Extended administration is a recent concept developed as an extension of extended enterprise to design a virtual organization encompassing the value chain from every angles. Considering the smart cities as a research field, we develop an approach of modeling the smartness of the city as an ecosystem. We assume that the best in position to carry out the role of system architect is the public actor. We propose a framework for a methodology and point out the relevant methodologies and competencies that could be the basics of P.A conceived as an extend administration.

1. SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE AS A
MEANS TO BUILD AN
EXTENDED ADMINISTRATION :
THE CASE OF SMART CITIES
Prof. Claude Rochet
Claude.rochet@univ-amu.fr
IMPGT AMU CERGAM
Lugano, June 5 2014
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2. Extended public administration: What are
we speaking about?
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Input Process Output
P.A. legally speaking
Obje
ctives
Outcome Outcome Outcome
Extended value chain
Look simple? In real life outcomes are not aligned and are embedded in
interconnected and overlapping heterogeneous systems
This needs complex system mapping and understanding
intertwined causes and effects relationships.

3. A smart is the result of multiple systemic
equilibria
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No smart cities
are alike…
… but common
building blocks
may be
identified…
… and complex
system
architecture may
define rules of
integration

4. What makes a city smart?
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Not adding « smarties »: smart
grids, smart anything….
… nor greenwashing, digital
washing…
.. But a city where one can live a
good life

5. It is systemic coherence
• Why the garden cities
movement failed?
• Thinking the city
either as a palliative
of the dysfunctional
city …
• … or as an ideal city
• But NOT as a living
ecosystem
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6. Our basic assumptions
• A smart city is not putting lipstick on a bulldog
• A smart city is an ecosystem that includes the city and its periphery
• A smart city is a city where one may live and work in:
o Economic wealth creation
o Social life
o Common weal
• A resilient architecture:
o A living system based on cooperation between public authorities, private corp., citizens
o A properly designed architecture made with off-the-shelf components
o Systemic resilience is leveraged using IT
• A sea change in firms business models and P.A.
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7. Let’s set up some definitions:
• Architecture, system architecture
– The design of how basic functions
interact to give birth to a whole
that is more than the sum of the
parts
• Ecosystem:
– A system with autopoeitic properties,
that means being able to reproduce
itself
• Entropy, negentropy
– Interactions within the system make it
losing its energy and increasing
disorder (entropy), life (human life in
the case of a city) may import energy
(negative entropy or negentropy)
• Emergence:
– Many properties of a system do not
exist as a basic function or a
physical state, but are the result of
the interactions of these functions:
eg. “ageing well”, “happy life” is the
result of both physical and human
systems.
• Resilience:
– The property of a system to
withstand a shock and to recover
with stronger ability
• Green IT and IT for green
– IT is both a solution to coordination
problems that may help saving energy
(eg. Smart grids) but fabrication of IT
produce a lot of pollutants and its
functioning produce a lot of heat and
waste that need to be recycled.
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Mission MUST
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8. A rationale for extended P.A. as a system
architect:
• Strategic analysis
• Inventorying the building blocks
• Integrating the ecosystem
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9. A rationale for extended P.A. as a system
architect:
1- Strategic analysis
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9
Why building a city & what
are the strategic goals?
Who are the stakeholders?
What are the generic
functions to be performed
by a smart city?
With which organs?
Technical devices,
software…
With which smart
people?
Conception,
metamodel
framework,
steering
Subsystems
and processes
People
and tools
Why designing this ecosystem?
Who will live in the city?
What are its activities?
How the city will be fed?
Where the city is located ? (context)
What are the functions to be performed to
reach the goals and how do they interact?
With which organs
and ressources?
How people will interact with the
artifacts?
How civic life will organize?

10. A rationale for extended P.A. as a system
architect:
2- Inventorying the “building blocks”
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Claude Rochet - Florence Pinot
10
Issues
• Defining “smartness”
and “sustainability”
• Wealth creation
• Finance and taxes
• Controlling pollution
• Equilibrium center –
periphery
• Migrations
• Poverty
• Education
• Health
• Crime
• Segregation (social and
spatial)
• Leisure
• Quality of life
• How people interact
with people and
artifacts?
Resources
• Work
• Budgeting
• Transportation
• Feeding
• Caring
• Protecting
• Securing
• Housing policy
• Education
• Leisure
• Social benefits
• Health care system
• Migrations control
Functions
• Energy
• Water
• Data
• Digital Systems
• Traditions
• Sociology
• Technologies as
enablers and enacters
• Culture and traditions
• Institutions and public
organizations
• Process modeling
• Software
• Tech providers
• Open innovation
Capabilities
• The New Business
Models:
• Public
• Private
• Project management
• Institutional
arrangements
• The day to day decision
making process in an
evolutionary
perspective
• Empowerment
• Direct democracy
• Government
• Governance
• Project management
• Social innovation
• The state as a system
engineer
• Mastering ULM

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A rationale for extended P.A. as a system
architect
3- Integration of the building blocks
Soft domains
Hard
domains
SMART city
TransportationIndustry
WorkHousing
Sanitation
EnergyWater
Waste recycling
Public services Health care
Civic life Leisure
Education
Social
integration
GovernmentEconomy
Institutional
scaffolding
Social life
Periphery
Commercial
exchanges
Food
City
Territory

12. Concepts and
tools of systemic
integration
Smart
territoryIndustry
Smart
cities
Social intelligence
(Dedijer)
Valuing as well material
and immaterial assets
(Milieu innovateur,
Aydalot)
Coopetitive innovation
ecosystem
Integrating smart city and smart territory

13. Combining top down and bottom up
Smart territory
Milieu innovateur
Functional
integration
Self governing
capabilities
• Understanding the context and
defining a strategic vision
• Declining it in combining hard
and soft domains.
• Toward an integrative
and integrated extended
administration
Smart administation

14. A tool to design and monitor the
ecosystem: ULM (Urban Lifecycle
Management©)
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Maturityofecosystemicproperties
Development
From history,
social intelligence,
idea, to framework
Integrating off-the-
shelves innovation
Functional
integration
Technical
integration
Designing the
engineering
ecosystem
Project
managemen
t
City 1.0
Gathering data
and understanding
ecosystem
evolution
Evaluating,
correcting and
upgrading
Sustainable
City 1.0
Integrating
innovation
City 2.0
Risk of collapse Unlike a product or a
company, a city never
dies, even if not
sustainable (except in a
case of collapse)
Losing ecosystemic properties
Permanent
improvement
Financial
governance

15. Preliminary conclusion: designing and
governing smart cities is a political problem
• Let’s refer to Vincent and Elinor Ostrom:
o No one best way for all levels of action: Polycentric governance
o Uncertainty, conflicts, bargaining are at the heart of administrative life
o Politics : “ the practical processes through which communities act to
identify and solve their common problems and to realize shared
opportunities”
o A good P.A tend to reach self-governance
o P.A. has to integrate complex system science
• Smart cities => smart government and political life
• A view of P.A coherent with system architecture!
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16. 08/06/2014
Common good
Vivere politico
Economic good
Private good
Smart government is the keystone of smart
cities and was formalized at the
Renaissance
A strong correlation
between top down…
… and bottom up
dynamics
Common
good

17. Extended P.A as an integration of disciplines
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Levelsofcomplexity
City
Functions
Citizens
Complex systems
engineering
Extended P.A Political philosophy
Complex
system
modeling
Interaction
and
synergies
Social
networks
and
interactions
Overlaps and
interactions
Common good as
an emergence and
structuring finality
Ends and means of
wealth creation
Vivere politico
Polycentric
Govce