2. In botany, a fruit is the ripened ovary—
together with seeds—of a flowering plant.
Fruits are the means by which flowering plants
disseminate seeds
In cuisine, when discussing fruit as food, the
term usually refers to those plant fruits that are
sweet and fleshy, examples of which include
plums, apples and oranges. However, a great
many common vegetables, as well as nuts and
grains, are the fruit of that plant species.
Fruits are classified into six categories
depending on their physical characteristics:
berries, drupes, pomes. Citrus, melons and
tropical.
4. Fleshy Simple Fruits Simple Dry Fruits
Simple fruits can be either dry or fleshy and result from the ripening of a simple
or compound ovary with but one pistil. Simple fruits develop from a single ovary
of a single flower and may be fleshy or dry.
Tomato Acorn
5. 1.1 Fleshy Simple Fruits
Fleshy fruits types are the berry, in
which the entire pericarp is soft and
pulpy (e.g., the grape, tomato,
banana, pepo, hesperidium, and
blueberry) and the drupe, in which
the outer layers may be pulpy,
fibrous, or leathery and the endocarp
hardens into a pit or stone enclosing
one or more seeds (e.g., the peach,
cherry, olive, coconut, and walnut).
The name fruit is often applied
loosely to all edible plant products
and specifically to the fleshy fruits,
some of which (e.g., eggplant,
tomatoes, and squash) are commonly
called vegetables.
6. 1.1.1 Fleshy Simple Fruits
Tomato can be eaten
raw in salads or cooked
as a vegetable and it is a
common ingredient in
soups and stews.
Tomato is also used in
sauces, pickles and
chutney, which is often
made from green
tomato.
7. 1.1.1 Fleshy Simple Fruits
The structure of bananas looks like a long
curving cylinder. The bottom end is
narrowed to a point and the top end has a
thick stem that attaches the fruit to the
inflorescence stalk. A small group
of banans is referred as "hands". Many
hands are collectively called as "bunches".
Banana has smooth and thick skin and
often has a few vertical ridges that run
along the length of the fruit. The flesh of
the fruit is in creamy white and soft.
Banana is an energy booster, it contains
tryptophan, a type of protein that the
body converts into serotonin. Serotonin is
a hormone that is known to make you feel
happy and improve your mood, Banana is
a rich source of iron, thus it is helpful in
cases of anemia and Banana is good for
people who have high blood pressure
because it is low in salt.
8. 1.1.1 Fleshy Simple Fruits
The grape is one of the oldest
fruits to be cultivated going back
as far as biblical times. Spanish
explorers introduced the fruit to
America approximately 300 years
ago. Some of the most popular
ways in which the fruit is used, is
eaten fresh, in preserves or canned
in jellies, dried into raisins, and
crushed for juice or wine.
Although, machines have taken
the place of much handwork, table
grapes are still harvested by hand
in many places. (Wellness
Encyclopedia of Food and
Nutrition, 1992) .
9. 1.1.1 Fleshy Simple Fruits
The almond is native to
Iran, from northwestern
Saudi Arabia.The sweet
almond itself contains
practically no carbohydrates
and may therefore be made
into flour for cakes and
cookies for low
carbohydrate diets or for
patients suffering from
diabetes mellitus or any
other form of glycosuria.
10. 1.1.1 Fleshy Simple Fruits
The peach has often been called the
Queen of Fruits. Its beauty is
surpassed only by its delightful
flavor and texture. A tree-ripened
peach is something to behold --
and better to eat.Bacterial leaf spot
is prevalent on peaches in all areas
of the state. Sprays are not effective
against this disease. If severe,
bacterial leaf spot can defoliate and
weaken the trees and result in
reduced yields and poorer-quality
fruit. Peach cultivars show varying
degrees of resistance to this
disease.
11. 1.1.1 Fleshy Simple Fruits
Pears are original from Europe and
Asia. The first cultivated races were
selected from the wild varieties in
the prehistoric ages. Pear, common
name for about 20 species of trees of
a genus in the rose family, and for
their fruit. The common pear is
native to Europe; the Chinese sand
pear is native to the Orient. Both
species are extensively cultivated for
their fruit in cool, humid, temperate
regions throughout the world.
12. 1.1.1 Fleshy Simple Fruits
The apple is the pomaceous fruit of the apple
tree, species Malus domestica in the rose family
Rosaceae. It is one of the most generally refined
tree fruits. The tree originated from Central
Asia, where its wild forebear is still found
today. There are more than 7,500 known
cultivars of apples ensuing in range of desired
characteristics. Cultivars differ in their yield and
the ultimate size of the tree, even when grown
on the same rootstock.
At least 55 million tonnes of apples were grown
worldwide in 2005, with a value of about $10
billion. China produced about 35% of this total.
The United States is the second leading
producer, with more than 7.5% of the world
production. Turkey, France, Italy and Iran are
among the leading apple exporters.
13. 1.1.2 Simple Dry Fruits
Dry fruits are divided into those
whose hard or papery shells split
open to release the mature seed
(dehiscent fruits) and those that do
not split (indehiscent fruits).
Among the dehiscent fruits are the
legume (e.g., the pod of the pea and
bean), which splits at both edges,
and the follicle, which splits on
only one side (e.g., milkweed and
larkspur); others include the dry
fruits of the poppy, snapdragon,
lily, and mustard. Indehiscent fruits
include the single-seeded achene of
the buttercup and the composite
flowers; the caryopsis (grain);
the Dried Fruits And Nuts of the
carrot and parsnip (not to be
confused with their edible fleshy
roots)
15. 1.1.2.1 Indehiscent Dry Fruits
The caryopsis is widely called as a grain.
A very small, one-seeded dry, indehiscent fruit in
which the actual seed coat is completely merged
to the pericarp.
The outer layer of pericarp or husk is referred to
as the bran, while the inner, seed layer is referred
as the germ.
Caryopsis is the featured fruit of the large grass
family . This is truly a fruit and not a seed
because it came from a ripened ovary inside the
grass inflorescence.
Corn (maize), wheat, rice, rye, barley, oats,
Johnson grass, Bermuda grass and many more
species are the other examples of this type.
In corn grains, the major white material that
bursts when the grains are heated is endosperm
tissue within the seed.
Grain type fruits are generated by members of
the grass family which comprises main food
crops such as rice, corn and wheat.
16. 1.1.2.1 Indehiscent Dry Fruits
The achene contains a single seed that stick
to the wall of the ovary. Seed coat is not
merged with ovary wall.
The matured ovary wall is thin and
immature, so when it dries, the fruit will
developed as a seed-like appearance.
Sunflowers,dandelions are examples for
achenes.Buttercup and buckwheat fruits are
the typical achenes.
Sunflower "seed" is not a seed actually a
fruit. They are tiny and one-seeded fruit,
generally produced in clusters.
At maturity the pericarp is dry and not
attached to the internal seed, except at the
placental attachment.
An achene is a type of simple dry fruit that is
developed by many species of flowering
plants sometimes called as akene, and rarely
called as achenium or achenocarp.
17. 1.1.2.1 Indehiscent Dry Fruits
A samara is a simple dry fruit in which a
flattened "wing" of fibrous, papery tissue is
produced from the ovary wall.
A samara is bicarpellate (two carpels) and
indehiscent (not opening along a seam) type.
The shape of a samara allows the wind to
carry the seed from the parent tree.
A special form of samara is sometimes called
a key, where the papery sheath widens far out
to one side so that the seed spirals as it falls.
The Samara is a wind borne fruit that contains
single seed. It is much similar to achene
except for the paper-like wing which is
produdec from the ovary wall of the flower.
18. 1.1.2.1 Indehiscent Dry Fruits
Nuts are same in structure as like achene and
the ovary wall is tough and woody.
The shell of this nut covers as the coat for fruit.
The coat is developed from the ovary wall
after fertilization.
Some nuts have a husk that covers the hard
shell. The husk is developed from the outer
layer of the ovary wall and the hard coat from
the inner layer of the ovary wall.
The examples of this type of nuts as follows.
(1) Acorn of oak (Quercus): The actual nut lays
in a cup-shaped involucre of imbricate
(overlapping) scales.
(2) Chestnut (Castanea), beech (Fagus) &
chinquapin (Castanopsis): One or more nuts
lies in a spiny, cup-shaped involucre.
19. 1.1.2.2 Dehiscent Dry Fruits
It develops from a single carpel and therefore
seed(s) are in one locule.
The fruits produced in Columbine and milkweed
plants are known as a follicle. Magnolia is an
example of follicle fruit.
The Follicle fruit develops from a single ripened
ovary and split only once to release their seeds in to
the environment.
The discharging seeds is always along. Follicles
may occur individually, example - milkweed.
When the fruit splits it looks like a dry leaf and that
carpels are modified and the leaves first produce
spores, then gametes and finally seeds.
The cone-like magnolia tree fruit is an aggregate of
many small follicles, each has single bright red
seed.
The term apocarpous refers to flowers that has
separate and distinct carpels, such as delphiniums
and columbines of the buttercup family.
20. 1.1.2.2 Dehiscent Dry Fruits
The legume splits into two lines of
dehiscence subsequent to maturation and
drying.
The legume fruits are derived from a
simple ovary that has one carpel with two
rows of ovules.
Peas, beans and peanuts are the examples
of legume type. A peanut is not a nut, it is
one of the indehiscent legumes that will
not split open when ripe.
This is possibly because the peanut fruit is
produced in the soil rather than in the air.
A legume is a plant or a fruit in the family
Fabaceae (or Leguminosae).
"Pod" is the common name for this type of
fruit, even though pod is also applied to a
few other fruit types.
21. 1.1.2.2 Dehiscent Dry Fruits
The capsule is also a type of dry
dehiscent fruit.
The capsule is composed of more
than one carpel. For example, lily
fruits split length-wise into several
sections corresponding to the
number of carpels.
The Sweet Gum fruit which is a
cluster of capsules discharge winged
seeds as each ovary splits open at
maturity.
A capsule is composed of two or
more carpels, which splits apart
(dehisce) to release the seeds, at
maturity.
22. A compound fruit is one that develops from several
ovaries in either a single flower or multiple flowers.
Conversely, a simple fruit actually develops from one
ovary.
Types of Compound Fruits
1.2.1Aggregate fruit 1.2.2Multiple fruits
23. 1.2.1 Aggregate fruit
Aggregate means collection
of small fruits . A fruit that
contains a number of small
fruits (fruitlets) is called an
aggregate fruit. Fruitlets that
are derived from a single
flower are collectively called
as etaerio. An aggregate fruit
develops from the
apocarpous ovary of a
flower. The flower has
multiple carpels which are
not joined together and thus
forms individual fruitlets on
24. Aggregate fruit types
1. Etaerio of follicles
2. Etaerio of achenes
3. Etaerio of drupes
4. Etaerio of berries
Aggregate fruit examples
1. Raspberry
2. Blackberry
3. Strawberry
4. Custard applee
25. What most people call seeds on the outside of the
strawberry fruit are actually the true fruits. Technically,
they are achenes. In an achene, the single seed is enclosed
by the ovary wall. A sunflower fruit is also an achene. A
strawberry "fruit" is unusual because the red, fleshy part is
the enlarged receptacle. The receptacle is the enlarged tip
of the flowering stem to which the petals, sepals, stamens
and carpels are attached. The strawberry is said to have an
accessory fruit because much tissue other than the ovary is
part of the "fruit". Apples and pineapples are also accessory
fruits. The strawberry is also termed an aggregate fruit
because it is formed from many separate carpels of a single
flower. Other aggregate fruits are raspberry and
blackberry. Some people mistakenly refer to strawberries
as a multiple fruit. In a multiple fruit, the carpels of several
flowers merge to form the fruit. Pineapple and figs are
26. 1.2.2 Multiple Fruit
A multiple fruit or composite
fruit develops from an entire
inflorescence i.e., from a
cluster or group of flowers
into an entire fruit. Each of
the flower produces a fruit,
but these all mature into a
single mass to form the
composite fruit. In simple
words we can say that -
Fruits of individual flowers
closely packed to form a
Multiple fruits
examples
Pineapple
Mulberry
Breadfruit
Osage-Orange
27. There are 2 types of multiple fruits -
1. Syconus
A collective fleshy fruit, in which the ovaries are hidden
within a hollow receptacle, as in the fig
2. Sorosis
A Sorosis develops from spike or spaidx or catkin, where the
fleshy and juicy part is formed from the axis, the bract and
the perianth. Jackfruit develops from spadix inflorescence.
The female flowers have styles which are spines on the
surface. The perianth, fleshy peduncle are edible and enclose
a bladder like fruit with a single large seed.
28. Accessory fruit defines a false fruit
also known as pseudocarp. In
these fruits the parts other than
ovary and its wall are important
in forming the fleshy fruit part.
The true fruit is red and
accessory is white.
29. 1.3.1 Accessory Fruits
The strawberry is an accessory fruit as
discussed earlier; that is, the fleshy part is
derived not from the ovaries (which are the
"seeds", actually achene) but from the peg at
the bottom of the hypanthia that held the
ovaries. So from a technical standpoint it could
be that, the actual fruits of the plant are the
seeds, and the flesh of the strawberry is a
vegetable.
It is greenish-white as it develops and in most
species turns red when ripe. The rosette growth
of these plants is a well-known characteristics.
Most of the species send out long slender
runners that actually produce a new bud at the
extremity. The leaves typically have three
leaflets, but the number of leaflets may be five
or one.
30. 1.3.1 Accessory Fruits
Apple tree is a deciduous tree. The spring
season is the most ideal for the apple flowers
to bloom along with the leaves. Flowers are
white, initially tinged pink with five petals.
The leaves are alternately arranged, simple
oval with an acute tip and serrated margin,
slightly downy below, 5-12 cm long and 3-6
cm broad on a 2-5 cm petiole. The season for
the apple fruits is usually the autumn.
Apples are always known for health reasons
as said "an apple a day keeps the doctor
away". There are many reasons why we say
so! Apples are suggested to reduce certain
levels of risk of colon, prostate and lung
cancer.
.
31. 1.3.1 Accessory Fruits
Watermelon is the fruit and
also plant of a vine-like
(climber and trailer) herb
originally from southern
Africa. This flowering plant
bears an accessory fruit of a
type that are actually called as
false berry by botanists. The
watermelon fruit are, loosely
considered as a type of melon
(although not in the genus
Curcumas) it has a smooth
exterior rind and a juicy,
sweet, and usually carries red
interior flesh.
32. 1.3.1 Accessory Fruits
The pineapple is a fruit native
to the Asian tropics, with a
delicate and fresh fragrance
that's simply irresistible! The
top of the fruit resembles a
royal crown or as some would
say the feathers of the
mythical Phoenix bird and the
flesh is golden like the skin of
the Asian pear. In Taiwanese
the pronunciation of the word
pineapple sounds like a
propitious meaning blessing
of good fortune and future
prosperity.
33. 1.3.1 Accessory Fruits
A berry is a simple fruit with
seeds and pulp formed from a
single ovary. In non-technical
usage, berry means any small
fruit that can be eaten whole and
lacks objectionable seeds.
The bramble fruits, compound
fruits of genus Rabus
(blackberries) are some of the
most popular pseudo-berries.
There are different varieties of
berries which are classified as
true berries and false berries