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CityCar Mobility-on-Demand
SmartCities Group, MIT Media Laboratory
Big Problem: Buildings and Transportation




In the 21st century about 90% of population growth will be in urban areas; these will account for 60% of the population and
80% of the wealth. Hence, the pattern of future energy demand will increasingly be determined by urban networks.

Transportation and building operations typically account for at least 60% of urban energy use.

In congested urban areas, about 40% of total gasoline use is in cars looking for parking.
-Imperial College Urban Energy Systems Project
World Population Estimates (UN report 2007)




1.   50% of Global Population – Currently live in dense urban areas (red line)

2.   Increased Urban Densification – Urbanization trend will continue for the foreseeable future (rural populations will flatten
     and decrease)

3.   Increased Inefficient Energy Use – leading to climate change
1.   Private Automobiles – Major source of pollution and carbon emissions; massive congestion, parking, and noise problems

2.   Public Transportation – Does not cover the entire city; inconvenient and inflexible schedules

3.   First Mile-Last Mile Problem
Rethinking Systems

                         Communication
                         Systems




                            Smart
                          Sustainable
                             Cities
               Energy                    Mobility
               Systems                   Systems
The typical automobile weighs 20 times as much as its driver, requires more than 100 square feet for parking,
travels over 300 miles without refueling, and attains speeds well over 100 miles per hour. Each of these
characteristics is considerably more than what is needed in major cities worldwide, where most of the world’s
people now live. In fact, while today’s vehicles are designed to meet almost all conceivable needs for transporting
people and cargo over long distances, these requirements drive considerable cost, energy, mass, and space
inefficiency into the vehicle.
Energy and Space Efficient
City Car
Today's Vehicle         Urban Personal Transportation Needs

range (miles)              300                             40‐50

 weight (lbs)          2500 ‐ 4000                         < 1000

speed (mph)               100+                             20‐35

    capacity    5 passengers, full luggage        2 passengers & carry‐ons
parking area 
      (sq ft)              175                              <50
                                                                                     CityCar core principles:

                                                                                       Substitute & Simplify

                                                                                       Regionalize function

                                                                                   minimize the amount of “stuff”
Wheel Robot




Animation: Michael Chia-Liang Lin
Reinventing the Wheel
Exploiting the vehicle’s modularity Supply Chain



   Rear Module
   Storage and Supplementary Power                                              Energy and Control Bus
                                                                                Li-Ion Batteries




                                                   Exoskeletal Chassis
                                                   Safety Cage and folding Chassis
                                                                                               Cabin Shell
                                                                                               Structural Protection and glazing




 Interior Module                                          Wheel Robots
 Vehicle Control and passenger seating                    In-Wheel Drive-by-Wire Electric Motor, Suspension, and Steering
The vehicle’s platform can be radically simplified and has the potential to reduce its part count an order of magnitude –
     resulting in lighter, more energy efficient, zero emission greener solutions. In addition, the supply chain can be streamlined
      CityCar Features
     by exploiting modularization allowing assembly procedures to be simplified and opened to more flexible processes.

     The CityCar enables new functions to enhance the user’s experience through eased negotiation of space and customized
     user interaction without incurring unacceptable performance, safety, or cost penalties in an urban environment.
            Simple Drive-By-Wire Interface
            offers eased and customizable control system                                                          Structural glazing          Dynamic Front Impact Dampening
            while allowing or greater interior space                                                   allows for more transparent            decelerates passengers in a crash in the
                                                                                                            surface while providing           micro-sized CityCar to emulate the crumple
                                                                                                           greater cabin protection           zone of a larger vehicle
Lightweight Aluminum Chassis                     Front Door Access
provides exo-skeletal safety cage and            provides eased exit and
eliminates need for delicate and expensive       entry allowing users to
painted surfacing                                step right out on to the
                                                 sidewalk




                                                                     Micro Footprint
                                                                     alleviates parking difficulties
                                                                     while occupying half the
                                                                     space of a Smart Car

                                                                                                                                                                 Foldable Frame
                                                                                                        Decoupled rear storage                                   reduces footprint in
                                                                                                        maintains a low center of gravity,                       half, simplifies egress,
                                                    Full Electric Powertrain                            reduces energy used to fold, and                         and provides impact
       Omni-directional Robot Wheels
                                                    offers a clean zero-emission,                       facilitates effortless trunk access                      dampening
       give nimble movement from a highly
       modular unit                                 highly modular platform
Exploiting the vehicle’s modularity End-user




                                               Less bounded…
City Car
Encouraging Trends in Industry


    2007              2008             2009          2010           2011   2012


Oil barrel hits       Collapse of
$150                  Car Market


                  Automotive industry       Government Incentives
 Lithium-ion
 battery          realizes they need a         and funding
 peaks in           Quantum leap to         for automotive
 capacity                survive               manufacturers


           Growth of shared mobility

                      Velib
                      Bicing
                                         Bixi


                                                    Emerging smart grids


                               Rapid prototype …to rapid manufacturing
City Car
GPS

                                                                                    V2V




                        Cloud Mobility: the future vision that ubiquitous
                        connectivity will eventually provide for seamless                       I2V
                        navigation, energy balancing, space negotiation,
                        real-time information sharing, and other services
                        applicable to assisting users in more efficient,
V2Grid                  effective, and enjoyable commuting.


                                                                                          Smart Grids


  V2Green

                                                                               Mobile
            Vehicle sensing                                                 Communications
                                               Mesh Networks
Navigation
  Cloud
               Energy
             management
                cloud




                             Fleet
                          Management
                            Cloud




                          Image by Michael Lin and Will Lark
CityCar Details




                              Connectivity
                                                           Digital Control




                                                                     Electric Compatibility



                  Accessibility

                                         Reusable Energy
Dynamic Pricing: Simulation of a Rack using System Dynamics

                                                                                           Simulation Analysis                                                                                                                                                              Demand Rate
                                                           40




                                                           30




                                                           20

                                                                                               1
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                                                           10                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1                                   1           1           1           1
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                                                                                   1




                                                            0
                                                                    0                                  2                                   4                                       6                                       8                                   10                           12                                           14                               16                                   18                              20                                  22                                  24
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Time (Hour)
                                                           Demand Rate : Current5                                                  1           1               1           1               1           1           1           1               1           1            1           1            1           1           1           1            1           1           1            1           1           1           1           1           1           1           1           1           1           1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Users in Queue
                                                           20




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             1           1
                                                           15                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           1                                                                                                              1
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                                                           10                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1           1           1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       1
                                                                       1                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           1                                               1           1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               1           1           1


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                               1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                   1
                                                            5
                                                                                                                                                                                                       1


                                                                                               1                                                                                           1
                                                                                                           1
                                                                                                                       1           1                                       1
                                                                                                                                               1               1
                                                                                   1
                                                            0
                                                                    0                                  2                                   4                                       6                                       8                                   10                           12                                           14                               16                                   18                              20                                  22                                  24
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Time (Hour)
                                                           Us ers  in Queue : Current5                                             1           1               1           1               1           1           1           1               1           1            1           1            1           1           1           1            1           1           1            1           1           1           1           1           1           1           1           1           1           1


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   Actual Service Rate
                                                           60



                                                                       1



                                                           45




                                                           30




                                                                                               1
                                                           15
                                                                                                           1
                                                                                                                       1
                                                                                                                                   1
                                                                                                                                               1               1           1               1           1                                                                                                                                                                                                                               1           1           1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                   1           1               1           1                                                                                                                                                               1                                               1           1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1           1            1           1           1           1            1           1           1            1           1           1                                                                                   1           1

                                                                                   1


                                                            0
                                                                       0                               2                                   4                                       6                                       8                                   10                           12                                           14                               16                                   18                              20                                  22                                  24
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Time (Hour)
                                                           Actual Service Rate : Current5                                                      1               1           1               1           1           1           1               1           1            1           1            1           1           1           1            1           1           1            1           1           1           1           1           1           1           1           1           1           1


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   Vehicles in Rack (Inventory)
                                                            10

                                                                       1




                                                           7.5




                                                               5                               1
                                                                                   1
                                                                                                           1



                                                                                                                       1

                                                                                                                                   1
                                                           2.5
                                                                                                                                                   1
                                                                                                                                                               1           1               1           1                                                                                                                                                                                                                               1           1           1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                   1               1           1           1                                                                                                                                                               1                                               1           1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1           1            1           1           1           1            1           1           1            1           1           1                                                                                   1           1




                                                               0
                                                                       0                                   2                                   4                                       6                                   8                                       10                           12                                       14                               16                                   18                                  20                              22                                  24
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Time (Hour)
                                                           "Vehicles  in Rack (Inventory)" : Current5                                                                      1               1           1           1           1               1           1            1           1            1           1           1           1            1           1           1            1           1           1           1           1           1           1           1           1           1           1




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   Inventory Shortfall
                                                            0.6




                                                            0.3




                                                                                       1
                                                                0
                                                                                                                                       1           1               1
                                                                                                                           1                                                   1
                                                                                                                                                                                               1           1           1           1               1           1            1           1            1           1           1           1            1           1           1            1           1           1                                                           1           1           1           1
                                                                                                   1                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           1           1           1           1
                                                                                                               1




                                                           ‐0.3
                                                                           1




                                                           ‐0.6
                                                                           0                               2                                   4                                       6                                   8                                       10                           12                                       14                                   16                               18                                  20                              22                                  24
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Time (Hour)
                                                           Inventory Shortfall : Current5                                                      1               1           1               1           1           1           1               1           1            1           1            1           1           1           1            1           1           1            1           1           1           1           1           1           1           1           1           1           1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           Price Adjustment Rate
                                                            600




                                                            300




                                                                                                   1
                                                                   0                                                       1           1               1           1           1               1           1           1               1           1           1            1           1            1           1           1           1            1           1           1            1           1           1           1           1           1           1           1           1           1           1
                                                                                                               1


                                                                                       1




                                                                           1
                                                           ‐300




                                                           ‐600
                                                                           0                                   2                               4                                           6                                   8                                   10                           12                                       14                                   16                               18                                  20                              22                                  24
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Time (Hour)
                                                           Price Adjus tment Rate : Current5                                                   1               1           1               1           1           1           1               1           1            1           1            1           1           1           1            1           1           1            1           1           1           1           1           1           1           1           1           1           1


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Rack Price
                                                            40




                                                            20

                                                                                   1




                                                               0
                                                                                                                                                   1           1
                                                                                                                                   1                                       1
                                                                                                                       1
                                                                                                                                                                                           1           1                           1           1                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       1           1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                   1                                       1            1           1            1           1           1           1            1           1           1            1           1           1           1                                               1                                   1
                                                                       1                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               1           1           1
                                                                                                           1
                                                                                               1


                                                           ‐20




                                                           ‐40
                                                                       0                                   2                                   4                                       6                                   8                                   10                           12                                           14                               16                                   18                                  20                              22                                  24
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Time (Hour)
                                                           Rack Price : Current5                                       1           1           1               1           1               1           1           1           1               1           1            1           1            1           1           1           1            1           1           1            1           1           1           1           1           1           1           1           1           1           1




Loop Number 2 of length 9
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Departure Price
                                                            40




 Demand Rate
                                                            20

                                                                                   1




                                                               0




   Users in Queue
                                                                                                                                                   1           1
                                                                                                                       1           1                                       1
                                                                                                                                                                                           1                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           1
                                                                                                                                                                                                       1           1               1           1           1            1           1            1           1           1           1            1           1           1            1           1           1           1                                               1                       1           1
                                                                       1                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               1           1           1
                                                                                                           1
                                                                                               1


                                                           ‐20




   Departure Rate                                          ‐40
                                                                       0                                   2                                   4                                       6                                   8                                   10                           12                                           14                               16                                   18                                  20                              22                                  24




   Vehicles in Rack
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Time (Hour)
                                                           Departure Price : Current5                                              1           1               1           1               1           1           1           1               1           1            1           1            1           1           1           1            1           1           1            1           1           1           1           1           1           1           1           1           1           1


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   Utility of Outgoing
                                                           4




   Inventory Shortfall                                     3




   Price Adjustment Rate                                   2
                                                                                           1




   Rack Price
                                                                                                       1
                                                                   1                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           1           1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   1
                                                                                                                                                                                                   1           1           1               1           1            1           1            1           1           1           1            1           1           1            1           1           1           1                                               1           1           1           1           1
                                                                                                                                                                                       1
                                                                                                                   1
                                                                                                                               1                                       1
                                                                                                                                           1               1
                                                           1

                                                                               1




   Departure Price                                         0
                                                                0                                      2                                   4                                       6                                   8                                       10                           12
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Time (Hour)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     14                                   16                                   18                              20                                  22                                  24




   Utility of Outgoing
                                                           Utility of Outgoing : Current5                                                      1               1           1               1           1           1           1               1           1            1           1            1           1           1           1            1           1           1            1           1           1           1           1           1           1           1           1           1           1




Demand Rate
Dynamic Pricing: A Trip Market Economy
With large‐scale use, car stacks throw enormous battery capacity into the 
electrical grid.
Effective utilization of inexpensive, off‐peak power and clean but 
intermittent power sources – solar, wind, wave, etc.
A smart, distributed power generation system composed of these sources 
(the entire city as a virtual power plant) minimizes transmission losses.
City Car
City Car
City Car
City Car
City Car
Load balancing with clean local storage

Simplify on board vehicle by capitalizing on existing city infrastructures keep cars simple, light, and efficient

Diversify energy sources

New energy markets
MIT Media Lab | Smart Cities Design Team

William J. Mitchell, Professor of Architecture and Media Arts and Sciences

Claire Abrahamse, M.S. Candidate
Ryan Chin, PhD. Candidate
Chao-Chih Chuang, MS Candidate
Charles Guan, B.S. Candidate
Itaru Hiromi, B.S. Candidate
William Lark, Jr., PhD Candidate
Michael Chia-Liang Lin, MS. Candidate
Arthur T. Mak, M.S. Candidate
Dimitris Papanikolaou, Research Affiliate
Arthur Petron, M.S. Candidate
Raul-David “Retro” Poblano, PhD Candidate
Somnath Ray, SMarchS Candidate

Website: http://cities.media.mit.edu
Contact: wlark@media.mit.edu
         rchin@media.mit.edu
SmartCities
Contact: Will Lark wlark@media.mit.edu
         Ryan Chin rchin@media.mit.edu

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City Car

  • 2. Big Problem: Buildings and Transportation In the 21st century about 90% of population growth will be in urban areas; these will account for 60% of the population and 80% of the wealth. Hence, the pattern of future energy demand will increasingly be determined by urban networks. Transportation and building operations typically account for at least 60% of urban energy use. In congested urban areas, about 40% of total gasoline use is in cars looking for parking. -Imperial College Urban Energy Systems Project
  • 3. World Population Estimates (UN report 2007) 1. 50% of Global Population – Currently live in dense urban areas (red line) 2. Increased Urban Densification – Urbanization trend will continue for the foreseeable future (rural populations will flatten and decrease) 3. Increased Inefficient Energy Use – leading to climate change
  • 4. 1. Private Automobiles – Major source of pollution and carbon emissions; massive congestion, parking, and noise problems 2. Public Transportation – Does not cover the entire city; inconvenient and inflexible schedules 3. First Mile-Last Mile Problem
  • 5. Rethinking Systems Communication Systems Smart Sustainable Cities Energy Mobility Systems Systems
  • 6. The typical automobile weighs 20 times as much as its driver, requires more than 100 square feet for parking, travels over 300 miles without refueling, and attains speeds well over 100 miles per hour. Each of these characteristics is considerably more than what is needed in major cities worldwide, where most of the world’s people now live. In fact, while today’s vehicles are designed to meet almost all conceivable needs for transporting people and cargo over long distances, these requirements drive considerable cost, energy, mass, and space inefficiency into the vehicle.
  • 7. Energy and Space Efficient
  • 9. Today's Vehicle Urban Personal Transportation Needs range (miles) 300 40‐50 weight (lbs) 2500 ‐ 4000 < 1000 speed (mph) 100+ 20‐35 capacity 5 passengers, full luggage 2 passengers & carry‐ons parking area  (sq ft) 175 <50 CityCar core principles: Substitute & Simplify Regionalize function minimize the amount of “stuff”
  • 12. Exploiting the vehicle’s modularity Supply Chain Rear Module Storage and Supplementary Power Energy and Control Bus Li-Ion Batteries Exoskeletal Chassis Safety Cage and folding Chassis Cabin Shell Structural Protection and glazing Interior Module Wheel Robots Vehicle Control and passenger seating In-Wheel Drive-by-Wire Electric Motor, Suspension, and Steering
  • 13. The vehicle’s platform can be radically simplified and has the potential to reduce its part count an order of magnitude – resulting in lighter, more energy efficient, zero emission greener solutions. In addition, the supply chain can be streamlined CityCar Features by exploiting modularization allowing assembly procedures to be simplified and opened to more flexible processes. The CityCar enables new functions to enhance the user’s experience through eased negotiation of space and customized user interaction without incurring unacceptable performance, safety, or cost penalties in an urban environment. Simple Drive-By-Wire Interface offers eased and customizable control system Structural glazing Dynamic Front Impact Dampening while allowing or greater interior space allows for more transparent decelerates passengers in a crash in the surface while providing micro-sized CityCar to emulate the crumple greater cabin protection zone of a larger vehicle Lightweight Aluminum Chassis Front Door Access provides exo-skeletal safety cage and provides eased exit and eliminates need for delicate and expensive entry allowing users to painted surfacing step right out on to the sidewalk Micro Footprint alleviates parking difficulties while occupying half the space of a Smart Car Foldable Frame Decoupled rear storage reduces footprint in maintains a low center of gravity, half, simplifies egress, Full Electric Powertrain reduces energy used to fold, and and provides impact Omni-directional Robot Wheels offers a clean zero-emission, facilitates effortless trunk access dampening give nimble movement from a highly modular unit highly modular platform
  • 14. Exploiting the vehicle’s modularity End-user Less bounded…
  • 16. Encouraging Trends in Industry 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Oil barrel hits Collapse of $150 Car Market Automotive industry Government Incentives Lithium-ion battery realizes they need a and funding peaks in Quantum leap to for automotive capacity survive manufacturers Growth of shared mobility Velib Bicing Bixi Emerging smart grids Rapid prototype …to rapid manufacturing
  • 18. GPS V2V Cloud Mobility: the future vision that ubiquitous connectivity will eventually provide for seamless I2V navigation, energy balancing, space negotiation, real-time information sharing, and other services applicable to assisting users in more efficient, V2Grid effective, and enjoyable commuting. Smart Grids V2Green Mobile Vehicle sensing Communications Mesh Networks
  • 19. Navigation Cloud Energy management cloud Fleet Management Cloud Image by Michael Lin and Will Lark
  • 20. CityCar Details Connectivity Digital Control Electric Compatibility Accessibility Reusable Energy
  • 21. Dynamic Pricing: Simulation of a Rack using System Dynamics Simulation Analysis Demand Rate 40 30 20 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 Time (Hour) Demand Rate : Current5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Users in Queue 20 1 1 15 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 Time (Hour) Us ers  in Queue : Current5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Actual Service Rate 60 1 45 30 1 15 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 Time (Hour) Actual Service Rate : Current5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Vehicles in Rack (Inventory) 10 1 7.5 5 1 1 1 1 1 2.5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 Time (Hour) "Vehicles  in Rack (Inventory)" : Current5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Inventory Shortfall 0.6 0.3 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ‐0.3 1 ‐0.6 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 Time (Hour) Inventory Shortfall : Current5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Price Adjustment Rate 600 300 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ‐300 ‐600 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 Time (Hour) Price Adjus tment Rate : Current5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Rack Price 40 20 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ‐20 ‐40 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 Time (Hour) Rack Price : Current5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Loop Number 2 of length 9 Departure Price 40 Demand Rate 20 1 0 Users in Queue 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ‐20 Departure Rate ‐40 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 Vehicles in Rack Time (Hour) Departure Price : Current5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Utility of Outgoing 4 Inventory Shortfall 3 Price Adjustment Rate 2 1 Rack Price 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Departure Price 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 Time (Hour) 14 16 18 20 22 24 Utility of Outgoing Utility of Outgoing : Current5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Demand Rate
  • 22. Dynamic Pricing: A Trip Market Economy
  • 29. Load balancing with clean local storage Simplify on board vehicle by capitalizing on existing city infrastructures keep cars simple, light, and efficient Diversify energy sources New energy markets
  • 30. MIT Media Lab | Smart Cities Design Team William J. Mitchell, Professor of Architecture and Media Arts and Sciences Claire Abrahamse, M.S. Candidate Ryan Chin, PhD. Candidate Chao-Chih Chuang, MS Candidate Charles Guan, B.S. Candidate Itaru Hiromi, B.S. Candidate William Lark, Jr., PhD Candidate Michael Chia-Liang Lin, MS. Candidate Arthur T. Mak, M.S. Candidate Dimitris Papanikolaou, Research Affiliate Arthur Petron, M.S. Candidate Raul-David “Retro” Poblano, PhD Candidate Somnath Ray, SMarchS Candidate Website: http://cities.media.mit.edu Contact: wlark@media.mit.edu rchin@media.mit.edu
  • 31. SmartCities Contact: Will Lark wlark@media.mit.edu Ryan Chin rchin@media.mit.edu