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Irradiation
Why do we preserve food?
• Protect people from microorganisms,
  parasites, and other pests

• Extend shelf-life, improve long-term
  quality

• Make desirable alterations to food
  properties
History of Food Preservation
Oldest Methods            Newer Methods
  -   Drying                -   Freezing
  -   Fermenting            -   Canning
  -   Salting               -   Refrigeration
  -   Smoking               -   Preservatives
                            -   Pesticides

               Newest Method:
                 Irradiation
What is food irradiation?
Ionizing Radiation
• Radiation that has the ability to produce
  ions - electrically charged particles

• Examples: alpha particle, beta particle,
  high energy electron, gamma ray, and x-
  ray
• X-ray – are penetrating electromagnetic
  waves. Produced by bombardment of a
  heavy metal target with cathode rays
  within evacuated tube. Not economical to
  use in food industry.
• Gemma rays – good penetration. Upto 20
  cm in most foods. Emitted from by
  products of atomic fission. Cobalt 60 and
  cesium 137 is mosty used as the source.
• Beta rays – stream of electrons. Higher
  the charge deeper the penetration.
• Cathode rays – poor penetration, 0.5 cm.
  However, greater effeciency than gemma
  rays, made to hit the food. stream of
  electrons from cathode of an evacuated
  tube. Electrons are accelerated by
  artificial means.more safer than gemma
  rays.
Nonionizing Radiation

• Does not have sufficient energy to create
  ions - instead tends to excite molecules
  without removing electrons

• Examples: UV, visible light, television
  waves, radio waves, and microwaves
Ultraviolet irradiations
• Most widely used in food industry
• Wavelengths near 260nm is strongly
  absorbed by purines and pyrimidines and
  is therefore the most germicidal.
• Uv around 200 nm is strongly absorbed
  by the oxygen and therefore may produce
  OZONE.
• Uv source in food industry is quartz
  mercury vapor lamp. Ehich emit radiation
  at 254 nm.
Iiradiation jan. 2012
Sources of Ionizing Radiation
• Cosmic Radiation      •   Power plants
  (the sun)             •   Fertilizers
• Medical procedures    •   Smoke detectors
• Radon and other       •   Accelerators
  terrestrial sources
• Nuclear weapons
  fallout
Food Irradiator Sources
• Cobalt-60 and Cesium-137
  – Emit gamma rays
  – Sealed in container - never touches food
  – Can be recycled

• Machine generated beta or x-rays
  – Produces no waste outside of the machine used
    to produce the radiation
Factors influencing effectiveness
• 1. Time – longer time, more effective the
  treatment.
• 2.Intensity- intensity will depend on the
  power of lamp, distance from the lamp,
  and interfernece inthe way of rays.
• 3. Penetration – nature of the material
  being irradiated, dissolved mineral
  salts,especially of iron.
• Even thin layer of fatty or greasy material
  cuts off the rays.
• Therefore mostly rays affect the outer
  surface of most irradiated foods directly
  exposed to lamp.
Application in food inductry
• Treatment of water used for beverages.
• Treatment of knives for slicing bread
• Packaging
• Sanitizing of eating utensils..
• Prevention of yeast on pickle, vinegar
• Killing of spores on sugar crystals and
  syrups
• Aging of meat
• Prevention of mold growth on walls in
  production area.
• Treatment of air.
Irradiation Processes
•   Sterilization
•   Pasteurization
•   Disinfestation
•   Sprout Inhibition
•   Delay of Ripening
•   Physical Improvements
Irradiation Sterilization

• Very high dose used to kill all organisms
• Sterilization of > 50% disposable
  medical instruments
• Food sterilization - NASA, military,
  transplant patients
Irradiation Pasteurization
• Reduces remaining number of living
  organisms
• Prevent growth of mold
• Kill bacteria and parasites
Irradiation Disinfestation

• Kills insects and parasites in grains and
  other stored foods
• Fewer chemical residues on fruits and
  vegetables
• Does not prevent against re-infestation
Physical Improvements
• Inhibit sprouting of potatoes, onions, and
  garlic
• Delay of ripening for strawberries,
  mangoes, bananas, tomatoes, etc.
• Incidental improvement in fruit texture
  and meat color
How does irradiation do so
     many different things?
• High doses damage or kills cells
  – Kills microorganisms or insects

• Lower doses alter chemical reactions and
  interfere with cell division
  – Delay fruit ripening
  – Prevent sprouting or parasite reproduction
Are irradiated foods safe to eat?

• Foods cannot become radioactive at
  energies used in irradiation

• Below 10 kGy there are no known
  toxicological, microbiological, or
  nutritional problems
Foods Approved for Irradiation
        in the United States
•   Fresh fruits and vegetables
•   Herbs and spices
•   Pork
•   Potatoes
•   Poultry
Important Terminology
Ion: Atom that has been made electrically
  charged by the removal or one or more
  electron.

Gray: Unit of energy absorbed by a
 material. 1000 Gy = 1 kGy

Radura: Official symbol or logo indicating
 that food has been irradiated.

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Iiradiation jan. 2012

  • 2. Why do we preserve food? • Protect people from microorganisms, parasites, and other pests • Extend shelf-life, improve long-term quality • Make desirable alterations to food properties
  • 3. History of Food Preservation Oldest Methods Newer Methods - Drying - Freezing - Fermenting - Canning - Salting - Refrigeration - Smoking - Preservatives - Pesticides Newest Method: Irradiation
  • 4. What is food irradiation?
  • 5. Ionizing Radiation • Radiation that has the ability to produce ions - electrically charged particles • Examples: alpha particle, beta particle, high energy electron, gamma ray, and x- ray
  • 6. • X-ray – are penetrating electromagnetic waves. Produced by bombardment of a heavy metal target with cathode rays within evacuated tube. Not economical to use in food industry. • Gemma rays – good penetration. Upto 20 cm in most foods. Emitted from by products of atomic fission. Cobalt 60 and cesium 137 is mosty used as the source.
  • 7. • Beta rays – stream of electrons. Higher the charge deeper the penetration. • Cathode rays – poor penetration, 0.5 cm. However, greater effeciency than gemma rays, made to hit the food. stream of electrons from cathode of an evacuated tube. Electrons are accelerated by artificial means.more safer than gemma rays.
  • 8. Nonionizing Radiation • Does not have sufficient energy to create ions - instead tends to excite molecules without removing electrons • Examples: UV, visible light, television waves, radio waves, and microwaves
  • 9. Ultraviolet irradiations • Most widely used in food industry • Wavelengths near 260nm is strongly absorbed by purines and pyrimidines and is therefore the most germicidal. • Uv around 200 nm is strongly absorbed by the oxygen and therefore may produce OZONE.
  • 10. • Uv source in food industry is quartz mercury vapor lamp. Ehich emit radiation at 254 nm.
  • 12. Sources of Ionizing Radiation • Cosmic Radiation • Power plants (the sun) • Fertilizers • Medical procedures • Smoke detectors • Radon and other • Accelerators terrestrial sources • Nuclear weapons fallout
  • 13. Food Irradiator Sources • Cobalt-60 and Cesium-137 – Emit gamma rays – Sealed in container - never touches food – Can be recycled • Machine generated beta or x-rays – Produces no waste outside of the machine used to produce the radiation
  • 14. Factors influencing effectiveness • 1. Time – longer time, more effective the treatment. • 2.Intensity- intensity will depend on the power of lamp, distance from the lamp, and interfernece inthe way of rays. • 3. Penetration – nature of the material being irradiated, dissolved mineral salts,especially of iron.
  • 15. • Even thin layer of fatty or greasy material cuts off the rays. • Therefore mostly rays affect the outer surface of most irradiated foods directly exposed to lamp.
  • 16. Application in food inductry • Treatment of water used for beverages. • Treatment of knives for slicing bread • Packaging • Sanitizing of eating utensils.. • Prevention of yeast on pickle, vinegar • Killing of spores on sugar crystals and syrups • Aging of meat
  • 17. • Prevention of mold growth on walls in production area. • Treatment of air.
  • 18. Irradiation Processes • Sterilization • Pasteurization • Disinfestation • Sprout Inhibition • Delay of Ripening • Physical Improvements
  • 19. Irradiation Sterilization • Very high dose used to kill all organisms • Sterilization of > 50% disposable medical instruments • Food sterilization - NASA, military, transplant patients
  • 20. Irradiation Pasteurization • Reduces remaining number of living organisms • Prevent growth of mold • Kill bacteria and parasites
  • 21. Irradiation Disinfestation • Kills insects and parasites in grains and other stored foods • Fewer chemical residues on fruits and vegetables • Does not prevent against re-infestation
  • 22. Physical Improvements • Inhibit sprouting of potatoes, onions, and garlic • Delay of ripening for strawberries, mangoes, bananas, tomatoes, etc. • Incidental improvement in fruit texture and meat color
  • 23. How does irradiation do so many different things? • High doses damage or kills cells – Kills microorganisms or insects • Lower doses alter chemical reactions and interfere with cell division – Delay fruit ripening – Prevent sprouting or parasite reproduction
  • 24. Are irradiated foods safe to eat? • Foods cannot become radioactive at energies used in irradiation • Below 10 kGy there are no known toxicological, microbiological, or nutritional problems
  • 25. Foods Approved for Irradiation in the United States • Fresh fruits and vegetables • Herbs and spices • Pork • Potatoes • Poultry
  • 26. Important Terminology Ion: Atom that has been made electrically charged by the removal or one or more electron. Gray: Unit of energy absorbed by a material. 1000 Gy = 1 kGy Radura: Official symbol or logo indicating that food has been irradiated.