Gen AI in Business - Global Trends Report 2024.pdf
13 hja 01 motive power mst
1. Perpetual Mobility and Sustainment on Water
Net Zero Energy Cost - No Longer a Panacea
Henning@hjaSolutions.com
Montreal, Canada
1 September 2014
New Technology for Hybrid Solar Wind in: Packaged Power Systems
Executive Summary - Business Plan
3. INTRO: Selecting Fossil Fuel Instead of Electricity as
Power Source at the Turn of the 20th
Century
Was Perhaps Mankind’s Most Costly Mistake
60 -70% of oil today is
destined
for Transportation Fuels
6. The First Solar Powered Only Circumnavigation of the
Planet Was Completed between 2009/9 and 2012/2
7. Emergence of Solar Power for Ocean Passages
2007 Sun21 Travel 7,000 nm
Crossing the Atlantic
Seville – Florida – New York
2009/9- 2012/2 Planet Solar
Circumnavigated the planet -
21,638 nm in 566 days
8. Planet Solar’s Mission
Design and Mobility Solutions
• To voyage at reasonable speeds,
• Prove that perpetual travel on Solar
Power alone is possible
• Test the wave-piercing hulls ability to
penetrate water to reduce resistance
under all condition as required to
optimize electric propulsion
The multihull gave Planet Solar the beam
required to place 5,780 SF of Solar Panels
topside which provided sufficient power for
mobility and Sustainment (Hotel Load) for
a global circumnavigation with current
technology. CPV technology will allow
much reduction in seize of vessels.
10. Solar C-Si vs. CPV Efficiency by Field Size
Nearly all Silicon based
2015 NRLE
CPV Target
of 56% Efficiency*
All Thin Film
Showing the 2009 SP C-Si
at 100% for comparison of
Current and Near Future
Energy Field by
Comparison
Using CPV 1-Axis Tracking will
Increase Efficiency additionally
by 20%
Using CPV 2-Axis Tracking will
Increase Efficiency additionally
to 30%
2014 50.1% Efficiency* vs. Size
* CPV Efficiency is including 2-Axis Tracking
SP C-Si 100% Size High Efficiency Silicon
11. Benefits of CPV: Concentrated Photovoltaic
Highest Current Cell Output for CPV 43.7%, with 30% increase from 2-Axis Tracking:
• Sustainable, Reliable Power with very low Maintenance requirement,,
• Clean power no smell from fuel internally or fuel spillage externally,
• Cost-efficient Life Cycle Cost when size of field is match to consumption,
• Challenge: Price, Integration and Energy Storage
12. CPV Power Generating Installation
CPV Makes Energy Independence Possible
Top side tub
Each unit
177SF
Sample Bank of 10 units of CPV
1,770 SF
1st
Axis
swivels +/- 15°
2nd
Axis
swivels +/- 15°
13. Proof of Principle Model
The project choice was the current world record
holder Concentrated Photovoltaic (CPV) with 43.7%
cell efficiency which will provide over 3x the efficiency
of the SP 2009 c-Si panels. It will allow for reduction in
the solar field size by more than 70% of PV and allow
for corresponding reduction in vessel size, or more
than double the energy generation for a vessel of
equivalent size to Planet Solar – or a lesser size vessel
with greatly improve speed. The application of CPV is
no longer an issue of cell output, but rather an
engineering challenge, one that can more easily be
solved than developing new solar power cells with
higher output. By adding an off-the-shelf 2-Axis
hydraulic tracker, it will give a further increase in
power by an additional improvement of 30%.
Development work now underway promises 2-Axis
tracking with35% improvement by 2015.
14. Improved Output from Solar Fields
Shrink the Size of the Sun Catchment Area
Improved solar field output
will Impact the deck size for
power generation for all new
solar yacht designs.
• CPV Tracking Announced 5%
Improvement over 2012 results
Type/Efficiency Cell
(DC)
Module
(DC)
System
(AC)
Tracking
1-Axis
Tracking
2-Axis
Cerc 1996- 12.0% 10.8% 8.3% ~ ~
SP PV - 2009 23.4% 19.0% 16.0% ~ ~
CPV - 2009 36.0% 33.1% 31.3% 37.6% 40.7%
CPV - 2010 39.0% 35.9% 33.9% 40.7% 44.1%
CPV - 2011-12 43.7% 40.2% 38.0% 45.6% 49.4%
CPV - 2012-13 47.2% 43.4% 41.1% 49.3% 53.4%
CPV - 2014 DC Grid 47.2% 43.4% ~ 52.1% 56.5%
NREL - 2015 (35% tracking) 50.0% 46.0% ~ 55.2% 62.1%
15. Heat Pipe/Heat Pump Reuse of CPV Generated Heat
The HSY CPV solar field when using a Fresnel lens at 1000x magnification of sunlight focused
on CPV cells will generate substantial amounts of heat that can be pumped out of the CPV
casement units and into a short heat pipe.
The only practical limit to the rate of heat transfer is the speed with which the heat pipe gas
can be condensed to a liquid at the cold end. The advantages of heat pipes over many other
heat-dissipation mechanisms are their great efficiency in transferring heat.
A pipe one inch in diameter and two feet long can transfer 12,500 BTU (3.7 kW) per hour at
1,800 °F (980°C) with only 18 degrees temperature drop from end to end, in conjunction with
a heat pump it will generate all the heat and cooling for the HSY.
16. Elements Studied for Achieving Total Independence
s
o
u
r
s
e
SP Solar PV Solar CPV Future (NREL)*
Solar CPV
Lithium Ion
Batteries
Large Storage
Type
System
93.5 kWp
Solar PV output
500-600 kWh/d
23.4% Cell 16%
System Efficient
(Used Planet Solar)
50.kWp
Solar CPV
43.7% cell
with 2-Axis
Tracking
50.1% System
(Used HSY)
60 kWp
2015 Solar CPV
50% cell
with 2-Axis
tracking
56% System
Efficiency
Li-Ion
in Series
Replaced by
improved
LiFePO4
batteries
40-100 kW
Energy Storage
Suitable for large
yachts,
will be soon be
replaced by
Fuel Cell storage
Current
Status
2009 Best PV
Technology
Best CPV 2014
Proven
Laboratory
Cell Proven
Operational
Today
Operational
Today
Tech
2015
PV C-Si
since reach its
limit
Advanced
High output
designs
The ultimate
In solar cell
design
Increase capacity
and 43% reduced
price
over last 5 years
Improvement
In Fuel Cell
efficiency by
2015
17. Energy Density
Wh/Kg
10000
1000
100
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000
SpecificEnergy(Wh/Kg)
Volumetric Energy Density (Wh/L)
High-pressure
Hydrogen (35 Mpa) CNG
20 Mpa)
Hydrogen
sourced
Energy
Ethanol
Gasoline
Bio-diesel
Diesel
Lithium-ion
Nickel metal hydride
Lead
Source: Toyota
Gaseous fuels
Liquid fuels
Batteries
LMB
ThB 500Wh/Kg.
LMB: Liquid Metal Battery –still under investigation
ThB: Thorium (Plasma) Battery - still under investigation
200Wh/Kg
18. CPV Solar Electricity Generating Hydrogen to Drive a Fuel
Cell Producing Power Directly for Electric Motor(s)
The solar field provides electricity to an air-compressor
which removes hydrogen from ordinary water (H2O) by a
process of electrolysis. The resulting hydrogen goes to a
storage tank and is released on demand to a fuel cell
which convert H2 directly to electricity. This process is
not to be mistaken for hydrogen fuel. The hydrogen is
transform directly to electricity when recombined with
oxygen (O). No energy is lost, in fact a fossil fuel fed
generators with 38% efficiency using fuel cell increases
efficiency to 65% - a 41.5% performance improvement.
The only by-product is recyclable water. In this cycle
process hydrogen is an energy carrier that allows
storage of solar energy in large amounts for distribution
when required. The CPV – Fuel cell system is operational
at Masdar City in the UAE.
distributed
HJA Solutions’ PowerPack with fuel cell(s) will feed special DC variable speed electric motors that
when used as main power source already consume 20% less fuel or less electricity when used in HSY
integration in “new build” yachts of all sizes between 60-200 feet eliminating all fossil fuel need and
for 200-500 feet Mega Yachts it will reduce generator power for the electric drive system by a 20%.
The hydrogen fuel cell storage system as shown will allow for “plug and play” for upgrade in any
yacht with an electric drive systems.
20. Wind Power for Battery Charging During Cloudy Days
The ducted rotor consists of a turbine inside a duct which flares outwards at the
back, referred to as Diffuser-Augmented Wind Turbines (i.e. DAWT).The main
advantage of the ducted rotor is that it can operate in a wide range of winds and
generate a higher power per unit of rotor area. The ducted rotor advantage is its
fixed magnets and high rotation rate, so it doesn't require a bulky noisy gearbox
allowing the mechanical portion of the unit to be smaller, lighter and quieter - 35dB
at10 feet. Current development of vertical turbines have emerged with interesting
result – easier to place higher outputs and even less noise.
21. Mag-Wind Vertical Axis Turbine
Magnetically-Levitated Axial Flux Alternator specifications claims:
Productivity: 1100 kWh/month in average wind (12 m/s),
Cut-In Speed: Less than 4 km/h (1 m/s).
Top Speed: Greater than 100 mph.
Economics: Fully burdened cost over 5 years is 7 cents per kW,
ROI: Based bill is $300 per ($0.20kWh) - ROI 2 years or less,
Maintenance & Operation Costs: Minimal,
Small size 4 feet high and 4 feet diameter,
Virtually inaudible.
Currently in Production.
Magnetically-Levitated Axial Flux Alternator solves 11 different problems that
previously limited the development of vertical-axis wind turbines for generation of
electricity. The center hub floats on a magnet, and the coils that generate the power are
at the outer ring, with magnets at the tips of the blades flying over them at high speed.
It is only 4 feet high, and it is virtually inaudible. Estimated output 40+kWh per day,
sufficient for a 60 footer, two Turbines will adequately provide Hotel Load for vessels up
to 200 feet.
22. SkySails – Towing Kite
Proven Fuel Saving Transit System in use with Commercial Vessels and Yachts – the
Towing Kites for yachts are fully automatic (photo right): 40m² (431 SF). The Skysails
economics indicate a two year repayment period. The 2014 estimated average
underway fuel savings is $1,800/daily (based on $4 gal) reflecting a 35% fuel saving .
Best routes for sustained wind can show up to 50% fuel savings.
23. Wind Systems Studied for Power Augmentation
s
o
u
r
s
e
Ducted Wind Auxiliary Wind Mag Wind
Vertical Axis
Towing Kite Thermal Textiles/
Solar Cell Films
Type
Power
5 m/s 10kWh/d
7.5 m/s 15kWh/d
Used during
Transit
Suitable for large
yachts only
3.5 m/s :7.6 kWh/d
7.5 m/s 9.7kWh/d
for Hotel Load or
Battery Charging
during Transit
4`x 4` Mag
levitating
Wind Turbine
40kWh/d at 12m/s
wind
SkySails Provides
35% Fuel Saving
during Transit
(only large yachts)
The Sail boat
Textiles or Films
for Solar Power
Harvesting
Current
Status
Prototype
Available for Test
Operational
Today
Operational
Today
Operational
Today
Solid Wing Sail
Is Being Tested
Tech-
nology
2015
Advanced
Design
Larger Yachts
Improvements
and
Expanded Use
Needs integration
Developed
Improvement
In Automatic
Operations
DARPA Dye-
sensitive Solar Cell
Films for Dacron
Sails
24. New DC Micro Grid and Electric Motor Technology
The newly developed DC micro-grid and variable speed DC electric motor system now being
introduced on a 4,000 gt Platform Supply Vessel (PSV). The micro-grid combines the onboard
DC current for improved operation with less use of electric power. In addition to saving electric
energy it also reduces cost of running an emergency generator, if and when the electric system
for any reason cannot feed electricity from solar production or batteries in order to run the electric
motors. In this situation a generator will kick-in bypassing the batteries until the solar or wind
power system can be restored. Such emergency use of a generator provides an economical
back-up for the HSY using 20% less fuel and/or electricity which is in and by itself a great first
step in the introduction of the PowerPack for today’s fossil fuel dependent vessels. This electric
drive system is developed by ABB as a “plug and play” solution as a first step of the PowerPack
system in order to in the end eliminate the use of fossil fuels. The PSV vessel now under
construction in Norway will be the first ship to mount the DC micro-grid with variable speed
DC motors using 20% less fuel with an electrical system weighing 25% less. .
26. Hybrid Solar-Wind Yacht High Level Design Features
Life Cycle Cost Implications
Target Items Conventional Today Solar Yacht -Tomorrow Impact Notes
Power Plant/
Propulsion
Diesel/
Diesel-electric
Variable Speed DC Electric
Motors/Generator back-up
Diesel GenSet providing backup
emergency energy for batteries
Energy Storage/
Batteries
Lead Acid, Lithium-Ion
(Li-ion)
Nickel-metal-hydride
(NiMH)
LiFePO4 Batteries, or
Ph 2: Create Hydrogen Fuel
Cells for Energy Storage
Weight reduction , energy output
and overall cost reduction most
critical to achieved future results
Design Features Traditional Hull Shapes Catamaran, Trimaran or
RamForm Hulls for Deck Size
Ph 2: Free form PV Graphene
New CPV PowerPack, Surface
piercing , coated Propellers, Wave
Cutting Hull Shapes
Construction/
Material
Composite and Wood Composite/Carbon Fiber/
Titanium/Aluminium Alloys
Use Space Age Materials ensures
weight saving and strength
Operational
Systems – Power
Integration
Electronic Controls
(manual)
Computerized Controls -
Energy Management
Ph 2: Performance Mgmt
Controlling Energy Budget
improves utilization and
conserves stored energy
Infrastructure/
Lighting
Battery Lighting,
Gas Appliances
Halogen LED, Low Power
Convection Appliances
Ph 2:: DC Onboard Grid
Apply new technology to reduce
Energy consumption onboard, use
Wind Turbines for Hotel Load
Weight Budget Diesel Engines/
Genset/ Batteries
Lighter Electric Motors/new
Energy Storage Systems
Ph 2:Lighter Solar Systems
Trade-off in Storage , power
systems on Life Cycle Cost
basis (over 20 year)
27. Hybrid Solar/Wind – 80’ x 20’ PowerPack Prototype
distribu
ted
Distributed
In development 2014
28. Phase III Development
Graphene is pure carbon in the form of a very thin (1
athom thick), nearly transparent sheet. It is
remarkably strong for its very low weight (100 times
stronger than steel[1]
) and it conducts heat and
electricity with great efficiency.[2]
While scientists had
theorized about graphene for decades, it was first
produced in the lab in 2004.
Technically, graphene is a crystalline allotrope of
carbon with 2-dimensional properties. In graphene,
carbon atoms are densely packed in a regular sp2
-
bonded atomic-scale chicken wire (hexagonal)
pattern. Graphene can be described as a one-atom
thick layer of graphite. It is the basic structural
element of other allotropes, including graphite,
charcoal, carbon nanotubes and fullerenes. It can also
be considered as an indefinitely large aromatic
molecule, the limiting case of the family of flat
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
Graphene research has expanded quickly. Research
was informed by theoretical descriptions of
graphene's composition, structure and properties,
which had all been calculated decades earlier. High-
quality graphene also proved to be surprisingly easy to
isolate, making more research possible. Work in the
future should see graphene a material used in Solar
panels which will in every way consiveable
revolutionize electric powered vessels, cars and
possibly aircraft.
29. Flexible Graphene will Revolutionize Renewable Energy DesignsFlexible Graphene will Revolutionize Renewable Energy Designs
31. Hybrid Solar Power/Diesel Electric Yacht
Diesel
Fuel
Tank
Solar
Field*
GenSet
Batteries
Lithium-
Ion
Charge
Control
Unit
DC Dist.
Appliances
AC
Inverter
1 or2 Electric
Motors
1 or 2 Propeller
Drives
DC fridge, stove, TV, and LED
lighting
All Other Appliances
DC Motors
Plug-in Shore Power
* Red Denotes Packaged Power System, Blue Existing or standard generator
Simplest Solution, providing partial solar electric power for vessels 60-200’ Total Solar Energy
Approx. 3,000 SF PV, or 1,500SF CPV . Li ion batteries can in the future be exchanged for an
Electrolyze unit, Hydrogen Fuel Tank and a Fuel Cell Stack .
Required Power Pack system and equipment:
1)CPV Solar energy field/power control, will provide total energy for yachts of 60’ -200’,
2)Lithium Ion Batteries 144 3V cells, adequate but expensive, replaceable by fuel cell stack,
3)Two (or one) brushless DC Motors and DC grid,
4)DC used key appliances increase energy by approx. 17%,
5)DC Appliances: fridge, stove, TV, and LED lighting (LCC for continuous use accounts for 75%),
6)New systems Installations and wiring.
32. Hybrid Solar/Wind Turbine Power Yacht
Diesel
Fuel
Tank
Solar
Field*
GenSet
Batteries
Lithium-
Ion
Split/Charge
Control
Unit
DC
Appliances
AC
Inverter
1 or2 Electric
Motors
1 or 2 Propeller
Drives
DC fridge, stove, TV, and LED
lighting
All Other Appliances
DC Motors
Plug-in Shore Power
* Red Denotes Packaged Power System, Blue Existing or standard generator
Future Solution, provides total solar electric power, and higher speed than current solar power systems -
could retain Gen-set for emergences. Total Solar energy requires 1,250 to 2,500 SF CPV,
Wind Turbine provides Hotel Load and emergency charging of batteries for unbroken travel.
Required Solar and Wind Power Pack system and equipment:
1)Diesel Gen-set augmented by.
2)CPV Solar energy field and power control suitable size 60’-200’ yachts ,
3)Lithium Ion Batteries 144 3V cells, adequate but expensive, replaceable by fuel cell stack,
4)Two (or one) brushless DC Motors and DC grid,
5)DC Appliances fridge, stove, TV, LED lighting (LCC for continuous use accounts for 75%),
6)New systems Installations and wiring.
Wind
Turbine(s)
1 or 2
33. Design/Operational Model kWp Solar efficiency Sys. 50 CPV Percent
A. Energy Name Plate: 75 SF SM 16 PV Percent
CPV Solar Field 1,500 139
PV Solar Field 4,688 435
B. Solar Energy Generated:CPV 1 Day 1 month 1 Year PS PV: AC 1 Day 1 month 1 Year
Sun Power hrs 6 450 13,680 164,250 6 450 13,680 164,250
Derated Total (DC) 0.92 414 12,586 151,110 0.77 347 10,534 126,473
Efficiencies 0.45 145 145 145 0.00 0 0 0
Total Solar kWh 559 12,731 151,255 347 10,534 126,473
C. Wind Energy Generated:
Number of units 2 72 2,201 26,426 0 0 0 0
Derated Total 0.50 36 1,100 13,213 0.00 0 0 0
D. Sustainment Consumption
Hotel load -30 -30 -912 -10,950 -30 -30 -912 -10,950
Efficiencies 8 228 2,738 0 0 0
Total Load -23 -684 -8,213 -30 -912 -10,950
Nert for Mobility: CPV 1 Day 1 month 1 Year PS PV: 1 Day 1 month 1 Year
Net Generation kWh 573 13,147 156,255 317 9,622 115,523
Consumption by hr(s) 1 12 24 Speed 1 12 24
E. 2x 20HP Elec Motor(s) 40 480 960 12 kn 40 480 960
74 889 1,778 22 km/h 74 889 1,778
46 552 1,105 14 mph 46 552 1,105
Endurance Cruise hrs Endurance hrs
CPV 14 PS PV 8
Distance 1d (24Hrs) in nm: in nm in km in miles in nm in km in miles
CPV 573 1,060 659 PS PV 317 586 364
Endurance Batteries hrs travel kWh hrs Travel kWh
Batery Bank LiFePO4 battery 36 1,449 24 965
Total Travel Available 51 2,022 75 32 1,282
Fossil Fuel Comparative CPV Equiv PV Equiv
Select Vessel 26 26 Repayment Capital
Equivalent to Solar/Wind travel 14 8 Invested: 850,000 Month:
372 206 CPV Days 504 17
US Diesel 8/1/2014 4.53 4.53 PV Days 912 30
1,686 932
Note: SkySail for ocean passages reduces load by an additional 35-45% dpending on route
Total
Li-ion Batteries
Gal/hr
Travel hrs
Gal /day
$ Gal
HJA Solutions Efficiency Model
Shows a sample Solar field and Wind
power generation at the system level
with de-rates and applied efficiencies .
The CPV is benchmarked against PV by
the hour at 12kn Cruise Speed in terms of
kWh of consumption and adjusted by the
30kWh of estimated daily use for Hotel
Load. The Model also reflects Battery
reserves for additions 36 hours of
continues operations afforded by stored
energy designed for extended travel.
The energy generation and vessel power
consumption is converted into hours of
endurance and distance travelled in km,
nm and miles for mobility usable kWh..
Finally, performance is compared between
a similar size vessel using fossil fuel and
the notional vessel in terms of cost
savings - displayed by the number of hours
of passage required to amortize the CPV
versus a. PV powered vessel.
34. Way Ahead 2012 Onwards
The Renewable Energy Market is Fractured and Power Systems are Nascent
• Completed Research of All Possible Power- and Storage Solutions,
• Completed Computer Model for Scalable Motive Power & Hotel
Load,
• Completed a Number of Turnkey PowerPack Specifications projects,
• Promote PowerPack® to the Yachting Industry (in progress),
• Build a Proof-of-principle prototype with PowerPack® (100kWp),
• Offer Power Packages to Yacht Owners/Designers/Builders
Worldwide,
• Along with Power Option Solutions and Consulting Services.
35. Market Size – High Level
Primary Market:
The Mega/Super Yacht new built (100 feet
and up) worldwide Market is 25 yachts
annually:
Currently scheduled for delivery in 2013 is
25 Mega/Super Yachts - laid end-to-end this
represents approx 4,388 feet at a total
estimated built cost of approx $1.5 billion*.
Average size of current yachts is 176 feet at
an average Cost of approx $59 million.
Market is unaffected by the ups-and-downs
in the economy (2011 Market was equal to
2012 delivery schedule).
The total Packed Power Requirement
represents between 20-25% of the build-
cost equal to $10-20 million per Yacht
depending on size, retrofit at lesser cost.
Secondary Market:
2,500 yachts in the 60 -500 feet are listed in
Lloyd’s Registry (including Mega/Super
Yacht) as operating worldwide, all can
benefit from a retrofit Packaged Power
System.
In the 40-60 foot size category there are no
reliable figures, but its likely to be over
100,000 – all of which can benefit from
Packaged Power in order to reduce the
energy cost required for cruising operation –
including both Motive Power and Hotel Load.
More and more Yacht Builders are installing
a variety of Power Systems in order to reduce
the energy requirement, but activities is
lacking an overall strategy to maximize the
Energy Savings.
This is a fractured and untapped Market!
* Base line estimated cost $300,000 per running foot
36. Marketing Strategy
For Mega/Super Yachts Establish Direct Contact
with the Following Builders:
Feadship, Lurssen, Peri Yachts. Delta, Amels,
Mondo Marine, Fincantieri Yachts, Oceanco,
Trinity, Palmer Johnson, Benedetti, CRN, Heesen,
Christensen, Icon, Azimut, Aneking & Rasmussen,
Cheoy Lee, Codecasa, Nobiskrug, Nothern Marine,
Jade Yachts, Arcadia Yachts, ADM Shipyard,
Mega/Super Technica, RMK Yachts.
And the following Designers:
Reichel & Pugh, Van Geest Design, Phillippe
Briand, Hot Lab Design, Espen Oino, Tim Heywood
Design, Ron Holland Design, Diana Yacht Design,
DeVoogt Naval Architects, Azure Naval Architects,
Laurent Giles Naval Architects, Vripack, Mulder
Design, Claydon Reeves, C3 Design, Moore yacht
Design, Ken Freivokh yacht Design, Dixon Yacht
Design, Marco Casali-Too Design, Barracuda Yacht
Design and Misha Merzliakov Design.
New and Upgrade Package Power
Systems for Yachts in the 40-100ft:
The Marketing focus will be on Yacht
Builders known to already have added
Electric Drives to their most current
designs (Off-line Diesel Engines with
GenSet and Battery Storage), or various
other Energy Saving devices such as
limited use of Solar Panels (160-200 Wp)
or Taffrail Generators (6 kts for up to 100
W per panel), for partial electric power.
This fleet of yachts is very large as is the
number of boat builders worldwide (in the
1000s). Interest in a well thought out
Packaged Power System is high today.
These Boat Builder can best be reached at
Boat Shows (local and International), by
demonstrating performance with the
planned land based Demo Unit.
37. This in the End of the Presentation
If you are interested in more
Specific information on
Project Designs in this Presentation
detailed explanation and Case Studies
can be provided by contacting :
Henning Jacobsen
HJA Solutions
Hinweis der Redaktion
Renault? Electric car – Mary Gordon Thames ferry turn of the century. Lead Acid batteries inserted.
With exception of the two Great Wars the cost of oil was a great deal until Yon Kippur War in 1956 and the various Middle East wars that followed, with OPEC starting to take advantage of any and all political instability to raise world prices, so as today their control is seen as nothing short of holding the world economy hostage. The 2nd chart describes the ability of technology improvements to keep up with the run-away oil pricing. The graph describes the current generation narrow body 737NG and A320 fuel efficiency compared to the most recent Price jet fuel increases, in 2005 the technology efficiency and fuel prices were equal in the 2012-2059 some reliable Energy Experts forecast that the Jet Fuel price will increase from approx. 2.00 per gallon in 2010 to possibly $10.00 in 2050 representing an 80% increase, the NASA ERA Study projects that the best the aerospace technology can do over the same 40 years is improving performance by 20-25% making the efficiency of aircraft go backwards at the tune of 60-65% in comparison with the Jet Fuel increases.
Until 1990s little practical solutions were generated, in the first decade a nascent entry of new technology can be detected
The Solar solution has evolved as a possible very slow solution to replace oil fired power generation and coal fired electricity generation, the first due to the high cost of liquid fuels and the second due to environmental concerns, at least by some governments. Sample the Canadian province of Ontario, through its aggressive FIT Program expects that all Coal Generating Station will be taken of line by 2015 after 5 years of the FIT Program. The advent in 2010 of Planet Solar as the test case for perpetual travel at Zero cost was the first comprehensive effort to prove the ability of Solar Energy for Ocean Passages.
The evolution of yacht design is taking a sharp turn towards efficiency and new developments will alter the way we will think about a yacht. The bottom line is that yachts will start to function differently than they have before. 6L per nm x 21,639 X $1.39 = $180,469 + 20% extra for inefficient routing > $216,563 = 20% for onboard sustainment over utilities running onboard for 3246 hrs @ 5L hr x $1.39= $22,559 making total consumption for Mobility and Sustainment = $239,122 ): $240,000
This integration along with yacht design changes will create a solution that will result in yachts from 40’ to 500’’ achieving energy independence. The proper management system will integrate all energy collection into a complete overarching system that will have a cascading impact on the availability of sufficient power for all mobility and sustainment requirements on a 24/7 basis.
First Solar CdTe Thin film at 12 – 10 and 7-8% effective is not usable, neither is the Avg. output C-Si at 15-18% cell efficiency
The tracking of CPV increases the output 13% 1-Axis and 16% by 2-Axis (total 29% improvement on the average).
In 2008 the state of the art was Sun Power’s silicon based panels with 23.4% efficiency, today the Amonix CPV at 39% cell efficiency has emerged, and add to that an ability to track the sun in 1-Axis (13%) and 2-Axis (16%) the 2008 SP PV is decidedly out of the past. Assuming 1m2 will produce 92Wh of Sunlight the SP PV ?
The major events that accelerated the development and acceptance of Liquid Fuels as the fuel of choice were the occurrence of British Petroleum (BP) finding Oil in the Saudi Arabian desert in the first decade of the 20th Century at the same time Britten and the forward looking young Minister of the Navy - Churchill saw the benefits in converting the coal fired Surface Combatant's particularly the Battle Ships fleet to Liquid fuel in order to meet the growing demand of the Navy to control the vast colonial territories of UK – the rest is history.
The extremely high Wh/kg of the liquid fuel won out over the very high volume of fuel required (Wh/L). As the future will show the disadvantages with liquid fuels in terms of the impact on the environment and the pressure on the National Economies by the OPEC monopoly caused by pricing was probably not on the Radar in the first 100 years. The indirect hidden cost caused by geopolitical battles and US’s financial support of Middle East oil rich countries (Estimated 3-5 billions per year for 60 years = 180-300 billion), could have gone a long way to make the Western World energy independent.
This Table Shows the Design Concepts and the estimated impact on the Life Cycle, the ones marked in red, has a major impact on the Aircraft Life Cycle.
Clock wise from top left the Early Concept design for Planet Solar with 5,000SF of Solar Panel estimated to generate 100kWp, it eventually required an increase in add-on panels to total 5,780SF and proved due to the coating required for the sea use the cell efficiency was reduced by 4.6% (Cell efficiency 23.4 - 4.6 degradation = 18.8 Cell Efficiency). The Wallygator floating Island will have Solar Panel to produce the Sustainment Power requirement, based on current announcements not sufficient output (more likely only part of the kWh’s required for the Hotel Load with current technology), it will also have the Skysails Kite system for reducing fuel requirements during Ocean Passages, the proposed Ocalus Concept could be the early solution for using flexible solar panels covering the total outside hull shape – theoretically possible to generate substantial power output. Bottom left shows a design concept that address the short fall of Planet Solar with Solar Panel using 1-Asis movement to increase Solar Panel output and as a Solar-Wind Hybrid has two wind generator for charging the battery banks when the Sun is not generating sufficient power for running the electric motors and for charging batteries throughout the nights when wind is available, theoretically having battery storage charging 24/7 by a combination of both systems.
Clock wise from top left the Early Concept design for Planet Solar with 5,000SF of Solar Panel estimated to generate 100kWp, it eventually required an increase in add-on panels to total 5,780SF and proved due to the coating required for the sea use the cell efficiency was reduced by 4.6% (Cell efficiency 23.4 - 4.6 degradation = 18.8 Cell Efficiency). The Wallygator floating Island will have Solar Panel to produce the Sustainment Power requirement, based on current announcements not sufficient output (more likely only part of the kWh’s required for the Hotel Load with current technology), it will also have the Skysails Kite system for reducing fuel requirements during Ocean Passages, the proposed Ocalus Concept could be the early solution for using flexible solar panels covering the total outside hull shape – theoretically possible to generate substantial power output. Bottom left shows a design concept that address the short fall of Planet Solar with Solar Panel using 1-Asis movement to increase Solar Panel output and as a Solar-Wind Hybrid has two wind generator for charging the battery banks when the Sun is not generating sufficient power for running the electric motors and for charging batteries throughout the nights when wind is available, theoretically having battery storage charging 24/7 by a combination of both systems.