER
HEAD SINGLE ON THE TERMINAL; BLOOMS VERY LATE.
5. C.MAXIMUM (SHASTA DAISY. GLORY OF THE WAYSIDE) -
AS A POLLEN PARENT IT HAS BEEN USED IN THE DIREC-
TION OF A MORE COMPACT AND EARLIER FLOWERING TYPE.
RAYS
WHITE; DISK YELLOW; LEAVES SESSILE, TOOTHED, OBLONG-
LANCEOLATE OR OBLANCEOLATE (INVERSELY LANCEOLATE).
6.C.COOCINEUM (COLOR DAIAY. PAINTED DAISY) -
IT HAS PROVED TO BE OF VALUE AS A POLLEN PARENT.
SOME EXTREMELY DESIRABLE COLOR SHADES HAVE
DEVELOPED, SUCH
AS RED, PINK, XIXAC AND WHITE, WITH YELLOW DISK, ALSO A
GREATER DEPTH OF RICHNESS IN THE CRIMSON SHADES HAS
BEEN

17. 7. C.ARCTICUM (ARCTIC
DAISY) :-A SPECIES OF
LOW,MOUND-LIKE GROWTH.
HEADS SOLITARY, 1”TO 2”
ACROSS, WHITE TINGED
ROSE OR LILAC, NUMEROUS
AND ATTRACTIVE FXOWERS.
OFTEN SURVIVE A WINTER
TEMPERATURE OF 20
DEGREES BELOW ZERO F.
8. C.UXIGINOSUM (GIANT
DAISY) :-AN ERECT
GROWING TYPE ATTAINING A
HEIGHT OF SIX FEET IN THE
RICH MOIST SOIL WHICH IT
PREFERS. STEMS MUCH
BRANCHED AND FINELY
PUBESCENT ABOVE; LEAVES
LONG-LANCEOLATE, VERY
SHARP POINTED

18. MUTATION BREEDING:-
• Pioneering work on induction of somatic
mutation in chrysanthemum by using a Co 60
thisoactive gamma irradiation source has
been done at N.B.R.I., Lucknow, resulting in
the development of about 40 mutant cultivars
strikingly different from their parents. The
main advantage of this method lies in
changing one or few characters of an
otherwise outstanding cultivar without
altering the remaining, and often unique, part
of the genotype. Examples: Basanti, Pusa
centenary, pusa anmol, usha kiran