information about indian mustard

1. Biology of Brassica juncea

2. • Family : Brassiceae (Cruciferae)
• The genera Brassica display enormous
diversity and a range of wild and weedy
species related to the genus occur in nature.
• The family currently includes 3709 species and
338 genera (Warwick et al., 2006)
• The oil content of the seeds ranges from 38-
46%
• hazardous constituents
– Erucic acid (~40-50%)
– glucosinolates (180-200 micro moles)

3. Geographic Origin, Genomic Evolution
and Chromosome Number
• Brassica juncea (2n=36) is an amphidiploid
species derived from interspecific cross
between Brassica nigra (2n=18) and B.
rapa/campestris (2n=20)
• Many theories about origin but most accepted
is middle east.

4. Genomic Evolution
• An evolutionary relationship exists among the six crop Brassica species
exist.
• The triangle of U, proposed by Nagaharu U,(1935) is a theory about the
evolution and relationships between members of the plant genus Brassica
• Involves diploid species:
– B. rapa {2n=20} AA
– B. nigra and {2n=16} BB
– B. oleracea {2n=18} CC
• Pairwise hybridization between these diploid species followed by
chromosome doubling led to the evolution
• development of the three amphiploid species
– B. napus {2n=38} BBCC
– B. carinata {2n=34} AACC
– B. juncea {2n=36} AABB

5. The "triangle of U" diagram, showing the genetic relationships between six species
of the genus Brassica. Chromosomes from each of the genomes A, B and C are
represented by different colours.

6. Methods of Pollination, Known
Pollinators and Pollen Viability
• Predominantly B. juncea is self compatible and largely
self pollinated
• Crossing varies from 7.6% to 22%
• Pollination is carried out in nature both by insects and
wind.
• Bees however are the primary pollen vector because
the pollen is heavy and sticky and is not carried to
great distances in the absence of wind.
• The isolation distance for seed production:
– foundation seed= 200m
– certified seed= 50m

7. Major Insect Pests of Brassica juncea
• Mustard aphid (Lipaphis erysimi) is the key
pest
• While saw fly (Athalia lugens proxima)
• Painted bug (Bagrada hilaris)
• Pea leaf miner (Chromatomyia horticola)
• Bihar hairy caterpillars (Spilosoma obliqua
(Walker)are also serious pests

8. Major Diseases- Causal Agents
• 4 diseases are cause of major economic loss:
Alternaria blight (alternaria brassicae)
White rust + downy mildew complex (albugo
candida + hyaloperonospora brassicae),
White rot (sclerotinia sclerotiorum)
Powdery mildew (erysiphe cruciferarum)

9. Human health Consideration
• Determined by the quality and quantity of
fatty acids, proteins and essential amino acids.
• B. juncea has high levels of erucic acid and
glucosinolates.
– Erucic acid fraction (35.7–51.4%):- Toxic effects on
the heart at high doses
– Glucosinolates (49.9–120.3 µmole/g defatted
seed meal:- Causes enlargement of thyroids in
poultry and low palatability for cattle

10. AGRONOMIC PRACTICES
Soil:
Tolerate wide range of soil conditions
varying from sandy loam to clay loam
soils.
thrive best on medium loam soils
It can not tolerate water logging and
heavy clayey soils
can tolerate moderate salinity
soil having neutral pH is ideal for proper
growth and development.

11. • Sowing Season:
– October month is best for sowing
– For germination and vegetative phases : requires
comparatively higher temperature (30-32°C
maximum and 20-22°C minimum) is required
– For reproductive phase: Cool temperature is
needed
• Water Management:
– generally 2 irrigation are required at pre-bloom
and pod filling stages

12. Breeding Objectives
Agronomic
performance:
yield, lodging
maturity, herbicide
tolerance
drought tolerance
shattering resistance
seed size
Disease
resistance :
White rust (Albugo
candida)
Alternaria blight (Alternaria
brassicae)
Sclerotinia stem rot
(Sclerotinia sclerotiorum)
Downy mildew
(Pernospora parasitica)
Powdery mildew (Erysiphe
cruciferarum) resistance
Quality traits:
develop canola or
conventional mustard
varieties

13. Hybrid Development
• Brassicaceae crops display strong hybrid vigor, and
have long been subject to F1 hybrid breeding.
• To enable F1 hybrid breeding, an efficient, reliable
and stable method of F1 seed production without
contamination by self-fertilized seeds from each
parent is vital
– Because of the size and structure of Brassicaceae
flowers, it is impossible to implement
commercial hybrid seed production based on
manual emasculation and pollination, as
practiced with Cucurbitaceae crops

14. Self-incompatibility
• The self-incompatibility system is being
used but, it is not always stable, and may be
suppressed by high temperature or drought
–Furthermore, Amphidiploid species B.
napus and B. juncea, which are the major
oil seed crops, do not express self-
incompatibility.

15. Cytoplasmic Male Sterility (CMS)
• Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is another trait
applicable to F1 seed production, which is stable and
applicable to all Brassicaceae crops.
– CMS: is a maternally inherited trait encoded by a gene
located in the mitochondria.
– In CMS plants, pollen production is disturbed, whereas the
function of the female organ is not generally affected.
– Expression of a mitochondrial CMS gene can be masked by
nuclear fertility restorer (Rf) genes, allowing the plant to
produce functional pollen.
• A combination of a nuclear genome that lacks Rf genes
and a CMS-inducing mitochondrial genome leads to
nuclear-cytoplasmic incompatibility and the CMS
phenotype.

16. Ogura CMS
Discovered by Ogura (1968) in Japanese radish (R. sativus)
European scientists introduced Ogura CMS into B. napus by
intergeneric hybridization and repeated back-crossing.
• The resultant alloplasmic lines of B. napus showed male sterility, but all of them had
chlorotic leaves, yellowing at low temperatures (below 15°C) (undesirable for breeders)
• This chlorophyll deficiency was resulted from functional incompatibility between the B.
napus nucleus and R. sativus chloroplasts
• To overcome chlorosis in Ogura CMS B. napus, cells of an alloplasmic male sterile B.
napus line and a normal B. napus variety were fused, the regenerated plants without
chlorophyll deficiency but retaining the male sterility were selected
• In these lines, the alloplasmic chloroplasts derived from R. sativus were substituted
with those from B. napus, and the plants grew normally even at low temperature.
• A CMS line was thus established and used in B. napus hybrid breeding.

17. Rf genes
• Some radish lines, including European
varieties possess an Rf gene for Ogura CMS,
whereas none of Brassica species has it.
• An Rf gene is essential for F1 hybrids of oil
seed crops produced through the CMS system
to set seeds properly.
– Therefore, the Rf gene (Rfk1) was introduced into
Brassica from R. sativus cv. Kosena by protoplast
fusion that encodes a member of the
pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) family

18. CMS SYSTEM
Cms system Cytoplasm donor
Ogura Raphanus sativus
oxyrrhina B.oxyrrhina
siifolia Diplotaxis siifolia
trachystoma Trachystoma ballii
moricandia Moricandia arvensis
erucoides D.erucoides
berthauti D.berthauti
canariense Erucastrum canariense
catholica D.catholica

19. • Because the most reliable system of F1 seed
production is based on cytoplasmic male
sterility (CMS)
• various types of CMS have been developed
and adopted in practice to breed Brassicaceae
oil seed and vegetable crops.
• has been studied most extensively and is used
worldwide in F1 breeding of B. napus, B.
juncea, B. oleracea and R. sativus