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Technical, organizational and institutional arrangements for effective delivery of oestrus synchronization program,[object Object],Azage Tegegne,[object Object],IPMS Workshop on Alternatives for Improving Field AI Delivery System to Enhance Beef and Dairy Production in Ethiopia,[object Object],ILRI, Addis Ababa, 24-25 August 2011,[object Object]
Planning - Technical steps,[object Object],Defining needs, purpose and goal,[object Object],Team formation – multi-disciplinary, multi-institutional,[object Object],Criteria for commodity devpt – population, feed , input supply, markets, institutional support, etc,[object Object],Commodity development locations – GIS maps for milk shed (milk, butter), beef production,[object Object],Selection of sites and farmers – rural, peri-urban, urban, capability, feed, housing, market, etc,[object Object],Selection and identification of cows – breed, age, body condition score, pregnancy status, reproductive history, reproductive diseases, palpation (uterus and ovarian functions) ,[object Object],Record keeping – PA, name of farmer, house number, animal name or ID, treatment, AI, etc,[object Object],Organization of program and communication,[object Object],Implementing the field program,[object Object],Post implementation follow-up and evaluation,[object Object],Data collection, handling, analysis and write-up,[object Object]
Technical steps in site selection,[object Object],Opportunities for commodity development ,[object Object],Community participation - Central,[object Object],Accessibility ,[object Object],Availability of animal handling facility,[object Object]
Technical steps in animal selection,[object Object],Age ,[object Object],Parity,[object Object],Body condition score ,[object Object],Heart girth measurement,[object Object],Pregnancy status,[object Object],Lactation status,[object Object],Reproductive disorders and diseases,[object Object],Presence of corpus luteum,[object Object]
Some features in Zebu cattle  ,[object Object],Cervix and uterus are small or cervix is large and tortuous and almost impossible to penetrate with a catheter in some cows,[object Object],Because of the slope of the vulva cows tend to blow up in the rectum ,[object Object],In older cows the uterus is often large and pendulous making it difficult to palpate,[object Object],It is often difficult to pick up an ovary and locate the CL ,[object Object],Often the uterus is coiled and some cows have nervous disposition making AI difficult. ,[object Object],Some cows jump and others lay down during AI,[object Object],Oestrus is short and behavioural signs are poor making oestrus detection difficult,[object Object],Time of insemination is different - Inseminate with one straw of semen each at 12 hours and 20 hours after standing heat,[object Object]
Organizational Issues,[object Object],Team composition and formation,[object Object],Defining roles and responsibilities,[object Object],Proper planning,[object Object],Financing, DSA, transport, support, communication, vet support, supplies,[object Object],Organizational culture, norms, behaviours, etc – eg. DSA, vehicle, team work, incentives,[object Object]
Some equipment and supplies for field operation,[object Object],Transport, tent, mattress  and sleeping bags,[object Object],Kitchen utensils and supplies - stove, cooking utensils, plates, food, water, coffee, tissue paper, etc Light/torch, dry cell batteries, matches,  waste basket,[object Object],Electric generator, petrol, portable fridge, Fist Aid Kit and some drugs, repair kit,[object Object],Working table, chairs, label, marker, ear tag and applicator, ear tag marker, Pen/pencil, record sheets, clip board, stickers,[object Object],Semen, liquid nitrogen, AI equipment – glover, scissors, AI gun, sheath, forceps,[object Object],Supplies –hormones, bails, syringes, needles , alcohol , gauze, boots, apron, etc,[object Object]
Technical Issues,[object Object],Equipment and Supplies,[object Object],Semen selection – breed, genotype level, ,[object Object],Check semen quality – motility, concentration,[object Object],Ensure availability of equipment and supplies – syringes, ear tags,[object Object],Animal Handling facility – Safety first, location, convenience, design, shade, working area,[object Object]
Design - Animal handling facility,[object Object]
Organizational Issues,[object Object],Team formation – skills, experience, knowledge, training,[object Object],Team harmonization – Set clear understanding of the purpose, objectives, and expected outputs of the program,[object Object],Team leadership – programming, breeding plan and objectives, value chain development, actors and stakeholder,[object Object],Logistic support,[object Object],Appointment timing and management – not all in one go – inefficiency, long waiting time, intolerance, animal stress, confusion ,[object Object]
With the community,[object Object],Effective communication – purpose, steps, expectations, outcomes, etc,[object Object],Involve leaders, elders, etc,[object Object],Awareness creation at various levels – Leaders, experts, DAs, , AI techs,  farmers,[object Object],Community mobilization,[object Object],Training – purpose, animal management, reproductive cycle, oestrus detection, bull separation, feeding, etc,[object Object],Defining roles and responsibilities – farmers, experts, AI techs, DAs, Administration ,[object Object],Define timing of breeding and calving,[object Object],Arrangement for commodity development (feed, input supply, health and AI services, milk handling, processing, marketing)  ,[object Object]
During…,[object Object],Plan all activities,[object Object],Team building and team work,[object Object],Roles and responsibilities and multi-tasking,[object Object],Equipment and field supplies, financing,[object Object],Program – experts, farmers, turns, confusion, etc ,[object Object],Implementation – time, ID, organization ,[object Object],Record keeping,[object Object],Food and water,[object Object],Leadership, coordination and communication,[object Object]
Post synchronization,[object Object],Bull separation,[object Object],Oestrus detection ,[object Object],Insemination program – time, timing, location, etc,[object Object],Preference to use natural mating ,[object Object],Preference to use own bull,[object Object],Repeat breeders,[object Object],Pregnancy diagnosis – mobilization, timing, program,[object Object],Fear of abortion after palpation for pregnancy,[object Object],Sale of pregnant cows – higher value,[object Object],Fear of disease transmission,[object Object]
Key Lessons,[object Object],Capacity building – multidisciplinary regional teams,[object Object],Proper Planning – commodity development,[object Object],Ensure necessary finance, equipment and supplies for the team and safe and efficient field operation,[object Object],Leadership - team formation, clear roles and responsibilities, accountability, non-inclusiveness,[object Object],Awareness creation and community mobilization,[object Object],Facilities – animals handling, lab, equipment, etc,[object Object],Technical, organizational  & institutional arrangements,[object Object],The technology is a means; not an end by itself!!,[object Object],Synchronization ≠ milk or meat!!!,[object Object]
The Way Forward,[object Object],Sound policy and strategy - Develop integrated and coordinated capacity across the whole spectrum of biotechnology ,[object Object],Define roles and responsibilities of research and development organizations and the private sector ,[object Object],Invest and take strategic alliances and cooperation with many actors, including the private sector,[object Object],We may have a ‘Research Strategy’…but consider more in investing on ‘Strategic Research’,[object Object]
Thank You!,[object Object]

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