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Taxonomies in support of search
Taxonomy Boot Camp London
17 October 2018
Presented by
Heather Hedden
Senior Vocabulary Editor
Gale, A Cengage Company
▪ Controlled vocabulary editor at a library database vendor, Gale,
a Cengage company, 1996 – 2004, 2014 – present
▪ Taxonomy consultant
▪ Author, The Accidental Taxonomist (Information Today, Inc.)
▪ Instructor, 5-week online course in taxonomy creation
▪ ISO and NISO index/controlling vocabulary working group member
▪ North American representative for BARTOC (Basel Register of Thesauri,
Ontologies & Classifications)
About Heather Hedden
2
▪ Trends in taxonomy implementation and end-user display
▪ Taxonomy for browsing
▪ Taxonomy to be searched on
▪ Facets and post-search refinements
▪ Options in searching on taxonomies
▪ Different types of search on taxonomy
▪ Displayed and nondisplayed taxonomy terms
▪ Alternative labels / synonyms / nonpreferred terms
▪ Benefits of taxonomies over search alone
Outline
3
1. Originally, full taxonomy hierarchical browse or thesaurus alphabetical
browse.
Search was separate from browse and from taxonomies.
2. Full large taxonomies came to be displayed less.
Search on taxonomy terms.
3. Search on more than just the taxonomy terms.
Search on a combination of taxonomy terms and words in titles, texts, etc.
(default keyword/basic search).
4. Faceted taxonomies – combining search and limited browsing.
Especially with smaller taxonomies.
5. Large taxonomies/thesauri also integrated into faceted displays.
Taxonomy terms as post-search filters.
Trends in taxonomy implementation and display
4
Trends: Full taxonomy browse
5
13 April 2013
Trends: Full taxonomy browse
6
19 July 2011
Trends:
Full taxonomy browse
7
Trends: Alphabetical browse
8
Gale former display
Trends: Search on taxonomy terms
9
In Advanced Search
Gale current displays
Trends: Search on more than the taxonomy
10
In Basic Search Search boxes in library databases
Trends: Search on more than the taxonomy
11
In Basic Search Search on subjects and titles in the same field
12
Examples of
ecommerce
facets
Trends: Facets
Clothes Books Software Furniture
13
Examples of internal content facets
Trends: Facets
For people For documents
14
Trends: Facets
Issues with faceted taxonomy
▪ Content needs to be of a uniform type sharing the same set of multiple facets
➢ Examples: employees, colleges, films, music, clothing products,
museum artifacts
▪ Controlled vocabularies for each facet should be small to display well.
➢ A large subject thesaurus or multi-level taxonomy cannot easily be
browsed.
➢ A large topic taxonomy could be the first step, with facets for further
refinement.
15
▪ A display of taxonomy terms that have been used to index the content
items in the search result set (not all taxonomy terms).
▪ A display of selected terms from the taxonomy, not the taxonomy itself.
▪ Any relationships between terms are not indicated.
▪ Displayed in order of usage frequency of the search result set.
Suitable when a large taxonomy or thesaurus does not fit into a facet.
Trends: Taxonomy terms to refine post-search results
Subjects for post-searching filtering in Gale search results
Subjects for post-searching filtering in EBSCO search results
Subjects for post-searching filtering in ProQuest search results
Taxonomies in Support of Search
▪ Different types of search on taxonomy
▪ Displayed taxonomy terms in type-ahead or search-suggest
▪ Alternative labels / nonpreferred terms / synonyms
Taxonomy search options
20
Types
▪ Exact
▪ Contains
▪ Begins
▪ Smart
Implementations
▪ Exact – option if there is a type-ahead display of terms
▪ Contains – also called phrase search. Can be done with quotation marks.
▪ Begins – option if there is a type-ahead display of terms
▪ Smart – sometimes the default, if no other options, and terms are not
displayed
Taxonomy search options: Different types of search on terms
21
– exact match
– exact match phrase with additional words before or after
– alphabetical from start, but allows end truncation
– words within the term in any order and also internal word
stemming (singular/plural)
Taxonomy search options: Different types of search on terms
22
Taxonomy search options: Type-ahead or search-suggest
23
Type-ahead Search-suggest
▪ “Synonyms” are very important in helping
users find desired content.
▪ Synonyms are especially important if the
taxonomy is not fully displayed.
▪ Synonyms are displayed in back-end view of
the taxonomy for taxonomists and indexers,
but rarely displayed for end-users
▪ Type-ahead/search suggest could make use of
synonyms without displaying them.
Taxonomy search options: Alternative labels/nonpreferred terms/synonyms
24
▪ Synonyms are rarely displayed for end-
users.
▪ Users who enter synonyms are often
taken directly to the indexed content.
▪ Preferred term matches to synonyms
typed in by users may be
proposed/shown to the users.
▪ If the taxonomy is not displayed at all,
not even in type-ahead, then no
preferred label is needed. All labels for
a concept are synonyms.
➢ Called “synonyms ring” or “search
thesaurus”
Taxonomy search options: Alternative labels/nonpreferred terms/synonyms
25
https://designnotes.blog.gov.uk/wp-
content/uploads/sites/53/2017/04/location-picker-
general-lq.gif
Preferred term (Data security) matched to synonym entered by user (cybersecurity) proposed/shown to the user
▪ Indexing and retrieval based on concepts, not just words/phrases improves
search results in both precision (accuracy) and recall (comprehensiveness)
▪ Taxonomy terms allow limiting/filtering search by topic.
▪ Broader categories/terms allow users to choose a broad subject first and
then limit by other metadata.
▪ Relationships between terms allow users to explore related topics.
▪ Subjects displayed on search results (post-search) allow users to refine and
focus their searches by precise topic or explore related topics.
▪ Taxonomies support the indexing of nontext content (images, video, audio).
▪ Multilingual taxonomies support accurate search and retrieval across
multilingual content.
Benefits of taxonomies over search alone
27
▪ The growing size of taxonomies and thesauri may make full displays
impractical.
▪ Searching on the taxonomy is an important end-user feature.
▪ There are different methods for searching on and displaying taxonomy
terms.
▪ Faceted taxonomies combine search and browse functions, and are useful
for many but not all content and taxonomy implementations.
▪ Taxonomy terms as post-search filters are especially suitable when
taxonomies are too large for full display browsing.
▪ Taxonomies have many benefits over search alone.
Conclusions
28
Heather Hedden
Senior Vocabulary Editor
Gale, A Cengage Company
Boston, MA U.S.A.
www.cengage.com, www.gale.com
www.cengage.co.uk, www.gale.cengage.co.uk
heather.hedden@cengage.com
blog.gale.com/subject-searching
Questions/Contact
29

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Taxonomies in Support of Search

  • 1. 1 Taxonomies in support of search Taxonomy Boot Camp London 17 October 2018 Presented by Heather Hedden Senior Vocabulary Editor Gale, A Cengage Company
  • 2. ▪ Controlled vocabulary editor at a library database vendor, Gale, a Cengage company, 1996 – 2004, 2014 – present ▪ Taxonomy consultant ▪ Author, The Accidental Taxonomist (Information Today, Inc.) ▪ Instructor, 5-week online course in taxonomy creation ▪ ISO and NISO index/controlling vocabulary working group member ▪ North American representative for BARTOC (Basel Register of Thesauri, Ontologies & Classifications) About Heather Hedden 2
  • 3. ▪ Trends in taxonomy implementation and end-user display ▪ Taxonomy for browsing ▪ Taxonomy to be searched on ▪ Facets and post-search refinements ▪ Options in searching on taxonomies ▪ Different types of search on taxonomy ▪ Displayed and nondisplayed taxonomy terms ▪ Alternative labels / synonyms / nonpreferred terms ▪ Benefits of taxonomies over search alone Outline 3
  • 4. 1. Originally, full taxonomy hierarchical browse or thesaurus alphabetical browse. Search was separate from browse and from taxonomies. 2. Full large taxonomies came to be displayed less. Search on taxonomy terms. 3. Search on more than just the taxonomy terms. Search on a combination of taxonomy terms and words in titles, texts, etc. (default keyword/basic search). 4. Faceted taxonomies – combining search and limited browsing. Especially with smaller taxonomies. 5. Large taxonomies/thesauri also integrated into faceted displays. Taxonomy terms as post-search filters. Trends in taxonomy implementation and display 4
  • 5. Trends: Full taxonomy browse 5 13 April 2013
  • 6. Trends: Full taxonomy browse 6 19 July 2011
  • 9. Trends: Search on taxonomy terms 9 In Advanced Search Gale current displays
  • 10. Trends: Search on more than the taxonomy 10 In Basic Search Search boxes in library databases
  • 11. Trends: Search on more than the taxonomy 11 In Basic Search Search on subjects and titles in the same field
  • 13. 13 Examples of internal content facets Trends: Facets For people For documents
  • 14. 14 Trends: Facets Issues with faceted taxonomy ▪ Content needs to be of a uniform type sharing the same set of multiple facets ➢ Examples: employees, colleges, films, music, clothing products, museum artifacts ▪ Controlled vocabularies for each facet should be small to display well. ➢ A large subject thesaurus or multi-level taxonomy cannot easily be browsed. ➢ A large topic taxonomy could be the first step, with facets for further refinement.
  • 15. 15 ▪ A display of taxonomy terms that have been used to index the content items in the search result set (not all taxonomy terms). ▪ A display of selected terms from the taxonomy, not the taxonomy itself. ▪ Any relationships between terms are not indicated. ▪ Displayed in order of usage frequency of the search result set. Suitable when a large taxonomy or thesaurus does not fit into a facet. Trends: Taxonomy terms to refine post-search results
  • 16. Subjects for post-searching filtering in Gale search results
  • 17. Subjects for post-searching filtering in EBSCO search results
  • 18. Subjects for post-searching filtering in ProQuest search results
  • 20. ▪ Different types of search on taxonomy ▪ Displayed taxonomy terms in type-ahead or search-suggest ▪ Alternative labels / nonpreferred terms / synonyms Taxonomy search options 20
  • 21. Types ▪ Exact ▪ Contains ▪ Begins ▪ Smart Implementations ▪ Exact – option if there is a type-ahead display of terms ▪ Contains – also called phrase search. Can be done with quotation marks. ▪ Begins – option if there is a type-ahead display of terms ▪ Smart – sometimes the default, if no other options, and terms are not displayed Taxonomy search options: Different types of search on terms 21 – exact match – exact match phrase with additional words before or after – alphabetical from start, but allows end truncation – words within the term in any order and also internal word stemming (singular/plural)
  • 22. Taxonomy search options: Different types of search on terms 22
  • 23. Taxonomy search options: Type-ahead or search-suggest 23 Type-ahead Search-suggest
  • 24. ▪ “Synonyms” are very important in helping users find desired content. ▪ Synonyms are especially important if the taxonomy is not fully displayed. ▪ Synonyms are displayed in back-end view of the taxonomy for taxonomists and indexers, but rarely displayed for end-users ▪ Type-ahead/search suggest could make use of synonyms without displaying them. Taxonomy search options: Alternative labels/nonpreferred terms/synonyms 24
  • 25. ▪ Synonyms are rarely displayed for end- users. ▪ Users who enter synonyms are often taken directly to the indexed content. ▪ Preferred term matches to synonyms typed in by users may be proposed/shown to the users. ▪ If the taxonomy is not displayed at all, not even in type-ahead, then no preferred label is needed. All labels for a concept are synonyms. ➢ Called “synonyms ring” or “search thesaurus” Taxonomy search options: Alternative labels/nonpreferred terms/synonyms 25 https://designnotes.blog.gov.uk/wp- content/uploads/sites/53/2017/04/location-picker- general-lq.gif
  • 26. Preferred term (Data security) matched to synonym entered by user (cybersecurity) proposed/shown to the user
  • 27. ▪ Indexing and retrieval based on concepts, not just words/phrases improves search results in both precision (accuracy) and recall (comprehensiveness) ▪ Taxonomy terms allow limiting/filtering search by topic. ▪ Broader categories/terms allow users to choose a broad subject first and then limit by other metadata. ▪ Relationships between terms allow users to explore related topics. ▪ Subjects displayed on search results (post-search) allow users to refine and focus their searches by precise topic or explore related topics. ▪ Taxonomies support the indexing of nontext content (images, video, audio). ▪ Multilingual taxonomies support accurate search and retrieval across multilingual content. Benefits of taxonomies over search alone 27
  • 28. ▪ The growing size of taxonomies and thesauri may make full displays impractical. ▪ Searching on the taxonomy is an important end-user feature. ▪ There are different methods for searching on and displaying taxonomy terms. ▪ Faceted taxonomies combine search and browse functions, and are useful for many but not all content and taxonomy implementations. ▪ Taxonomy terms as post-search filters are especially suitable when taxonomies are too large for full display browsing. ▪ Taxonomies have many benefits over search alone. Conclusions 28
  • 29. Heather Hedden Senior Vocabulary Editor Gale, A Cengage Company Boston, MA U.S.A. www.cengage.com, www.gale.com www.cengage.co.uk, www.gale.cengage.co.uk heather.hedden@cengage.com blog.gale.com/subject-searching Questions/Contact 29