Fruit production Enhancing Strategies in rainfed areas of Jammu; Kandi area Fruit Culture

1. STRATEGIES FOR ENHANCING HORTICULTURE
PRODUCTION IN RAIN-FED AREAS OF SUB-
MONTANE AND LOW HILLS
OF
JAMMU DIVISION
Dr. Parshant
Bakshi
Associate

2. Region Climate,
altitude (m,
amsl)
Livelihood
production
system
Parts of the State covered
Jammu and
Kashmir
Himachal Pradesh Uttaranchal
Region I
Sub-
montane
and Low
Hills
Sub-tropical
200–800
Agri-livestock
fish-
horticulture
Jammu and
plains of
Udhampur
district
Una, Bilaspur, Hamirpur
and parts of Sirmaur,
Kangra, Solan and
Chamba districts
Parts of Pauri
Garhwal, Dehra
Dun, Almora and
Pithoragarh
districts
Livelihood production systems in the Sub- montane and Low Hills

3. LAND RESOURCE IN J & K ( HA)
G-2,65,000
E-74,000 D- 1,05,000
C-2,11,300
B- 2,91,000
A - 6,58,000
F- 7,52,000
A Forest
B Non-Agricultural Land
C Barren & Uncultivable Land
D Permanent Pastures & Other Grazing Land
E Fallow Land Including Current Fallows
F Net Area Sown
G Area under Fruit Crops (2005-06)

4. Population: -Population: - >1 Crore>1 Crore
Dependent on Agri/allied sectorsDependent on Agri/allied sectors 65%65%
Food grain productionFood grain production 18 Lakh MTs18 Lakh MTs
Food grain requirementFood grain requirement 23 Lakh MTs23 Lakh MTs
Deficit Food grainsDeficit Food grains 5 Lakh MTs5 Lakh MTs
Deficit Oil Seeds / PulsesDeficit Oil Seeds / Pulses 70%70%
Deficit VegetablesDeficit Vegetables 30%30%
Net Sown Area (NSA)Net Sown Area (NSA) 7.52 Lakh Ha7.52 Lakh Ha
Gross Sown Area (GSA)Gross Sown Area (GSA) 11.02 Lakh Ha11.02 Lakh Ha
NSA under field cropsNSA under field crops 70%70%
NSA under Horticulture CropsNSA under Horticulture Crops 13%13%
Net Irrigated AreaNet Irrigated Area 42%42% (3.11 LHa)(3.11 LHa)
J&K AGRICULTURE - PROFILE

5. Productivity Level of Major Agri Crops: -Productivity Level of Major Agri Crops: -
RiceRice 23.9 Qtl/Ha23.9 Qtl/Ha
MaizeMaize 15.5 Qtl/Ha15.5 Qtl/Ha
WheatWheat 20.0 Qtl/Ha20.0 Qtl/Ha
VegetablesVegetables 200 Qtl/Ha200 Qtl/Ha
FruitsFruits 74.0 Qtl/Ha74.0 Qtl/Ha
Average Land Holding SizeAverage Land Holding Size 0.76 Ha0.76 Ha
Cultivable Waste LandCultivable Waste Land 1.41 Lac Ha1.41 Lac Ha
J&K AGRICULTURE - PROFILE ….Contd

6. STATUS OF FRUIT CROPS IN J&K
Total area of Jammu & Kashmir = 2, 22,800 sq km.
Area under fruit crops = 307 thousand ha.
Production = 1780 thousand tonnes.
Productivity = 7.37 tonnes/ha.
Productivity ( INDIA) = 10.99 tonnes/ha
Total area of Jammu Division = 0.263 lakh sq km.
Area under fruits = 103 thousand ha.
Production = 165 thousand tonnes
Productivity = 1.60 tonnes/ha.

7. YearYear Area (Lakh ha)Area (Lakh ha) % Increase% Increase
2001-022001-02 2.212.21 ----------------
2002-032002-03 2.322.32 4.574.57
2003-042003-04 2.422.42 4.664.66
2004-052004-05 2.582.58 6.496.49
2005-062005-06 2.682.68 3.733.73
2006-072006-07 2.812.81 5.005.00
2007-082007-08 2.962.96 5.505.50
AREA EXPANSION TRENDS (FRUITS)

8.
NATURAL BENEFITS OF FRUITS GROWN UNDER RAIN-FED
CONDITIONS
AONLA
(i) Contain polyphenols which retards exudation of ascorbic acid, hence rich source of
Vit. C
(ii) Rich Source of pectin
(iii) Processed into Chavanprash, trifla and dried shreds .
(iv) Valuable for diabetes, will stimulate the islets of Lengerhans i,e isolated group of
cells that secretes hormone insulin.
(v) Effective for heart disease. Tones up the functions of all the organs of the body
(vi) Mixed with honey is useful in preserving eye sight .Reduces intraocular tension.
(vii) Used in the treatment of rheumatism.
(viii) Dried fruit is valuable in diarrhea and dysentery. Amla mixed with lemon juice and
misri in considered highly beneficial in controlling acute bacillary dysentery
(ix) It has revitalizing effects valuable in preventing ageing ,improves body resistance
(x) Hair tonic

9. BAEL
(i) Tonic , restorative , laxative
(ii) Good for heart and brain
(iii) Half ripen fruit is effective remedy for chronic diarrhea, and dysentery
(iv) Infusion of bael leaves is regarded as an effective food remedy for peptic ulcer
(v) Medicated oil prepared from bael leaves give relief for recurrent cold and respiratory
infections
FIG
(i) Regarded as dependable laxative due to its large cellulose content and its tough skin .
(ii). Excellent remedy for piles
(iii) Beneficial in the treatment of asthma .gives comfort by draining of the phlegm
(iv) Beneficially used in the treatment of sexual disability
(v) Milky juice of green figs helps to soften corns .

10. PHALSA
Cures
(i) Inflammations
(ii) Heart and blood disorders (iii) Fever and constipation
JAMUN
(i) Fruit juice and seeds are useful in the treatment of diabetes
(ii) Seeds contains a glucose “jamboline” which is believed to have the power to
check the pathological conversion of starch into sugar
(iii) Valuable in prevention of production of excess urine
(iv) Effective food remedy for bleeding piles
(v) Natural acids in the jamun fruits play an important role in the secretion of
digestive enzymes and stimulate liver functions
(vi) Infusion of fresh leaves taken with honey effective remedy for sterility and
miscarriage due to ovarian functional disorders

11. LEMON
(i) Strengthens the gums and teeth
(ii) Highly beneficial in treatment of throat disorder i.e. catarrh, choking sensation and itching sensitivities
(iii) Help in burning soles and heels
(iv) Good appetizers
(v) Stimulates the flow of saliva and gastric juice and regarded an excellent digestive agent
(vi) Thirst quenching drink in measles scarlet and other fevers
(vii) Effective in the hemorrhage or bleeding of lungs , stomach , intestines uterus, kidney and other intestinal
organs
(viii) Valuable in the care of enlargement of spleen
(ix) Lemon juice is sour in taste , its reaction in the body is alkaline and such it is valuable in the treatment of
rheumatic affections such as gout , rheumatism, pain in hip joints
(x) Effective remedy for obesity
(xi) Contains Vitamin P essential for controlling hemorrhage
(xii) It has anti-cholera properties can kill cholera bacilli with in very short time
(xiii) Valuable in corns
(xiv) Regarded as youth restorative

12. Name of the
fruit
Cal. P (%) Ca (%) Fe (%) Vit.A (IU) Thiamine (mg) Vit.C (mg)
Aonla 59 0.02 0.05 1.2 - 30 600
Bael 23 0.01 0.09 0.6 240 - -
Ber 129 0.05 0.03 0.3 186 12 15
Custard Apple 105 0.04 0.02 1.0 Trace - -
Fig 75 0 .03 0.06 1.2 270 - -
Guava 66 0.04 0.01 1 Trace 30 299
Jamun 83 0.01 0.02 1 - - -
Karonda (dry) 364 0.06 0.16 39.1 - - 200-550
Pomegranate 65 0.07 0.01 0.3 - - 16
Wood Apple 97 0.11 0.13 0.6 - - -
Nutritional value of Rain-fed fruits/100g edible portion

13.  Interest in fruit culture in the rain-fed areas remained
sporadic and as a hobby just for the satisfaction of the
aesthetic urge of people who had some resources at their
disposal .
 Rainfall low and confined to the period from July to
September. After April, the vapour pressure deficit is more
and exceeds 30mb during May and June.
 High solar radiations incidence and high winds velocity
results in a high potential evapo-transpiration
MAJOR PROBLEMS AND CONSTRAINTS IN FRUIT
PRODUCTION IN RAIN-FED AREAS OF JAMMU REGION

14.  Soils are of poor quality with low fertility level and poor water
holding capacity with high infiltration rate.
 Ground water resources are scarce and at great depths.
 Lack of interest in exploitation of plants.
 Lack of implementation of available technology in the field of
rain-fed fruit culture.
 In rain-fed areas, it is the water which is the principal
constraint. Efficient water use techniques are lacking.

15. PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY FOR RAIN-FED AREAS
A. Long term strategies:
 Selection of fruit crops
 Maximum growth period synchronizes with the period of
maximum water ability.
 Reproductive phase during the period of moisture abundance
 Drought tolerance mechanism
- Deep root system
- Leaf shedding in summer
- Xerophytic characters
* Wax coating
* Hairiness
* Covered stomata

16. RAIN FALL ZONE FRUIT CROPS
Below 300 mm Ber ( Zizyphus mauritiana )
Lasoda (Cordia myxa)
Ker ( Capparis apphylla)
Pilu (Salvadora oleoides)
350 – 500mm Ber (Zizyphus mauritiana)
Aonla (Emblica officinalis)
Jamun (Syzygium cuminii)
Mulberry (Morus alba)
Khirni (Manilkara hexandra)
500 – 700mm Bael (Aegle marmelos)
Aonla (Emblica officinalis)
Ber (Zizyphus mauritiana)
Custard apple (Anona spp.)
Tamarind (Tamarindus indica )
Phalsa (Grewia subinaequalis)
Karonda ( Carissa carandas)
More than 700 mm Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus)
Pomegranate (Punica granatum)
Guava (Psidium guajava)
Wood apple (Limonia acidis)
SELECTION OF FRUIT CROPS FOR RAIN-FED AREAS

17. Fruit No.Of
accessi
ons
Location of field gene banks
Annona 36 Bangalore, Rahuri, Sangareddy ,Udaipur
Aonla 16 Allahabad, Anand, Faizabad, Rajendranager, Saharanpur,
Udaipur Lucknow
Bael 12 Basti , Faizabad, Pantnagar, Lucknow, Sahranpur,.
Ber 177 Bahadurgarh, Bawal, Faizabad. Hissar, Jobner, Jodhpur,
Junagadh, Saharanpur, Udaipur
Fig 23 Bangalore, Rahuri, Rajendranager, Udaipur ,Yercaud.
Phalsa 9 Allahabad, Bangalore, Faizabad, Hissar, Junagarh, Udaipur
Karonda 5 Bikaner, Godhra, Bhowals, Jodhpur
Lasoda 5
Bikaner, Godhra, Bhowals, Jodhpur
Pomegran
ate
18 Aboher, Allahabad, Bangalore, Hisar, Jodhpur, Junagarh,
Ludhiana, Rahuri, Solars, Udaipur
GENETIC RESOURCES OF RAIN-FED/ARID FRUITS

18. FRUIT CROPS
Name Scientificc name Access. No.
Ber (Ziziphus mauritiana) 318
Bordi (Z. rotundifolia) 22
Pomegranate Punica granatum 150
Aonla Emblica officinalis 50
Date palm Phoenix dactylifera 55
Gonda Cordia myxa 65
Bael Aegle marmelos 16
Cactus pear Opuntia ficus indica 80
GERMPLASM COLLECTION AT CIAH BIKANER

19. LATEST RELEASED VARIETIES OF FRUIT CROPS SUITABLE FOR RAIN-FED AREAS
BER
Goma Kirti is highly yielding early maturing variety, which fetches
good price in the market. It is resistant to various diseases and
pests by virtue of its earliness.
Goma Kirti

20. Thar Sevika
Developed by the hybridization from a cross Seb x Katha, Thar Sevika is an early
maturing variety. The fruits are juicy, sweet with a TSS content of 22-24%. Fruits after
consumption do not cause throat soaring, which is common in other cultivars. Average
fruit yield is 30-32 Kg/tree. The hybrid is also suitable for staggered picking which can
be done up to third week of January.

21. Thar Bhubhraj
A selection from local material of Bhusavar area of Bharatpur district of
Rajasthan, CIAH-Sel-1 is an early maturing cultivar having an average yield
potential of 30-36 kg/tree. The fruits are ready for harvesting during last
week of December-First week of January. The fruits are very juicy, sweet
with a TSS content of 22-23%.

22. AONLA
Goma Aishwariya
Goma Aishwariya is an early, drought tolerant. The average yield potential is 102.9
kg/tree. It has low fiber content and is suitable for processing and export.

23. GERMPLASM OF FRUIT CROPS AT RRSS RAYA
S.NO NAME OF FRUIT PLANTS VARIETIES
1.
2.
CITRUS
(i) Mandarin
(ii) Rangpur lime
(iii) Kagzi lime
(iv) Karna khatta
(v) Jambhiri
(vi) Galgal
(vii) Sweet lime
(viii) Eureka lemon
(ix) Sweet orange
(x) Grapefruit
MANGO
Nagpur Santra, Cleoptra mandarin, Kinnow mandarin
Pine apple, Blood red , Jaffa, Valencia late, Mosambi
Red blush, Duncan, Marsh seed less
Amarpali, Dusheshari, Bombay green, Langra, Chausa, Fazli, Malika,
Totapuri , Baramasi, Kala amb, Jirraiwalla amb, Brota amb, Badda
amb, Selection 1 , Selection 2, Selection 3, Selection 4, Selection 5,
Arun , Varun, Rajiv, Ram kala

24. 3. AONLA NA-7, Chakaiya, Banarsi,Kanchan, Desi
4. BER Mecca, Raya Selection, Gola, Small Apple, Ranjri Selection , Sanura-2,
Sanura-4, ZG-2, Nuzuk
5. GUAVA Allahabad Safada, L-49, Apple Coloured, Banarsi Surkha, Hybrid –1, Hybrid
–2
6. BAEL NB-5, NB-9
7. KARONDA Pink yellow, Green pink
8. PHALSA Purple round
10. LASOORA -
11. TAMARIND Saharanpuri, Local
12. CUSTARD
APPLE
-
13. JAMUN -
14. JACK FRUIT -
15. MONKEY
FRUIT
-
16. FIG -
18. HARAD -

25. SPECIAL ATTRIBUTES OF FRUIT TREE SPECIES WHICH
MAKES THEM SUITABLE FOR RAIN FED AREA
1. Ber (Zizyphus mauritiana Lamk.)
(i) It can stand salinity and saline water
(ii) Deep root system
(iii) Flowering with onset of monsoons and crop is harvested well in advance
on onset of hot summer.
(iv) Sheding of leaves
(v) Scaly bud
2. Aonla (Emblica officinalis)
a) Greater tolerance to salinity, alkalinity and sodicity
b) Flowering in spring, after fruit set, fruit enters dormancy and remains
so throughout Summer.
3. Phalsa (Grewia subinaeqalis)
(i) Short reproductive phase
(ii) Loose foliage after harvest

26. 4. Bael (Aegle marmerlos)
(i) Salinity tolerant
(ii) Flowering with onset of monsoon, fruit mature before onset of summer.
5. Guava (Psidium guajava)
Flowers in three flushes
(i) Ambe- bahar
(ii) Mrig- bahar
(iii) Hastha -bahar
6 . Custard apple (Anona spp.)
(i) Tolerant to drought ,salinity and saline water
(ii) Grows well on shallow soils.
(iii) Flowering in June/ July harvest in November Sheds its leaves

27. 7. Lasooda (Cordia myxa)
(i) Drought tolerant
(ii) Sheds its leaves
(iii) Flowering in December /January and crop ready in three months
8. Jamun (Syzygium cumunii)
(i) Extensive root systems.
(ii) Flowering in spring and final swell of fruits in monsoon
9. Karonda(Carissa carandar)
(i) Plant drought tolerant
(ii) Reproductive phase synchronizes to the period of moisture abundance

28. .)MANGO BLOCK BER BLOCK
RRSS RAYA

29. FULL BEARING KINNOW
PLANT
LEMON BLOCK
RRSS RAYA

30. GALGAL BLOCK SWEET ORANGE
RRSS RAYA

31. POMEGRANATE BLOCK GUAVA BLOCK
RRSS RAYA

32. AONLA BLOCK FULL BEARING AONLA PLANT
CV. NA-7
RRSS RAYA

33. PHALSA BLOCK PHALSA FRUIT BUSHES
RRSS RAYA

34. KARONDA BLOCK Karonda (Carissa carandas L)
RRSS RAYA

35. BAEL PLANTS TAMARIND PLANTS
RRSS RAYA

36. LASOODA PLANTS HARAD PLANT
RRSS RAYA

37. CUSTARD APPLE

38. FIG PLANT MAHUA PLANT
RRSS RAYA

39. B. Short term strategies:
 Soil Moisture Conservation
 Water harvesting
- Water harvesting tank
- Crescent bunding
 Increase in moisture storage capacity of soil
 Reducing fruit load
 Pruning and training
 Anti transparents:
 Stomata closing type
- Phenyl mercuric acetate (PMA)
- Abscisic acid (ABA)
 Film forming type
- Wax
- Kaoline

40. Water Harvesting Tank -Raya

41. Drip Irrigation is a modern method of irrigation in which:
• Water is applied directly to the root zone of the plants.
• Water is applied at frequent intervals at precise quantities based on Crop
Water Requirements.
• Water is applied through a low-pressure pipe network comprising Mains,
Sub-mains, Laterals and Emitting Devices.
FRUIT CROPS :
Almond, Apple, Arecanut, Indian Gooseberry, Ber (Zizyphus), Banana,
Cashew, Custard Apple, Cherry, Fig, Guava, Grape, Litchi, Lemon, Sweet
Lime, Mango, Orange, Olive, Papaya, Pomegranate, Pear, Peach, Pistachio,
Pineapple, Sapota, Strawberry, Jack Fruit, Tamarind.
DRIP IRRIGATIONDRIP IRRIGATION

43. SUGGESTED MODELS FOR DIFFERENT AGRO-
CLIMATIC CONDITIONS
Rain-fed Conditions Cropping System
Arid (<400mm
rainfall)
Ber + Karonda + Guar/moth
Khejri + Lasoda + Phalsa
Semi-arid (400-800
mm rainfall)
Aonla + Guava + Black gram
Aonla + Custard apple + Legumes
Subtropical (800-
1200mm rainfall)
Aonla/ Bael + guava + Black gram
Mango + Guava
Tropical (>1200mm
rainfall)
Mango + Citrus + Tapioca
Coastal Coconut + Black pepper +
Banana

44. MANGO + GUAVA

45. MANGO + CITRUS

46. AONLA + GUAVA + GROUND NUT (STAGE-I)

47. INTER CROPPING PHALSA IN AONLA

48. INTERCROPPING OF PAPAYA IN

49. NURSERY BLOCK, RRSS, RAYA

50. BUDDED SAPLINGS OF AONLA IN NURSERY, RRSS RAYA

51. IN-SITU RAISED AONLA BLOCK AT RRSS RAYA

52. PHALSA PLANTS IN POLY BAGS

53. AIR LAYERING IN GUAVA AT RRSS RAYA

54. A VIEW OF REJUVENATION PRUNING IN MANGO

55. PROFUSE SHOOTINGPROFUSE SHOOTING

56. Healthy shoot Developing canopy

57. First flushFirst flush Second flushSecond flush

58. Fully developed canopyFully developed canopy

59. A VIEW OF REJUVENATED GUAVA ORCHARD

60. Wilting plant showing bark splitting Heading back of branches of guava trees
Newly emerged shoots on beheaded branches
of the trees
Trees growth after 4 months of heading back

61. Plugging the holes with mud Pasting base of the trunk with
copper oxichloride

62. Trees showing shoot pruning (first cut)
after 4 months of heading back
A portion of branch showing second pruning
for better canopy development
A portion of branch showing flowers as a
result of second pruning
A portion of branch showing better fruiting

63. TOP WORKED BER PLANTS AT RRSS RAYA

64. PRUNING IN TOP WORKED BER AT RRSS RAYA

65.
FUTURE LINE OF WORK FOR RESEARCHERS
To stabilize production and win the confidence of orchadists in
rain fed region, work on following aspects is a priority
(1) Survey, collection and evaluation of large number of indigenous plant
types of economic significance, growing wild in rain-fed areas with special
emphasis on drought resistance as well as quality attributes and
conservation there of.
(2) Improvement work on ber, beal , wood apple , aonla , anona. -- not
given the required attention in the past.
(3) Maintenance of directory of lands and location under marginal situation
such as dry land, bald hills , hilly terrains etc., with full information about
their agro-ecological features. Then evolution of drought resistant crops
which perform well under moisture stress conditions and earmarking them

66. (4) Generation of information on soil status for optimizing water
utilization in rain- fed area for fruit crops .
(5) Development of efficient water use technology .
(6) Development of effective plant protection measures against powdery
mildew , black spot disease of ber , rust of aonla and insect pests like
ber fruit fly and pomegranate butter fly .
(7) Standardization of techniques for faster multiplication of planting
material and establishment of nurseries to raise and supply drought
tolerant fruit crop plants to prospective growers
(8) Developing suitable technologies for reducing post harvest losses and
supporting cottage industries based on rain fed fruits
(9) Strengthening of extension activities to educate farmers on fruit
culture in rain fed area and financial assistance on easy term for fruit
culture

67. TRANSFER OF TECHNOLOGY
(i) Man power training/educational re-orientation
(ii) Field demonstrations
(iii) Organization of farmers conference
(iv) Involvement of youth and village leaders
(v) Active involvement of research institutions
(vi) Research and development linkage

68.
ROLE OF KVK’S IN WASTELAND UTILIZATION
(i) Identification of wastelands in the district
(ii) Study soil problems
(iii) Preparing economically physical and technical plan.
(iv) Establishing and maintaining nurseries for supply of fruit plants
(v) Helping young farmers to establish and maintain private nurseries
(vi) Arranging short courses for school teachers and staff.
(vii) Organizing exhibitions and field days on the work site
(viii) KVK’S could implement on farm research related to wasteland to
serve as effective link between farmers and scientists.

69. Looking to the scope and importance of rain fed fruit
culture in India in general and Jammu in particular,
the scientist have challenge to provide better genotypes
and improvised water use technologies to make the
industry more strong and acceptable by the farmers of
rain- fed areas.
CONCLUSION