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Quality Issues in Open Educational
                 Resources:
    Need for a Comprehensive Perspective



                     Mohan Menon
                     mohanbmenon@gmail.com




1                                   mohanmenon
Concept

     ‘openeducation’ today is considered as a
     comprehensive concept encompassing all
     types and kinds of ‘openness’ including the
     ‘openness’ of resources.




2                                      mohanmenon
OER: a sub-set of Open Education

     Open  Education is not limited to just open
     educational resources. It also includes open
     technologies that facilitate collaborative,
     flexible learning and the open sharing of
     teaching practices and new approaches to
     assessment, accreditation and collaborative
     learning (Cape Town Open Education
     Declaration).

3                                      mohanmenon
What is “Open Content”?
        Open Content / Open educational resources (OER) / Open Courseware
        are educational materials (usually digital) that can be:


                                                      Shared freely
                                                       and openly
    … redistribute                                       for …
                                    Shared
      and share
        again.

                     Redistribute
                                                   Used
                          d

                                                                        … use by
      … adapt / repurpose/                                            anyone to …
      improve under some            Improved
     type of license in order
                to …
                                              Cheryl Hodgkinson-Williams
4                                        cheryl.hodgkinson-williams@uct.ac.za
                                                              mohanmenon
OER:Reuse-Remix-Redistribute Cycle



                          OER Materials



                            QUALITY
            Practice of
                                       Practice of
             OER Re-
                                          OER
           create &Re-
                                      Reuse/Remix
             distribute



5                                                mohanmenon
OER Quality: Literature Review
    Quality Aspects Operationalisation           Reference

    Accuracy        Content is valid and         Nardine
                    reliable                     Saad (2004

    Relevance       Relevance of content to
                    users needs


    Significance    Content teaches              Nardine
                    educationally significant    Saad (2004
                    concepts, models or skills
6                   in the discipline            mohanmenon
OER Quality: Literature Review
    Quality Aspect   Operationalisation              Reference
    Pedagogy         The material is effective       Nardine Saad
                     as a teaching tool;
                     -features in the learning       (2004); Paul
                     material that support           Gerhard,
                     learning and the                2005
                     applicability of the material
                     in teaching and learning
                     processes

    Presentation     The material is
                     presented effectively and
                     user-friendly

7                                                     mohanmenon
OER Quality: Literature Review
    Quality         Operationalisation                 Reference
    Aspects
    Usability       Technical structure and
                    interface design of the learning
                    material as well as the ease of
                    use arising from these features.
                    Usability is dependent on the
                    user’s experience.

    Presentation The material is presented             Nardine Saad
                    effectively and user-friendly      (2004)


    Motivating      Emotionally engaging content       Joseph L. Scott,
8                   (or presentation??)                1994
                                                          mohanmenon
OER Quality: Literature Review
    Quality          Operationalisation                        Reference
    Aspects
    Accessibility Accessibility in this context means that
                     the online learning materials are
                     accessible to everyone regardless of
                     their age, physical or mental capacity,
                     disabilities or health.

    Findability      ‘the ability of users to identify an      Peter Morville,
                     appropriate Web site and navigate         2005
                     the pages of the site to discover
                     and retrieve relevant information
                     resources"

9                                                          mohanmenon
OER Quality: Literature Review
     Quality       Operationalisation                      Reference
     Aspects
     Openness      Digitized materials offered freely      Bissell
     (Legal)       and openly for educators, students,     (2009)
                   and self-learners to use and reuse
                   for teaching, learning and research


     Openness      ALMS Analysis                           Wiley
     (Technical)   Access to editing tools?                (2009)
                   Level of expertise required to
                   revise/remix?
                   Meaningfully editable?
10                 Source-file access?                   mohanmenon
OER Quality: Literature Review
 Quality         Operationalisation                   Reference
 Aspects
 Discoverability If an OER cannot be discovered,      Brown, 2008,
                 from a practical perspective it      Dholakia, King, and
                 might as well be closed              Baraniuk, 2006

 Searchability   Good practices of site navigation    "Google's Search
                                                      Engine Optimization
                                                      Starter Guide, Version
                                                      1.1, 13 Nov 2008
 Reusability     Pedagogical effectiveness and        Wiley (2004)
                 potential for reuse are completely
                 at odds to each other                Okado (2010)
11               Four levels of reusability           mohanmenon
Quality Domains


                        CONTENT
             PEDAGOGY          PRESENTATION




                       OPENNESS
            Legal
                                     Technical
                    Technological-
                    IT related
12                                               mohanmenon
Proposed Quality Aspects

      CONTENT
       –   Accuracy
       –   Significance
       –   Relevance
      PEDAGOGY
       –   Theoretical soundness
       –    Learner centeredness
       –    Effectiveness for different learning levels
       –    Applicability in effective teaching-learning
13         processes                                mohanmenon
Proposed Quality Aspects

      PRESENTATION
       –   User-friendly
       –   Motivating




14                              mohanmenon
Proposed Quality Aspects

      OPENNESS
      –   Discoverability-from a practical perspective (Brown, 2008,
          Dholakia, King, and Baraniuk, 2006)
      –    Searchability- Good practices of site navigation ("Google's
          Search Engine Optimization Starter Guide, Version 1.1, 13
          Nov 2008)
      –    Reusability-Balance between pedagogical effectiveness
          and potential for reuse (Wiley, 2004) Levels of reusability
          (Okado, 2010, Okado, et.al. 2012)
      –    Findability- ability of an user to search and find a specific
          resource (Peter Morville, 2005)
      –    Usability- combines searchability and findability
15    –   Open Licence- copyright relaxations              mohanmenon
OER:Reuse-Remix-Redistribute Cycle



                           OER Materials



                             QUALITY
             Practice of
                                        Practice of
              OER Re-
                                           OER
            create &Re-
                                       Reuse/Remix
              distribute



16                                                mohanmenon
Mohan Menon
     WOU
     E-mail: mohanbmenon@gmail.com




17                                   mohanmenon

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Quality Issues in Open Educational Resources: Need for a Comprehensive Perspective

  • 1. Quality Issues in Open Educational Resources: Need for a Comprehensive Perspective Mohan Menon mohanbmenon@gmail.com 1 mohanmenon
  • 2. Concept  ‘openeducation’ today is considered as a comprehensive concept encompassing all types and kinds of ‘openness’ including the ‘openness’ of resources. 2 mohanmenon
  • 3. OER: a sub-set of Open Education  Open Education is not limited to just open educational resources. It also includes open technologies that facilitate collaborative, flexible learning and the open sharing of teaching practices and new approaches to assessment, accreditation and collaborative learning (Cape Town Open Education Declaration). 3 mohanmenon
  • 4. What is “Open Content”? Open Content / Open educational resources (OER) / Open Courseware are educational materials (usually digital) that can be: Shared freely and openly … redistribute for … Shared and share again. Redistribute Used d … use by … adapt / repurpose/ anyone to … improve under some Improved type of license in order to … Cheryl Hodgkinson-Williams 4 cheryl.hodgkinson-williams@uct.ac.za mohanmenon
  • 5. OER:Reuse-Remix-Redistribute Cycle OER Materials QUALITY Practice of Practice of OER Re- OER create &Re- Reuse/Remix distribute 5 mohanmenon
  • 6. OER Quality: Literature Review Quality Aspects Operationalisation Reference Accuracy Content is valid and Nardine reliable Saad (2004 Relevance Relevance of content to users needs Significance Content teaches Nardine educationally significant Saad (2004 concepts, models or skills 6 in the discipline mohanmenon
  • 7. OER Quality: Literature Review Quality Aspect Operationalisation Reference Pedagogy The material is effective Nardine Saad as a teaching tool; -features in the learning (2004); Paul material that support Gerhard, learning and the 2005 applicability of the material in teaching and learning processes Presentation The material is presented effectively and user-friendly 7 mohanmenon
  • 8. OER Quality: Literature Review Quality Operationalisation Reference Aspects Usability Technical structure and interface design of the learning material as well as the ease of use arising from these features. Usability is dependent on the user’s experience. Presentation The material is presented Nardine Saad effectively and user-friendly (2004) Motivating Emotionally engaging content Joseph L. Scott, 8 (or presentation??) 1994 mohanmenon
  • 9. OER Quality: Literature Review Quality Operationalisation Reference Aspects Accessibility Accessibility in this context means that the online learning materials are accessible to everyone regardless of their age, physical or mental capacity, disabilities or health. Findability ‘the ability of users to identify an Peter Morville, appropriate Web site and navigate 2005 the pages of the site to discover and retrieve relevant information resources" 9 mohanmenon
  • 10. OER Quality: Literature Review Quality Operationalisation Reference Aspects Openness Digitized materials offered freely Bissell (Legal) and openly for educators, students, (2009) and self-learners to use and reuse for teaching, learning and research Openness ALMS Analysis Wiley (Technical) Access to editing tools? (2009) Level of expertise required to revise/remix? Meaningfully editable? 10 Source-file access? mohanmenon
  • 11. OER Quality: Literature Review Quality Operationalisation Reference Aspects Discoverability If an OER cannot be discovered, Brown, 2008, from a practical perspective it Dholakia, King, and might as well be closed Baraniuk, 2006 Searchability Good practices of site navigation "Google's Search Engine Optimization Starter Guide, Version 1.1, 13 Nov 2008 Reusability Pedagogical effectiveness and Wiley (2004) potential for reuse are completely at odds to each other Okado (2010) 11 Four levels of reusability mohanmenon
  • 12. Quality Domains CONTENT PEDAGOGY PRESENTATION OPENNESS Legal Technical Technological- IT related 12 mohanmenon
  • 13. Proposed Quality Aspects  CONTENT – Accuracy – Significance – Relevance  PEDAGOGY – Theoretical soundness – Learner centeredness – Effectiveness for different learning levels – Applicability in effective teaching-learning 13 processes mohanmenon
  • 14. Proposed Quality Aspects  PRESENTATION – User-friendly – Motivating 14 mohanmenon
  • 15. Proposed Quality Aspects  OPENNESS – Discoverability-from a practical perspective (Brown, 2008, Dholakia, King, and Baraniuk, 2006) – Searchability- Good practices of site navigation ("Google's Search Engine Optimization Starter Guide, Version 1.1, 13 Nov 2008) – Reusability-Balance between pedagogical effectiveness and potential for reuse (Wiley, 2004) Levels of reusability (Okado, 2010, Okado, et.al. 2012) – Findability- ability of an user to search and find a specific resource (Peter Morville, 2005) – Usability- combines searchability and findability 15 – Open Licence- copyright relaxations mohanmenon
  • 16. OER:Reuse-Remix-Redistribute Cycle OER Materials QUALITY Practice of Practice of OER Re- OER create &Re- Reuse/Remix distribute 16 mohanmenon
  • 17. Mohan Menon WOU E-mail: mohanbmenon@gmail.com 17 mohanmenon