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Afghanistan’s
Heroin Industry
Opium Poppies in Afghanistan

51
Opium Poppy Cultivation
OPIUM POPPY CULTIVATION
Opium Issues
AFGHANISTAN’S OPIUM PROBLEM
•

Afghanistan  now  produces  around  93%  o  the  world’s  opiates,  more  
f
than  twice  the  world’s  demand;   one  province,  Helmand,   has  recently  
e
produced 50%

•

Many opium farmers work land owned by rich landowners who often
don’t  live  i  t  area  or  even  the  country;  sometimes  they  prevent  the  
n
h
farmers from growing anything else, under threat of eviction or worse

•

Government poppy eradication attempts have often targeted farmers
who are unable to pay bribes or are
competing with poppy fields under the
control of more powerful parties

•

Extreme poppy eradication methods, such
as spraying poppy fields, could drive farmers
into the hands of the insurgents
Regional Heroin Flows From Afghanistan, 2008
2008 Regional Heroin Distribution
(Source: UNODC)

54
Regional Opium Facts
REGIONAL OPIUM FACTS
•
•
•
•
•

•
•
•
•
•
•
•

Opium crop takes 4 months to mature and requires little water or care
Ten kilograms of opium paste produces one kilogram of heroin
In  1987  Pakistan  produced  70%  o  the  world’s  heroin  supply
f
With US assistance, Pakistan nearly eradicated poppy cultivation
Due to agricultural destruction (particularly of irrigation works) during
the Soviet-Afghan and Afghan Civil Wars, opium production dramatically
increased in Afghanistan in the 1990s
Taliban taxed both the production (usher) and trafficking (zakat) of opium
Taliban banned poppy cultivation in 2001 in order to increase prices
Afghan farmers receive 20% of the revenue from drugs; traffickers receive
80%
Roughly 170,000 Afghans (to include 30,000 women) are heroin addicts
3%  of  Iran’s  ppu lation  over  the  age  of  15  are  heroin  addicts
o
Nearly  half  of  Iran’s  170,000  prisoners  are  held  on  drug  related  offenses
Since 1990, some 3,000 Iranian security officials have been killed in
battles against traffickers
55
Opium Export Routes
OPIUM EXPORT ROUTES

56
Export Routes and Insurgency
OPIUM EXPORT ROUTES AND INSURGENCY

Note the proximity
between insurgent
presence and drug
routes and markets.
The southern
provinces are
particularly
vulnerable to
Taliban control; the
opium growing and
trafficking in these
provinces has been
difficult to eradicate.

57
APA Citations
• TRADOC Culture Center. (2010). Afghanistan

smart book. Retrieved from
http://www.slideshare.net/SpyFiles/afghanistansmart-book-second-edition-february-201014913611
• Stories from UNODC. (2014). Retrieved from

http://www.unodc.org/unodc/index.html

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Moodle Sample Course Content Afghanistan Heroin Industry

  • 2. Opium Poppy Cultivation OPIUM POPPY CULTIVATION
  • 3. Opium Issues AFGHANISTAN’S OPIUM PROBLEM • Afghanistan  now  produces  around  93%  o  the  world’s  opiates,  more   f than  twice  the  world’s  demand;   one  province,  Helmand,   has  recently   e produced 50% • Many opium farmers work land owned by rich landowners who often don’t  live  i  t  area  or  even  the  country;  sometimes  they  prevent  the   n h farmers from growing anything else, under threat of eviction or worse • Government poppy eradication attempts have often targeted farmers who are unable to pay bribes or are competing with poppy fields under the control of more powerful parties • Extreme poppy eradication methods, such as spraying poppy fields, could drive farmers into the hands of the insurgents
  • 4. Regional Heroin Flows From Afghanistan, 2008 2008 Regional Heroin Distribution (Source: UNODC) 54
  • 5. Regional Opium Facts REGIONAL OPIUM FACTS • • • • • • • • • • • • Opium crop takes 4 months to mature and requires little water or care Ten kilograms of opium paste produces one kilogram of heroin In  1987  Pakistan  produced  70%  o  the  world’s  heroin  supply f With US assistance, Pakistan nearly eradicated poppy cultivation Due to agricultural destruction (particularly of irrigation works) during the Soviet-Afghan and Afghan Civil Wars, opium production dramatically increased in Afghanistan in the 1990s Taliban taxed both the production (usher) and trafficking (zakat) of opium Taliban banned poppy cultivation in 2001 in order to increase prices Afghan farmers receive 20% of the revenue from drugs; traffickers receive 80% Roughly 170,000 Afghans (to include 30,000 women) are heroin addicts 3%  of  Iran’s  ppu lation  over  the  age  of  15  are  heroin  addicts o Nearly  half  of  Iran’s  170,000  prisoners  are  held  on  drug  related  offenses Since 1990, some 3,000 Iranian security officials have been killed in battles against traffickers 55
  • 6. Opium Export Routes OPIUM EXPORT ROUTES 56
  • 7. Export Routes and Insurgency OPIUM EXPORT ROUTES AND INSURGENCY Note the proximity between insurgent presence and drug routes and markets. The southern provinces are particularly vulnerable to Taliban control; the opium growing and trafficking in these provinces has been difficult to eradicate. 57
  • 8. APA Citations • TRADOC Culture Center. (2010). Afghanistan smart book. Retrieved from http://www.slideshare.net/SpyFiles/afghanistansmart-book-second-edition-february-201014913611 • Stories from UNODC. (2014). Retrieved from http://www.unodc.org/unodc/index.html