An introduction to JCI Debating.

1. The art of convincing a critical audience

3. Four basic elements Motion Time constraints Governmen & opposition Jury

4. Motion/proposition Defining, direction of the controversy Convince the jury to adopt the proposition There must be some Controversy “ everybody has the right to carry a firearm”

5. Debating room set-up Chairman Judges Opposition Audience Government Timekeeper

9. Government The role you play is Determined by faith YOUR may need to put your personal opinion aside Define the motion Phrase the debate proposition The concept “ if it ain’t broken, don’t fix it” applies: the Government carries risk of proposition: the Burden of proof

10. Opposition Follow the definition of the government Burden of refutation Not all black & white Pros & cons CAN agree on multiple issues but dis-agree on one particular issue

11. Time constraints End the debate discussion has to end some time doesn’t it ? Equal speech time for each team Articulate in a given time speech must fit the timeslot exactly

12. Jury A jury adds the element of competition to a debate the jury must remain impartial and objective at all times is this possible ? FEEDBACK an academic debate is meant to be a learning experience

16. Customs part 1 Stand up while speaking Keep the relationship with the audience and jury going Welcome the audience Shake hands

18. Not listening ? People listen to their favorite station: WII FM What are you talking about Put out land-marks, make it easy for the audience to follow Speed of thinking > speed of speech captivate the audience or minds will wander Be realistic about the audience’s capacity to comprehend arguments keep them short and sweet

19. Make people listen Make contact & interact and stimulate audience Maintain the relationship with the audience Keep eye contact Vary the rhythm and volume of the voice Use this ACRONYM for success CAIS

20. CAIS C ontact A ttention I nformation S ummary

22. Convincing: 3 approaches Ethos

23. Convincing: 3 approaches Ethos Pathos

24. Convincing: 3 approaches Ethos Pathos Logos

25. Convincing: 3 approaches Ethos Pathos Logos

27. Arguments perceived as strong referring to what the majority thinks SUPPORT with figures if you can... complex situation are explained as a simple Profit&LOSS equations gives the impression of a powerful analysis Rules & traditions have a compelling impact on people

28. Play to the gallery USE contrast, make things black & white Use triplets: “ Do not do it for me, but do it for yourself, do it for your wife and do it for children” Pathos an audience can be very sensitive to emotional arguments Ethos Pathos Logos

30. Presentation style Gesticulate use non verbal communication Move away from the table maintain the relationship with the people you have to convince “ you” = the jury,audience they = the other party Expression is more convincing than verbosity if the expression does not convince then 1.000 words will neither !

31. Style Involve audience Change the rhythm Use the power of silence Marshall your arguments (put them in the right sequence) HOw Many arguments do I NEED

32. Communication is... Voice Content Non-verbal

33. Exercise x minutes Interruption Stand up and Ask permission to speak Make your comment no longer then 15 sec Sit down again Heckle, to harass or disturb a speaker with a shout to vent your opinion like in: “hear, hear ! go home ! empty words!

34. Preparation Define the terms of the controversy phrase the debating proposition BRAINSTORMING find issues, arguments and evidence Decide which arguments to use and which to leave out. Sort the arguments in the right sequence

35. Preparation Assigns roles: who will open, who will refute, who will conclude Think about an icebreaker or opener Think about the take home message Do not write the complete speech use keywords, or mind maps...

36. Presentation: voice & content Beginning Middle Conclusion Voice

37. Presentation: voice and content Beginning Voice Content Middle Conclusion

38. Avoid ToO many argument. If the opponents can shoot more of three of them, the impression is that they have refuted everything... Avoid giving yourself the status and image of an expert if you cannot back it up avoid focusing on your own argumentation, otherwise you forget to refute the opponents’ arguments

39. Claiming a statement to be true until the opposite has been proven Making a maze of the speech and arguments so that the audience cannot follow Keeping arguments hidden until the opposing party cannot defend itself (last speech of the debate) Avoid

40. Refutations ? When do I refute ? How many arguments must be refuted ? When is an argument refuted ? How Do I make it easy for the audience to follow a refutation ?

43. Training Debating Carlo van Tichelen JCI Belgium - Gheel-en-Thals [email_address] skype : carlovantichelen with credit to : Gerrit Leman & Peter M. Van der Geer

44. When to refute ? refutation Own argumentation refutation Own argumentation affirmative negative

46. Arguments & refutations

48. How to judge ? pros pros cons cons cons pros opening rebuttals conclusion Goal = evaluate the motion based upon presented arguments Arguments > presentations

51. Exercise x’ Time out 3 speakers

52. Observe these numbers 12, 37, 45 43, 67 34, 54, 81