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RAN O&M Department
• Importance of In-Building Solution

• Distributed Antenna Systems (DAS)

• In-Building Design Procedure




Waseela | Integrated Telecommunication Solutions
RAN O&M Department
                                                   2
There are many reasons for the mobile operator to provide sufficient
in-building solutions:




  Waseela | Integrated Telecommunication Solutions
  RAN O&M Department
                                                     3
- Why is In-building Coverage Important?

 • Overcome the Orthogonality Degradation




 Waseela | Integrated Telecommunication Solutions
 RAN O&M Department
                                                    4
Power       Capacity




Waseela | Integrated Telecommunication Solutions
RAN O&M Department
                                                           5
- Why is In-building Coverage Important?

 • Overcome the Orthogonality Degradation

 • Decrease the PLPU




 Waseela | Integrated Telecommunication Solutions
 RAN O&M Department
                                                    6
- Effects of PLPU and Orthogonality on the System:




                                                        Distance (m)


 Waseela | Integrated Telecommunication Solutions
 RAN O&M Department
                                                    7
- Why is In-building Coverage Important?

 • Overcome the Orthogonality Degradation

 • Decrease the PLPU

 • Overcome the Soft Hand Over Load




 Waseela | Integrated Telecommunication Solutions
 RAN O&M Department
                                                    8
The major effect of the soft handover that the network
                     will be loaded by a factor of 2 – 3 times




Waseela | Integrated Telecommunication Solutions
RAN O&M Department
                                                   9
There are many different approaches to how you can design an
indoor coverage system with uniformly distributed coverage
level:




 Waseela | Integrated Telecommunication Solutions
 RAN O&M Department
                                                    10
Passive DAS:

                         Passive DAS                                          Passive Components
                                                                               •   Coaxial Cables
                  Advantages         Disadvantages                             •   Splitters
                                                                               •   Tappers
                                                   Not flexible for
     Easy to Design
                                                     Upgrades
                                                                               •   3 dB Coupler

      Components                                     Low Data                  •   Attenuators
      Compatibility                                 Performance
                                                                               •   Dummy Loads
   Can be installed in
      Harsh Env.
                                                   High power BTS              •   Circulators
                                                                               •   Filters


Waseela | Integrated Telecommunication Solutions
RAN O&M Department
                                                                      11
Passive Components
        • Coaxial Cables

      Typical attenuation of coaxial cable per 100 m (dB)

  Cable Type               900 MHz                  1800 MHz        2100 MHz
      ¼ inch                     13                    19              20
      ½ inch                      7                    10              11
      ⅞ inch                      4                    6              6.5
    1 ¼ inch                      3                   4.4             4.6
    1 ⅝ inch                    2.4                   3.7             3.8




 Waseela | Integrated Telecommunication Solutions
 RAN O&M Department
                                                               12
• Splitters
       Used for splitting one coax line into two or more lines, and
       vice versa. When splitting the signal, the power is divided
       among the ports.


                                                                       4-Way Splitter
                           1:2                     1:3        1:4



       If splitting to two ports only half-power minus the insertion
       loss, typically 0.1 dB                                          3-Way Splitter

       Loss through the splitter:

              Splitter loss = 10 log (no. of ports) + insertion loss


Waseela | Integrated Telecommunication Solutions
RAN O&M Department
                                                         13

                                                                       2-Way Splitter
• Tappers
       Tap splitters are used like splitters, used to divide the
       signal/power from one into two lines.

       The difference from the standard 1:2 splitter is that the power is
       not equally divided among the ports.




       This is very useful for designs where you install one heavy main
       cable through the building, and then „tap‟ small portions of the
       power to antennas along the main cable.


Waseela | Integrated Telecommunication Solutions
RAN O&M Department
                                                   14
• Attenuators
           Attenuate the signal with the value of
           the attenuator.
                                                              Standard Attenuator

                                                        Port 2 = Port 1 - Attenuation




Waseela | Integrated Telecommunication Solutions
RAN O&M Department
                                                   15
• Dummy Loads or Terminators
          Terminators are used as matching loads on
          the transmission lines, or any „open‟
          or unused ports on other components.
                                                            Standard 50 Ω dummy load or terminator




       Terminator used as matching load on the circulator




Waseela | Integrated Telecommunication Solutions
RAN O&M Department
                                                   16
• Circulators
         The circulator is a nonreciprocal component
         with low insertion loss in:
         forward direction (ports 1–2, 2–3 and 3–1) and,
         high insertion loss (ports 2–1, 3–2 and 1–3)
         in the reverse direction.
                                                               Standard Circulator
         The insertion loss in the forward
         direction is typically < 0.5 dB and in the
         reverse direction > 23 dB .


         Usage:
         The circulator can be used to protect the port of a
         transmitter against reverse power from reflections
         caused by a disconnected antenna or cable in the
         antenna system.



Waseela | Integrated Telecommunication Solutions
RAN O&M Department
                                                   17
• 3 dB Coupler
          The 3 dB coupler is mostly used for combining signals
          from two signal sources. At the same time the coupler
          will split the two combined signals into two output
          ports. This can be very useful when designing passive
          distributed antenna systems.
                                                                                 Typical 3 dB Coupler




        A 3 dB coupler used as a two-port combiner   Combining two TRX and splitting out to a
                                                     distributed antenna system



Waseela | Integrated Telecommunication Solutions
RAN O&M Department
                                                     18
• Filters
              o Duplexer
                  The duplexer is used to separate a combined TX/RX
                  signal into separate TX and RX lines.


             o Diplexer
                  The diplexer will separate or combine whole bands
                  from or with each other


             o Triplexer
                  A three band version that can separate or combine
                  900, 1800 and 2100 MHz is also available, called a
                  Triplexer.


                                                                       Typical Filters



Waseela | Integrated Telecommunication Solutions
RAN O&M Department
                                                    19
Sample of Passive
DAS Diagram:




                              Elevator Shaft


                                               Elevator Shaft


                                                                Elevator Shaft
      Tapper


                          Splitter
        Coaxial
         Cable


         Base
        Station
                    20
                         Antennas
Active DAS:

                      Active DAS                                     Active Components
                                                                      •   Main Unit (MU)
                                                                      •   Expansion Unit (EU)
               Advantages            Disadvantages
                                                                      •   Remote Unit (RU)

   Easy to Design
                                                Limited               •   Optic Fiber Cables
                                              Environments
                                                                      •   IT Cables
  No need for High
       Power




     Better Data
    Performance




Waseela | Integrated Telecommunication Solutions
RAN O&M Department
                                                             21
• Main Unit (MU):
      o    The MU is the „brain‟ of the system.

      o    MU distributes the signals to the rest of the
           system via expansion units (EU).
      o    The MU will typically be connected to the (EU)
           by optical fibers.
      o    Monitor the performance of the DAS system.

      o    In the event of a malfunction or a warning it is
           able to send an alarm signal to the base station.
      o    Remotely manageable, configurable and
           monitored.




Waseela | Integrated Telecommunication Solutions
RAN O&M Department
                                                     22
• Expansion Unit (EU):
      o    EU converts the optical signal from the MU to an
           electrical signal and distributes this to the RU.

      o    EU feed the DC power supply to the Remote
           Units (RU) via the existing signal cable.

      o    EU is connected to the MU using optical fibers.


      o    Typical distance of the optic fiber cable between
           the EU and MU is up to 6 km.

      o    EU is connected to the RU‟s using IT cables.


      o    Typical distance of the IT cables between the
           EU and RU is up to 400 m.




Waseela | Integrated Telecommunication Solutions
RAN O&M Department
                                                    23
• Remote Unit (RU)
                                                                50 Ω Coax
     o Converts the signal from the EU to radio signals.


      o Also converts the signal from mobiles into
        electrical signals and back to the EU.

      o Installed close to the antenna in order to
        improve the link performance and to keep the
        passive losses to minimum.
                                                                            Omni Antenna


                                                        50 Ω Coax




Waseela | Integrated Telecommunication Solutions
RAN O&M Department
                                                   24
Sample of Active DAS
Diagram:




  Waseela | Integrated Telecommunication
  Solutions RAN O&M Department
       25
• Hybrid DAS:
          o A „hybrid‟ DAS is a mix of an active DAS
            and a passive DAS.

          o Antenna supervision nonexistent.

          o Limit the installation possibilities.

          o Limit the links performance.




Waseela | Integrated Telecommunication Solutions
RAN O&M Department
                                                   26
Sample of Hybrid DAS
Diagram:




  Waseela | Integrated Telecommunication Solutions
  RAN O&M Department
                                                     27
Design Proposal:
 1. Floor Plans:
       Indicates the exact
       locations of the
       antennas, proposed
       feeders routing, splitters
       locations and the
       equipment room location
       in “Autocad” format.




Waseela | Integrated Telecommunication Solutions
RAN O&M Department
                                                   28
2. Site Survey and Measurements
  A survey should be done to check the following points:

  •    The equipment rooms locations.
  •    Riser and cable routing.
  •    The exact locations of antennas and false ceiling.
  •    Nature of walls if it is made of concrete ,gypsum
       , wooden boards or glass.


  Tests to be done during the measurements:

  1. Walk Test
  2. Simulation Test




Waseela | Integrated Telecommunication Solutions
RAN O&M Department
                                                   29
Walk test                        Simulation Test


Waseela | Integrated Telecommunication Solutions
RAN O&M Department
                                                   30
4. Capacity and Traffic analysis
    To assign the required resources, expected traffic at the peak hour
    needs to be considered taking into consideration the following
    parameters:

    • User weight (traffic/subscriber)
    • Operator market sharing
    • Future expansion




Waseela | Integrated Telecommunication Solutions
RAN O&M Department
                                                   31
4. EIRP Table or Link Loss:
  Indicates the output power at each individual antenna in the
  RF distribution system.




Waseela | Integrated Telecommunication Solutions
RAN O&M Department
                                                   32
3. System Schematics:
  Indicating how antenna
                                                               2nd Floor
  system is being
  distributed to various
  parts of the building and
  marking the equipment.
                                                                1st Floor
 Symbol           Description

                  Omni Antenna


                  2-Way Splitter
                                                             Ground Floor
                                           BTS on
                                         Ground Floor
                  3-Way Splitter


                  4-Way Splitter

                                                             Lower Ground
                 ⅞” Coaxial Cable


                 ½” Coaxial Cable


  Waseela | Integrated Telecommunication Solutions
  RAN O&M Department
                                                        33
Example of Design Considerations:

1.     Place the hot spot antennas and
       maximize the data performance.

2.     Maximize the coverage of each
       antenna.

3.     Isolate the building.

4.     Fill in the gaps.




     Waseela | Integrated Telecommunication Solutions
     RAN O&M Department
                                                        34
The Link Budget
     Is the fundamental calculation for planning
     of any RF link between a transmitter (Tx) and
     a receiver (Rx).




          •   The simplest LB calculation looks, in principle, like this:

              Rx Level (dBm) = Tx Power (dBm) + Cable Attenuation (dB)
                       Propagation Losses + Antenna Gain (dB)

Waseela | Integrated Telecommunication Solutions
RAN O&M Department
                                                     35
IBS PST - BY MALIK ISSA

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IBS PST - BY MALIK ISSA

  • 2. • Importance of In-Building Solution • Distributed Antenna Systems (DAS) • In-Building Design Procedure Waseela | Integrated Telecommunication Solutions RAN O&M Department 2
  • 3. There are many reasons for the mobile operator to provide sufficient in-building solutions: Waseela | Integrated Telecommunication Solutions RAN O&M Department 3
  • 4. - Why is In-building Coverage Important? • Overcome the Orthogonality Degradation Waseela | Integrated Telecommunication Solutions RAN O&M Department 4
  • 5. Power Capacity Waseela | Integrated Telecommunication Solutions RAN O&M Department 5
  • 6. - Why is In-building Coverage Important? • Overcome the Orthogonality Degradation • Decrease the PLPU Waseela | Integrated Telecommunication Solutions RAN O&M Department 6
  • 7. - Effects of PLPU and Orthogonality on the System: Distance (m) Waseela | Integrated Telecommunication Solutions RAN O&M Department 7
  • 8. - Why is In-building Coverage Important? • Overcome the Orthogonality Degradation • Decrease the PLPU • Overcome the Soft Hand Over Load Waseela | Integrated Telecommunication Solutions RAN O&M Department 8
  • 9. The major effect of the soft handover that the network will be loaded by a factor of 2 – 3 times Waseela | Integrated Telecommunication Solutions RAN O&M Department 9
  • 10. There are many different approaches to how you can design an indoor coverage system with uniformly distributed coverage level: Waseela | Integrated Telecommunication Solutions RAN O&M Department 10
  • 11. Passive DAS: Passive DAS  Passive Components • Coaxial Cables Advantages Disadvantages • Splitters • Tappers Not flexible for Easy to Design Upgrades • 3 dB Coupler Components Low Data • Attenuators Compatibility Performance • Dummy Loads Can be installed in Harsh Env. High power BTS • Circulators • Filters Waseela | Integrated Telecommunication Solutions RAN O&M Department 11
  • 12. Passive Components • Coaxial Cables Typical attenuation of coaxial cable per 100 m (dB) Cable Type 900 MHz 1800 MHz 2100 MHz ¼ inch 13 19 20 ½ inch 7 10 11 ⅞ inch 4 6 6.5 1 ¼ inch 3 4.4 4.6 1 ⅝ inch 2.4 3.7 3.8 Waseela | Integrated Telecommunication Solutions RAN O&M Department 12
  • 13. • Splitters Used for splitting one coax line into two or more lines, and vice versa. When splitting the signal, the power is divided among the ports. 4-Way Splitter 1:2 1:3 1:4 If splitting to two ports only half-power minus the insertion loss, typically 0.1 dB 3-Way Splitter Loss through the splitter: Splitter loss = 10 log (no. of ports) + insertion loss Waseela | Integrated Telecommunication Solutions RAN O&M Department 13 2-Way Splitter
  • 14. • Tappers Tap splitters are used like splitters, used to divide the signal/power from one into two lines. The difference from the standard 1:2 splitter is that the power is not equally divided among the ports. This is very useful for designs where you install one heavy main cable through the building, and then „tap‟ small portions of the power to antennas along the main cable. Waseela | Integrated Telecommunication Solutions RAN O&M Department 14
  • 15. • Attenuators Attenuate the signal with the value of the attenuator. Standard Attenuator Port 2 = Port 1 - Attenuation Waseela | Integrated Telecommunication Solutions RAN O&M Department 15
  • 16. • Dummy Loads or Terminators Terminators are used as matching loads on the transmission lines, or any „open‟ or unused ports on other components. Standard 50 Ω dummy load or terminator Terminator used as matching load on the circulator Waseela | Integrated Telecommunication Solutions RAN O&M Department 16
  • 17. • Circulators The circulator is a nonreciprocal component with low insertion loss in: forward direction (ports 1–2, 2–3 and 3–1) and, high insertion loss (ports 2–1, 3–2 and 1–3) in the reverse direction. Standard Circulator The insertion loss in the forward direction is typically < 0.5 dB and in the reverse direction > 23 dB . Usage: The circulator can be used to protect the port of a transmitter against reverse power from reflections caused by a disconnected antenna or cable in the antenna system. Waseela | Integrated Telecommunication Solutions RAN O&M Department 17
  • 18. • 3 dB Coupler The 3 dB coupler is mostly used for combining signals from two signal sources. At the same time the coupler will split the two combined signals into two output ports. This can be very useful when designing passive distributed antenna systems. Typical 3 dB Coupler A 3 dB coupler used as a two-port combiner Combining two TRX and splitting out to a distributed antenna system Waseela | Integrated Telecommunication Solutions RAN O&M Department 18
  • 19. • Filters o Duplexer The duplexer is used to separate a combined TX/RX signal into separate TX and RX lines. o Diplexer The diplexer will separate or combine whole bands from or with each other o Triplexer A three band version that can separate or combine 900, 1800 and 2100 MHz is also available, called a Triplexer. Typical Filters Waseela | Integrated Telecommunication Solutions RAN O&M Department 19
  • 20. Sample of Passive DAS Diagram: Elevator Shaft Elevator Shaft Elevator Shaft Tapper Splitter Coaxial Cable Base Station 20 Antennas
  • 21. Active DAS: Active DAS  Active Components • Main Unit (MU) • Expansion Unit (EU) Advantages Disadvantages • Remote Unit (RU) Easy to Design Limited • Optic Fiber Cables Environments • IT Cables No need for High Power Better Data Performance Waseela | Integrated Telecommunication Solutions RAN O&M Department 21
  • 22. • Main Unit (MU): o The MU is the „brain‟ of the system. o MU distributes the signals to the rest of the system via expansion units (EU). o The MU will typically be connected to the (EU) by optical fibers. o Monitor the performance of the DAS system. o In the event of a malfunction or a warning it is able to send an alarm signal to the base station. o Remotely manageable, configurable and monitored. Waseela | Integrated Telecommunication Solutions RAN O&M Department 22
  • 23. • Expansion Unit (EU): o EU converts the optical signal from the MU to an electrical signal and distributes this to the RU. o EU feed the DC power supply to the Remote Units (RU) via the existing signal cable. o EU is connected to the MU using optical fibers. o Typical distance of the optic fiber cable between the EU and MU is up to 6 km. o EU is connected to the RU‟s using IT cables. o Typical distance of the IT cables between the EU and RU is up to 400 m. Waseela | Integrated Telecommunication Solutions RAN O&M Department 23
  • 24. • Remote Unit (RU) 50 Ω Coax o Converts the signal from the EU to radio signals. o Also converts the signal from mobiles into electrical signals and back to the EU. o Installed close to the antenna in order to improve the link performance and to keep the passive losses to minimum. Omni Antenna 50 Ω Coax Waseela | Integrated Telecommunication Solutions RAN O&M Department 24
  • 25. Sample of Active DAS Diagram: Waseela | Integrated Telecommunication Solutions RAN O&M Department 25
  • 26. • Hybrid DAS: o A „hybrid‟ DAS is a mix of an active DAS and a passive DAS. o Antenna supervision nonexistent. o Limit the installation possibilities. o Limit the links performance. Waseela | Integrated Telecommunication Solutions RAN O&M Department 26
  • 27. Sample of Hybrid DAS Diagram: Waseela | Integrated Telecommunication Solutions RAN O&M Department 27
  • 28. Design Proposal: 1. Floor Plans: Indicates the exact locations of the antennas, proposed feeders routing, splitters locations and the equipment room location in “Autocad” format. Waseela | Integrated Telecommunication Solutions RAN O&M Department 28
  • 29. 2. Site Survey and Measurements A survey should be done to check the following points: • The equipment rooms locations. • Riser and cable routing. • The exact locations of antennas and false ceiling. • Nature of walls if it is made of concrete ,gypsum , wooden boards or glass. Tests to be done during the measurements: 1. Walk Test 2. Simulation Test Waseela | Integrated Telecommunication Solutions RAN O&M Department 29
  • 30. Walk test Simulation Test Waseela | Integrated Telecommunication Solutions RAN O&M Department 30
  • 31. 4. Capacity and Traffic analysis To assign the required resources, expected traffic at the peak hour needs to be considered taking into consideration the following parameters: • User weight (traffic/subscriber) • Operator market sharing • Future expansion Waseela | Integrated Telecommunication Solutions RAN O&M Department 31
  • 32. 4. EIRP Table or Link Loss: Indicates the output power at each individual antenna in the RF distribution system. Waseela | Integrated Telecommunication Solutions RAN O&M Department 32
  • 33. 3. System Schematics: Indicating how antenna 2nd Floor system is being distributed to various parts of the building and marking the equipment. 1st Floor Symbol Description Omni Antenna 2-Way Splitter Ground Floor BTS on Ground Floor 3-Way Splitter 4-Way Splitter Lower Ground ⅞” Coaxial Cable ½” Coaxial Cable Waseela | Integrated Telecommunication Solutions RAN O&M Department 33
  • 34. Example of Design Considerations: 1. Place the hot spot antennas and maximize the data performance. 2. Maximize the coverage of each antenna. 3. Isolate the building. 4. Fill in the gaps. Waseela | Integrated Telecommunication Solutions RAN O&M Department 34
  • 35. The Link Budget Is the fundamental calculation for planning of any RF link between a transmitter (Tx) and a receiver (Rx). • The simplest LB calculation looks, in principle, like this: Rx Level (dBm) = Tx Power (dBm) + Cable Attenuation (dB) Propagation Losses + Antenna Gain (dB) Waseela | Integrated Telecommunication Solutions RAN O&M Department 35

Hinweis der Redaktion

  1. It is very important to terminate all ports on the splitter; do not leave one portopen. If it is unused, terminate it with a dummy load.
  2. Walk test to discover the areas of poor coverageSimulation test to verify good coverage
  3. The result of the link budget calculations is the maximum allowable path loss (APL) fromthe base station to the mobile in the downlink and the maximum allowable link loss on thereverse link, from the mobile to the base station the uplink.In two-way calculations we actually have two LBcalculations, one for the DL and one for the UL.Components of LB:a, BS power (dBm): this is the generated RF power from the base station, at the antennaconnector of the output of the base station rack.b, Feeder loss (dB): this is the attenuation of the coax cable from the BS to the antenna.The loss is symmetrical for the UL and DL.c, BS antenna gain (dBi): this is the antenna gain (directivity) of the BS antenna.d, EiRP (dBm): effective isotropic radiated power – this is the radiated power from thebase station antenna. It is BS power feeder loss þ antenna gain.e, MS antenna gain (dBi): the mobile terminal antenna has a gain that we need to includein the LB. This antenna gain may in fact be negative! There are many measurements