PMAS Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Pakistan

2. Introduction
• Kingdom: Plantae
• Class: Magnoliopsida
• Family: Rosaceae
• Genus: Rosa

3. • Roses are the most popular cut-flower world
wide.
• The rose has been a symbol of love, beauty,
even war and politics.
• More than 30000 species of rose exist in world.
Out of these 30000, in Pakistan 11000 to 12000
are present.
• Rosaceae is the third largest plant family in both
world distribution and economic importance.

4. History
• The rose is one of the most admired and universally
recognizable flowers in existence.
• The rose has a long heritage in literature, art, movies,
history, and sports.
• According to fossil evidence, the rose is 35 million years
old.
• Garden cultivation of the rose began about 5,000 years
ago, probably in China.
• It wasn’t until the late 18th century that cultivation of
roses were introduced to Europe from China.

5. Importance and Uses
• Roses are best known as ornamental plants grown for
their flowers in the garden and sometimes indoors.
• Some are used as landscape plants, for hedging and for
other utilitarian purposes such as game cover.
• Roses are a popular crop for both domestic and
commercial cut flowers.
• Rose perfumes are made from attar of roses or rose oil.
• Rose water, made as a byproduct of rose oil production.
• Rose hips are occasionally made into jam, jelly, and
marmalade.
• Roses are also used in herbal and folk medicine.

6. Rose Color Meaning
• Red ~ Love, Passion, Respect, Courage
• White ~ Innocence, Purity, Secrecy
• Yellow ~ Joy, Friendship
• Coral ~ Desire
• Light Pink ~ Grace, Gladness, Joy
• Dark Pink ~ Thankfulness
• Lavender ~ Enchantment, Love at first Sight
• Orange ~ Fascination

7. Climate
• Day temperature of 25°C and a night
temperature of 10°C, are good for high quality
roses.
• The optimum temperature for standard carnation
is 15°–20°C.
• Clay soils, warm temperatures are always
preferred.
• The site chosen should be free from weeds,
nematodes or soil-borne pathogens.

8. Planting
• Roses require loamy, well drained soil.
• They are planted in the circular pits about 60- 90
cm across and 60 -75 cm deep.
• Remove all the broken and bruised leaves while
planting the plant.
• Roses require atleast six hours of direct sunlight
for the growth.
• The best time to plant the Rose plants rests
between September to October.

9. Cont…
• The rose plant needs cutting from time to time. It
requires manures and fertilizers at the time of
planting.
• Watering: Rose should be given one or two deep
soaks per week to encourage deep rooting and
drought resistance.
• Mulching is also done for protection against hot
sun and to keep the weeds down. Example:
Bark mulch, peat moss, well rotted compost
etc…

10. Pruning
• The best time to prune is in the early spring just
as you see the new growth beginning to bud.
Pruning is done to:
• Encourage new growth and bloom
• Remove dead wood
• Improve air circulation
• Shape the plant

11. There are 3 methods of Pruning:
• Hard Pruning
• Moderate Pruning
• Light Pruning

12. Classification of Roses
Roses are divided into three classes:
• Species Roses
• Old Garden Roses
• Modern Roses

13. Types of Roses
• Hybrid Tea Roses
• Floribunda
• Grandifloras
• Modern Shrub Roses
• Climbing Roses
• Miniature Roses

14. Floribunda
• Known for its large
clusters of medium sized
blooms that cover the
rose bush all season
long.
• The plant is generally
hardy and easy to grow
and maintain.
• It usually grows to about
3 feet tall.

15. Grandifloras
• They are similar to
hybrid teas.
• It has a unique ability
to grow clusters of
large hybrid tea-type
flowers on strong
straight stems.
• Plants are large and
grow to about 6-9 feet
tall.

16. Propagation
• Seeds
• Cuttings
• Layering
• Grafting

17. Diseases
• Black Spot
• Botrytis
• Powdery Mildew
• Rust
• Rose Mosaic

18. Black Spot
• It is caused by the fungus Diplocarpon rosae.
• The spots, which may be as much as 12mm
across, are generally circular and have an
irregular edge often with a yellow halo.
• Spray of Thiophanatemethyl(0.1%) is effective
for its control.

19. Powdery Mildew
• It is caused by the fungus Sphaerotheca
pannosa.
• This disease can cause young leaves to curl and
turn purple. Young canes may be distorted and
dwarfed.
• It can be controlled by the lime- sulphur spray.

20. Pests
• Aphids
• Two Spotted Mite
• Thrips
• Root Knot Nematode

21. Aphids
• Aphids are soft bodied
insects 1-2mm long. Often
green but occasionally light-
brown.
• They feed on the sap of the
plant by piercing the plant
cells via a proboscis.

22. Thrips
• Thrips are slim-winged insects
1mm in length, resembling fine
black slivers of wood.
• Flowers are often left looking
bruised and lustreless.

23. World Leading Rose Exporters
• The Netherlands, with about 8000 hectares of land
under Rose cultivation, is the global leader in Rose
cultivation.

24. Post Harvest Handling
• 1. Grading
• 2. Leaf Removal
• 3. Bunching
• 4. Recutting
• 5. Hydration
• 6. Special Treatments
• 7. Packing
• 8. Precooling
• 9. Cold Storage
• 10. Delivery to Market