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AUTONOMIC
NERVOUS SYSTEM
 Zulcaif Ahmad
AUTONOMIC
 NERVOUS SYSTEM



PART OF THE MOTOR DIVISION
          OF PNS
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS
     SYSTEM
AUTONOMIC
 NERVOUS SYSTEM

DIVISIONS
1. SYMPATHETIC

2. PARASYMPATHETIC
FUNCTIONS OF THE
       ANS

1. SYMPATHETIC READIES THE
 BODY FOR AN EMERGENCY

2. PARASYMPATHETIC RESTORES
 THE BODY TO HOMEOSTASIS

3. MOST ORGANS ARE DUALLY
 INNERVATED
SOMATIC MOTOR AND
        ANS


1. EFFECTORS

2. NUMBER OF NEURONS FROM
 THE CNS TO THE EFFECTOR
SYMPATHETIC DIVISION
SYMPATHETIC DIVISION
SYMPATHETIC DIVISION
PARASYMPATHETIC
    DIVISION
PARASYMPATHETIC
    DIVISION
NAMING NEURONS BY
 NEUROTRANSMITTER

1. NEURONS WHICH SECRETE
 ACh ARE CHOLINERGIC

2. NEURONS WHICH SECRETE
 NE ARE ADRENERGIC
NEUROTRANSMITTERS

1. ALL PREGANGLIONIC NEURONS,
 AND POSTGANGLIONIC
 PARASYMPATHETIC NEURONS
 SECRETE ACh

2. 2% OF POSTGANGLIONIC
 SYMPATHETIC SECRETED ACh

3. THESE NEURONS ARE TERMED
 CHOLINGERIC
NEUROTRANSMITTERS


1. 98% OF POSTGANGLIONIC
 SYMPATHETIC NEURONS
 SECRETE NE


2. THESE NEURONS ARE TERMED
 ADRENERGIC
NEUROTRANSMITTERS
RECEPTORS



RECEPTORS ARE STRUCTURES
      WHICH RECEIVE
NEUROTRANSMITTER FROM THE
   AXONAL TERMINALS OF
        NEURONS
RECEPTORS


LOCATION
1. DENDRITES OF POSTGANGLIONIC
 NEURONS

2. ON EFFECTORS (SMOOTH AND
 CARDIAC MUSCLE, AND GLANDS)
RECEPTORS


TYPES
1. RECEPTORS WHICH RECEIVE
 ACh ARE CHOLINERGIC

2. RECEPTORS WHICH RECEIVE
 NE ARE ADRENERGIC
CHOLINGERIC
       RECEPTORS

TYPES
1. NICOTINIC

2. MUSCARINIC
CHOLINERGIC
NICOTINIC RECEPTORS

LOCATION
1. SKELETAL MUSCLE

2. DENDRITES OF POSTGANGLIONIC
 NEURONS

3. ADRENAL MEDULLA
CHOLINERGIC
NICOTINIC RECEPTORS


THE NEUROTRANSMITTER USED
          IS ACh
CHOLINGERIC
NICOTINIC RECEPTORS


 MECHANISM OF ACTION IS
        DIRECT
CHOLINERGIC
NICOTINIC RECEPTORS
CHOLINERGIC
NICOTINIC RECEPTORS


      Na+ ION INFLUX
 PRODUCES DEPOLARIZATION
    OF THE MEMBRANE,
  THEREFORE, EXCITATION
CHOLINERGIC
NICOTINIC RECEPTORS
EXAMPLES OF ACTION
1. SKELETAL MUSCLE CONTRACTION


2. GENERATION OF AN ACTION POTENTIAL
 ON POSTGANGLIONIC NEURONS


3. STIMULATION OF THE ADRENAL
 MEDULLA AND SECRETION OF NE AND E
CHOLINERGIC
MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS
LOCATION
1. EFFECTORS INNERVATED BY
 POSTGANGLIONIC
 PARASYMPATHETIC NEURONS

2. EFFECTORS INNERVATED BY
 POSTGANGLIONIC
 SYMPATHETIC NEURONS
CHOLINERGIC
MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS



THE NEUROTRANSMITTER USED
          IS ACh
CHOLINERGIC
MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS



 MECHANISM OF ACTION IS
       INDIRECT
CHOLINERGIC
MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS
CHOLINERGIC
MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS



IF THE EFFLUX OF K+ IONS IS
REDUCED, DEPOLARIZATION
RESULTS AND THE EFFECT IS
        EXCITATION
CHOLINERGIC
MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS


 IF THE EFFLUX OF K+IONS IS
         INCREASED,
HYPERPOLARIZATION RESULTS
      AND THE EFFECT IS
          INHIBITION
CHOLINERGIC
MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS
SYMPATHETIC EXAMPLES

1. EXCITATION—ECCRINE
 SWEAT GLANDS

2. INHIBITION—BLOOD VESSELS
 IN SKELETAL MUSCLE
CHOLINGERIC
MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS

PARASYMPATHETIC EXAMPLES

1. EXCITATION—G.I. TRACT

2. INHIBITION—HEART, BLOOD
 VESSELS SUPPLYING PENIS
  AND
 CLITORIS
ADENERGIC
       RECEPTORS

TYPES
1. ALPHA 1
2. ALPHA 2
3. BETA 1
4. BETA 2
ADRENERGIC ALPHA 1
     RECEPTORS

LOCATION
1. BLOOD VESSELS SERVING
 THE SKIN, VISCERA, KIDNEYS,
 AND SALIVARY GLANDS

2. MOST SYMPATHETIC TARGET
 ORGANS EXCEPT THE HEART
ADRENERGIC ALPHA 1
    RECEPTORS


THE NEUROTRANSMITTER USED
      IS NE. E AND NE
 PRODUCED BY THE ADRENAL
  MEDULLA CAN ALSO BIND
     TO THIS RECEPTOR
ADRENERGIC ALPHA 1
    RECEPTORS


 MECHANISM OF ACTION IS
       INDIRECT
ADRENERGIC ALPHA 1
    RECEPTORS

    ADRENERGIC ALPHA 1
   RECEPTORS PRODUCE
DEPOLARIZATION, THEREFORE,
   THEY ARE EXCITATORY
ADRENERGIC ALPHA 1
     RECEPTORS

EXAMPLES OF ACTION
1. CONSTRICTS BLOOD VESSELS

2. CONSTRICTS VISCERAL ORGAN
  SPHINCTERS

3. CONTRACTION OF RADIAL MUSCLE
  OF THE IRIS, WHICH CAUSES
  DILATION OF THE PUPIL OF THE EYE
ADRENERGIC ALPHA 2
     RECEPTORS
LOCATION
1. BLOOD PLATELETS

2. EXOCRINE GLANDS OF THE
 PANCREAS

3. LIVER
ADRENERGIC ALPHA 2
    RECEPTORS


THE NEUROTRANSMITTER USED
     IS NE, BUT E AND NE
 PRODUCED BY THE ADRENAL
 MEDULLA CAN ALSO BIND TO
        THIS RECEPTOR
ADRENERGIC ALPHA 2
    RECEPTORS


THE MECHANISM OF ACTION IS
        INDIRECT
ADRENERGIC ALPHA 2
    RECEPTORS

   ADRENERGIC ALPHA 2
  RECEPTORS PRODUCE
  HYPERPOLARIZATION,
  THEREFORE, THEY ARE
       INHIBITORY
ADRENERGIC ALPHA 2
     RECEPTORS

EXAMPLES OF ACTION
1. INHIBIT INSULIN AND ENZYME
 SECRETION FROM THE PANCREAS

2. INHIBIT GALL BLADDER
 CONTRACTIONS
ADRENERGIC BETA 1
    RECEPTORS
LOCATION

1. HEART

2. KIDNEY
ADRENERGIC BETA 1
    RECEPTORS


THE NEUROTRANSMITTER USED
IS NE, BUT E AND NE PRODUCED
  BY THE ADRENAL MEDULLA
    CAN ALSO BIND TO THIS
          RECEPTOR
ADRENERGIC BETA 1
   RECEPTORS


MECHANISM OF ACTION IS
      INDIRECT
ADRENERGIC BETA 1
    RECEPTORS

    ADRENERGIC BETA 1
RECEPTORS USUALLY PRODUCE
     DEPOLARIZATION,
        THEREFORE,
   THEY ARE EXCITATORY
ADRENERGIC BETA 1
    RECEPTORS

EXAMPLES OF ACTION
1. INCREASES HEART RATE AND
 STRENGTH OF CONTRACTION

2. SECRETION OF RENIN FROM
 JG CELLS OF THE KIDNEY
ADRENERGIC BETA 2
     RECEPTORS
LOCATION
1. LUNGS BOTH BLOOD VESSELS
 AND BRONCHIOLES

2. CORONARY BLOOD VESSELS

3. SMOOTH MUSCLE OF THE
 DIGESTIVE AND URINARY SYSTEMS
ADRENERGIC BETA 2
   RECEPTORS


THIS RECEPTOR BINDS ONLY
       EPINEPHRINE
  WHICH IS PRODUCED BY
  THE ADRENAL MEDULLA
ADRENERGIC BETA 2
    RECEPTORS


THE MECHANISM OF ACTION IS
        INDIRECT
ADRENERGIC BETA 1
    RECEPTORS

    ADRENERGIC BETA 2
RECEPTORS USUALLY PRODUCE
    HYPERPOLARIZATION,
        THEREFORE,
    THEY ARE INHIBITORY
ADRENERGIC BETA 2
    RECEPTORS
EXAMPLES OF ACTION

1. DILATION OF THE BRONCHIOLES
 OF THE LUNGS

2. DILATION OF BLOOD VESSELS OF
 THE LUNGS AND HEART
ADRENERGIC BETA 2
    RECEPTORS


3. DECREASED MOTILITY AND
 TONE OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

4. RELAXATION OF URINARY
 BLADDER
COMPARISON OF
  THE TWO DIVISIONS
1. FUNCTIONS
2. ORIGINS
3. NAME OF GANGLIA
4. LOCATION OF GANGLIA
5. RELATIVE LENGTH OF PRE &
 POSTGANGLIONIC NEURONS
6. NEUROTRANSMITTERS USED
COMPARISON OF
  THE TWO DIVISIONS


7. RECEPTORS
8. RAMI COMMUNICANTES
9. DEGREE OF EFFECTS
10. LENGTH OF EFFECTS
BLOCKING AGENTS
• Interfere with stimulatory or depressing
  effects of neurotransmitters by blocking
  the receptors on target organs.

                                    Blocker




NORMAL NEUROTRANSMITTER CAN’T BIND WITH RECEPTOR
    BECAUSE BLOCKER COVERS THE BINDING SITE.
CHOLINERGIC
BLOCKERS

    MUSCARINIC BLOCKERS
   BLOCK PARASYMPATHETIC
 EFFECTS ON TARGET ORGANS
 AN EXAMPLE IS ATROPINE.
ADRENERGIC
BLOCKERS
BLOCK RECEPTOR BINDING SITES
  PREVENTING THE BINDING OF
       EPINEPHERINE OR
      NOREPINEPHERINE.
     ALPHA 1 BLOCKERS
    DECREASE BLOOD PRESSURE IN
    PATIENTS WITH HYPERTENSION
  WITHOUT INTERFERING WITH OTHER
       SYMPATHETIC EFFECTS.
ADRENERGIC
BLOCKERS

 BETA 1 BLOCKERS ON HEART
 PREVENT HEART RATE INCREASE &
     ARRHYTHMIAS IN CARDIAC
  PATIENTS WITHOUT INTERFERING
     WITH OTHER SYMPATHETIC
            EFFECTS.

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Autonomic nervous system (1)

Hinweis der Redaktion

  1. Blocking agents are chemicals which bind to the receptors on target organs and prevent the normal neurotransmitter from binding. * Here you can see an illustration of a receptor on the membrane of a cell. * When a neurotransmitter molecule binds with the receptor, the cell will react. * Blocking agents bind with and cover up the binding site on the receptor * * so that the neurotransmitter cannot bind. * Thus the neurotransmitter molecule will not have its normal effect on the blocked cell. *
  2. Cholinergic blocking agents interfere with the binding of acetylcholine with cholinergic receptors. * Since muscarinic receptors are exclusively located on the target organs effected by the Parasympathetic division of the ANS, they effect only Parasympathetic responses. * An example of a muscarinic blocking agent is Atropine, * which is used topically during eye exams to dilate the pupil of the eye. * Atropine us sometimes also used prior to surgery to reduce salivation and respiratory secretions.*