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http://www.niso.org/news/events/2013/webinars/altmetrics

NISO Webinar:
New Perspectives on Assessment How
Altmetrics Measure Scholarly Impact
November 13, 2013

Speakers:

Euan Adie - Founder, altmetric.com
Stefanie Haustein, Ph.D. - Research Analyst at Science-Metrix
Mike Taylor - Research Specialist, Elsevier Labs
Beyond traditional
impact: what can
altmetrics do for
you?
Euan Adie, altmetric.com
NISO webinar, 13th November 2013
Several	
  different	
  tools	
  
available	
  
What are “altmetrics”?
o  “alternative metrics”
o  new ways of measuring different, non-traditional
forms of impact, potentially of non-traditional
outputs.
o  “alternative to only using citations”, not
“alternative to citations”.
o  complementary to traditional citation-based
analysis.
Every researcher is a communicator
Within academia
Presentations and seminars
Funding and ethics applications
Academic books
Journal articles and posters
Term papers and essays
Meetings and conferences
Correspondence

Within society
Speaking at public events
Books for general audiences
Press
Social media
Blogs
Policy documents

We should measure both
New perspectives of impact

SOCIETAL IMPACT

ACADEMIC IMPACT

Journal Impact Factor
Citation counts

Traditional metrics

+

Download counts
Page views
Mentions in news reports
Mentions in social media
Mentions in blogs
Reference manager readers
… etc.
Alternative metrics
“altmetrics”
One available tool.
We are used a lot by
publishers, now some
institutions too.
We serve ± 2.5 million
requests a day.
NISO Webinar: New Perspectives on Assessment How Altmetrics Measure Scholarly Impact
Where are the readers?

Who are the readers?
What’s	
  interes3ng	
  about	
  this	
  
kind	
  of	
  data?	
  
Altmetrics	
  tools	
  are	
  at	
  version	
  0.1	
  
Altmetrics	
  tools	
  don’t	
  (yet)	
  
provide	
  good	
  metrics	
  for	
  
impact	
  
	
  
BUT	
  
	
  
They	
  can	
  help	
  you	
  find	
  
evidence	
  of	
  impact,	
  successes	
  
Evidence of public outreach?
An article on the ecological
impacts of the Fukushima
nuclear accident.
•  > 1,859 twitter accounts
shared, combined follower
count of 2.5M.
•  68% of tweets sent from
Japan.
Figure 1

•  77% of tweets from members
of the public.

2012, Scientific Reports 2, 570
A different example, from the USP
NISO Webinar: New Perspectives on Assessment How Altmetrics Measure Scholarly Impact
NISO Webinar: New Perspectives on Assessment How Altmetrics Measure Scholarly Impact
Evidence research has reached patients?
PLOS	
  ALM	
  Reports:	
  An	
  exploratory	
  review	
  
Engagement/Influence	
  beyond	
  citaEons	
  
PLOS	
  ALM	
  Reports:	
  An	
  exploratory	
  review	
  
Engagement/Influence	
  beyond	
  citaEons	
  

q  No	
  cita3ons	
  in	
  3	
  months	
  since	
  
publica3on.	
  

q  However	
  TwiJer	
  men3ons	
  70x	
  the	
  
average	
  ar3cle	
  in	
  our	
  dataset.	
  

q  	
  4x	
  the	
  average	
  for	
  PLOS	
  Medicine	
  
ar3cles	
  in	
  2013.	
  

	
  
	
  
Engagement/Influence	
  beyond	
  citaEons	
  
MEP	
  
	
  
Centre	
  for	
  Bioethics	
  
	
  
MEP	
  
	
  
Professor	
  of	
  EBM	
  
	
  
Journal	
  editor	
  
	
  
Health	
  journalist	
  
	
  
NGO	
  
	
  
Health,	
  PopulaEon	
  &	
  
NutriEon	
  @	
  The	
  World	
  
Bank	
  
	
  
	
  
Monitoring	
  progress:	
  WT’s	
  key	
  indicators	
  
Outcomes	
  

Key	
  indicators	
  of	
  progress	
  

Discoveries	
  
	
   	
  

1. 
2. 

significant	
  advances	
  in	
  the	
  genera3on	
  of	
  new	
  knowledge	
  
contribute	
  to	
  discoveries	
  with	
  tangible	
  impacts	
  on	
  health	
  

ApplicaEons	
  	
  
	
  
	
  
Engagement	
  
	
  

3. 

contribute	
  to	
  the	
  development	
  of	
  enabling	
  technologies,	
  products	
  
and	
  devices	
  
uptake	
  of	
  research	
  into	
  policy	
  and	
  prac3ce	
  

	
  

	
  

	
  

Research	
  leaders	
  
	
  
	
  
Research	
  
environment	
  
	
  
	
  
	
  

	
  
Influence	
  

4. 
5. 
6. 
7. 
8. 

enhanced	
  level	
  of	
  informed	
  debate	
  in	
  biomedicine	
  
significant	
  engagement	
  of	
  key	
  audiences	
  &	
  increased	
  reach	
  
develop	
  a	
  cadre	
  of	
  research	
  leaders	
  
evidence	
  of	
  significant	
  career	
  progression	
  among	
  those	
  we	
  support	
  

10. 

key	
  contribu3ons	
  to	
  the	
  crea3on,	
  development	
  and	
  maintenance	
  of	
  
major	
  research	
  resources	
  
contribu3ons	
  to	
  the	
  growth	
  of	
  centres	
  of	
  excellence	
  

11. 
12. 

significant	
  impact	
  on	
  science	
  funding	
  &	
  policy	
  developments	
  
significant	
  impact	
  on	
  global	
  research	
  priori3es	
  and	
  processes	
  	
  

9. 
Quan3fying	
  aJen3on	
  

Altmetric
score
Note	
  that	
  we	
  can	
  measure	
  
aJen3on,	
  but…	
  
	
  
Posi3ve?	
  
	
  Nega3ve?	
  
For	
  scien3fic	
  reasons?	
  
Or	
  because	
  the	
  3tle	
  is	
  funny?	
  
Is	
  364	
  good	
  or	
  bad	
  anyway?	
  
	
  
Context is
everything
In general, altmetrics numbers…

X

Don’t represent the quality of
research.

X

Don’t indicate the quality of
individual researchers.

X

Don’t tell the whole story –
always look for qualitative
data as well
Why	
  score	
  at	
  all?	
  To	
  allow	
  ranking	
  
What	
  should	
  we	
  be	
  measuring	
  
beyond	
  aJen3on?	
  
Ques3on	
  for	
  the	
  academic	
  
community.	
  
Problems	
  
Problems	
  
	
  
•  30	
  –	
  40%	
  of	
  recent	
  biomedical	
  
papers	
  will	
  have	
  Altmetric	
  
aJen3on.	
  But	
  <	
  10%	
  in	
  social	
  
sciences.	
  
Problems	
  
	
  
•  30	
  –	
  40%	
  of	
  recent	
  biomedical	
  
papers	
  will	
  have	
  Altmetric	
  
aJen3on.	
  But	
  <	
  10%	
  in	
  social	
  
sciences.	
  
•  Tools	
  have	
  subtle	
  bias:	
  data	
  
sources	
  are	
  mainly	
  those	
  popular	
  
in	
  US,	
  Europe	
  
hJp://am.ascb.org/dora/	
  
Thanks for listening!
E-mail: euan@altmetric.com
Twitter: @altmetric
Website: altmetric.com

Supported by:
Disciplinary differences
and other biases
Exploring social media metrics in scholarly context
Stefanie Haustein

stefanie.haustein@umontreal.ca
@stefhaustein
Overview
•  Altmetrics: definitions
•  Bibliometrics: in retrospect
•  Altmetrics: present
•  correlations
•  publication age biases
•  disciplinary biases
•  subject biases
•  Altmetrics: future
•  References
Altmetrics: definitions
•  term coined by Jason Priem
•  introduced as a better filter
than and alternative to
citations and peer-review
http://altmetrics.org/manifesto/

•  “…altmetrics is a good idea,
but a bad name”
“…we would like to propose
the term influmetrics”
Rousseau & Ye (2013)

•  rather complementary than
• 

alternative to citations
social media metrics
Altmetrics: definitions
•  ultimate goals
•  similar to but more timely than citations
Ø  predicting scientific impact
•  different, broader impact than captured by citations
Ø  measuring societal impact
•  impact of various outputs
Ø  “value all research products”
Piwowar (2013)
Altmetrics: definitions
•  Altmetrics are “representing very different things”
(Lin & Fenner, 2013)

•  unclear what exactly they measure:
• 
• 
• 
• 

scientific impact
social impact
“buzz”
all of the above?
Altmetrics: definitions

ad-hoc
classifications
need to be
supported
by research
Altmetrics: definitions
scientist on
Twitter tweeting
scientific paper
in non-scholarly
manner:
•  scientific impact?
•  social impact?
•  buzz?
Altmetrics: definitions
•  complex to define and classify tools and motivations
•  scientific and non-scientific audiences cannot be
determined on the platform used
•  level of engagement differs not only between
platforms but also within:
saving paper to Mendeley library vs. tweeting about it
saving vs. reading
retweeting link vs. discussing content

Ø  differentiation between audiences and engagement
needed to determine meaning of metrics
Bibliometrics: in retrospect
•  when Garfield created SCI, sociologists of science
analyzed meaning of publications and citations
(Merton, Zuckerman, Cole & Cole, etc.)

•  sociological research
•  What is it to publish a paper?
•  What are the reasons to cite?
•  empirical bibliometric research
•  disciplinary differences in publication
and citation behavior
•  delay and obsolescence patterns
Bibliometrics: in retrospect
•  empirical studies helped sociologists to understand
structure and norms of science
•  for bibliometricians, studies provided a theoretical
framework and legitimation to use citation analysis
in research evaluation
•  knowledge about disciplinary differences and
obsolescence patterns helped to normalize statistics
and create more appropriate indicators
Bibliometrics: in retrospect
•  similar to development of SCI in the 1960s, social
media metrics have to be analyzed:
•  qualitative studies to analyze who, how and why
people use various social media platforms
•  large-scale quantitative studies to determine
differences and biases in terms of disciplines, topics,
document types, publications years, publication types
and sources, author age and affiliation, etc.

Ø  to find out what various social media metrics mean
and what they can be used for
Altmetrics: correlations
e.g., Mendeley
•  793 Nature papers: ρ=0.559
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 

Li, Thelwall, & Giustini (2012)

820 Science papers: ρ=0.540
1,651 JASIST papers: ρ=0.458
Bar-Ilan (2012)
5,596 PLoS ONE papers: ρ=0.3
Priem, Piwowar, & Hemminger (2012)
1,136 bibliometrics papers: ρ=0.448
Bar-Ilan et al. (2011)
1,389 F1000 papers: ρ=0.686
Li, & Thelwall (2012)
62,647 social science papers: ρ=0.516 Mohammadi & Thelwall (in press)
14,640 humanities papers: ρ=0.428
random sample of
Zahedi, Costas, & Wouters (2013)
200,000 WoS papers: ρ=0.35
586,600 PubMed papers: ρ=0.386
Haustein, et al.(submitted)
Altmetrics: age biases
Current biases influencing correlation coefficients
Altmetrics: age biases
Current biases influencing correlation coefficients
Altmetrics: age biases
Current biases influencing correlation coefficients
Altmetrics: age biases
Current biases influencing correlation coefficients
Ø  compare documents of similar age
Ø  normalize for age differences
Altmetrics: disciplinary biases
PubMed papers covered by Web of Science 2010-2012
Altmetrics: disciplinary biases
PubMed papers covered by Web of Science 2010-2012
Altmetrics: disciplinary biases
x-axis:
coverage of
specialty on
platform
y-axis:
correlation
between social
media counts
and citations
bubble size:
intensity of use
based on mean
social media
count rate
Altmetrics: subject bias
General Biomedical Research papers 2011

Scatterplot of number of citations and number of tweets (A, ρ=0.181**) and Mendeley readers (B, ρ=0.677**),
bubble size represents number of Mendeley readers (A) and tweets (B). The respective three most tweeted (A)
and read (B) papers are labeled showing the first author.
Altmetrics: subject bias
Top 10 tweeted documents:

catastrophe & topical / web & social media / curious story
scientific discovery / health implication / scholarly community

Article

Journal

C

T

Hess et al. (2011). Gain of chromosome band 7q11 in papillary thyroid carcinomas of young patients
is associated with exposure to low-dose irradiation

PNAS

9

963

Yasunari et al. (2011). Cesium-137 deposition and contamination of Japanese soils due to the
Fukushima nuclear accident

PNAS

30

639

Sparrow et al. (2011). Google Effects on Memory: Cognitive Consequences of Having Information at
Our Fingertips

Science

11

558

Onuma et al. (2011). Rebirth of a Dead Belousov–Zhabotinsky Oscillator

Journal of Physical
Chemistry A

--

549

Silverberg (2012). Whey protein precipitating moderate to severe acne flares in 5 teenaged athletes

Cutis

--

477

Wen et al. (2011). Minimum amount of physical activity for reduced mortality and extended life
expectancy: a prospective cohort study

Lancet

51

419

Kramer (2011). Penile Fracture Seems More Likely During Sex Under Stressful Situations

Journal of Sexual
Medicine

--

392

Newman & Feldman (2011). Copyright and Open Access at the Bedside

New England
Journal of Medicine

3

332

Reaves et al. (2012). Absence of Detectable Arsenate in DNA from Arsenate-Grown GFAJ-1 Cells

Science

5

323

Bravo et al. (2011). Ingestion of Lactobacillus strain regulates emotional behavior and central GABA
receptor expression in a mouse via the vagus nerve

PNAS

31

297
Altmetrics: future
•  before applying social media counts in information
retrieval and research evaluation, we need:
Ø  to understand and define meaning of various
social media metrics

Ø  to identify different biases
Ø  to differentiate between audiences and
level of engagement

Ø  more transparency and reliability in data aggregation
References
Bar-Ilan, J. (2011). Articles tagged by 'bibliometrics' on Mendeley and CiteULike. Paper presented at the Metrics 2011 Symposium on
Informetric and Scientometric Research, New Orleans, Louisiana.
Bar-Ilan, J., Haustein, S., Peters, I., Priem, J., Shema, H., & Terliesner, J. (2012). Beyond citations: Scholars' visibility on the social web.
In Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Science and Technology Indicators, (pp. 98-109).
Haustein, S., Peters, I., Sugimoto, C.R., Thelwall, M., & Larivière, V. (in press).
Tweeting biomedicine: an analysis of tweets and citations in the biomedical literature. Journal of the American Society for Information
Science and Technology.
Haustein, S., Bowman, T.D., Holmberg, K., Larivière, V., & Peters, I., (submitted). Astrophysicists on Twitter: An in-depth analysis of
tweeting and scientific publication behavior. Aslib Proceedings.
jasonpriem (2010, September 28).
I like the term #articlelevelmetrics, but it fails to imply *diversity* of measures. Lately, I'm liking #altmetrics. [Twitter post].
Li, X. & Thelwall, M. (2012). F1000, Mendeley and Traditional Bibliometric Indicators. In Proceedings of the 17th International Conference
on Science and Technology Indicators, (pp. 541-551).
Li, X., Thelwall, M., & Giustini, D. (2012). Validating online reference managers for scholarly impact measurement. Scientometrics, 91(2),
461-471.
Lin, J. & Fenner, M. (2013). Altmetrics in evolution: Defining and redefining the ontology of article-level metrics. Information Standards
Quarterly, 25(2), 20-26.
Mohammadi, E., & Thelwall, M. (in press). Mendeley readership altmetrics for the social sciences and humanities: Research evaluation
and knowledge flows. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology.
Piwowar, H. (2013). Value all research products. Nature, 493(7431), 159.
Priem, J., Piwowar, H., & Hemminger, B.M. (2012). Altmetrics in the wild: Using social media to explore scholarly impact. arXiv.
Priem, J., Taraborelli, D., Groth, P. & Neylon, C. (2010). Alt-Metrics: A Manifesto.
Rousseau, R., & Ye, F.Y. (2013). A multi-metric approach for research evaluation. Chinese Science Bulletin, 58(26), 3288-3290.
Zahedi, Z., Costas, R., & Wouters, P. (2013).
What is the impact of the publications read by the different Mendeley users? Could they help to identify alternative types of impact?
Thank you for your attention!

Questions?
Stefanie Haustein

stefanie.haustein@umontreal.ca
@stefhaustein
Scholarly	
  connecEons	
  
Cita3ons,	
  social	
  media,	
  ORCID	
  	
  
and	
  authorship	
  networks	
  
	
  
	
  

Mike	
  Taylor	
  	
  
Research	
  Specialist	
  
hJp://orcid.org/0000-­‐0002-­‐8534-­‐5985	
  @herrison

	
  	
  
The	
  number	
  of	
  possible	
  connec3ons	
  between	
  
researchers	
  and	
  ar3cles,	
  researchers	
  and	
  
researchers,	
  and	
  ar3cles	
  and	
  ar3cles	
  is	
  
accelera3ng	
  drama3cally.	
  Although	
  
bibliometrics	
  has	
  been	
  studied	
  for	
  50	
  years,	
  the	
  
study	
  of	
  these	
  new	
  connec3ons	
  has	
  only	
  been	
  
undertaken	
  recently.	
  As	
  infrastructure	
  is	
  built	
  to	
  
accommodate	
  this	
  massively	
  connected	
  world,	
  
so	
  research	
  becomes	
  enabled	
  and	
  desirable.	
  
Part	
  1	
  –	
  formal	
  links	
  
Part	
  2	
  –	
  informal,	
  ad	
  hoc	
  links	
  
A	
  person	
  writes	
  an	
  ar3cle	
  
A	
  person	
  reads	
  &	
  cites	
  other	
  ar3cles	
  
Ad	
  nauseum	
  
A	
  person	
  writes	
  an	
  ar3cle	
  with	
  another	
  person	
  
Not	
  everyone	
  did	
  enough	
  to	
  be	
  an	
  ‘author’	
  
Some3mes	
  people	
  in	
  the	
  same	
  field	
  
have	
  the	
  same	
  name	
  
Some3mes	
  people	
  with	
  the	
  same	
  name	
  write	
  
the	
  same	
  paper	
  

?
Some3mes	
  people	
  with	
  the	
  same	
  name	
  get	
  
credit	
  for	
  papers	
  they	
  didn’t	
  write	
  

!	
  
End	
  of	
  part	
  1	
  
Known	
  facts:	
  
A	
  person	
  writes	
  an	
  ar3cle	
  
A	
  person	
  reads	
  &	
  cites	
  other	
  ar3cles	
  
A	
  person	
  writes	
  an	
  ar3cle	
  with	
  another	
  person	
  
-­‐ 	
  Bibliometrics	
  
	
  
QuesEons	
  about	
  facts:	
  
Not	
  everyone	
  did	
  enough	
  to	
  be	
  an	
  ‘author’	
  
-­‐ 	
  Ethics,	
  acknowledgement	
  statements,	
  contributorship	
  
	
  
Problems	
  about	
  facts:	
  
Some3mes	
  people	
  in	
  the	
  same	
  field	
  have	
  the	
  same	
  name	
  
Some3mes	
  people	
  with	
  the	
  same	
  name	
  write	
  the	
  same	
  paper	
  
Some3mes	
  people	
  with	
  the	
  same	
  name	
  get	
  credit	
  for	
  papers	
  they	
  didn’t	
  write	
  
-­‐  ORCID,	
  over	
  300,000	
  ORCIDs	
  aler	
  a	
  year,	
  eg,	
  Elsevier's	
  editorial	
  system	
  has	
  
over	
  100,000	
  ar3cles	
  in	
  produc3on	
  with	
  ORCIDs	
  
A	
  person	
  cites	
  an	
  ar3cle	
  
A	
  person	
  does	
  X	
  with	
  an	
  ar3cle	
  
pins	
  

tweets	
  

Writes	
  a	
  blog	
  

Saves	
  on	
  delicious	
  

Re-­‐uses	
  

Facebooks	
  

Saves	
  on	
  
Mendeley	
  

Writes	
  a	
  newspaper	
  
ar3cle	
  
Different	
  kinds	
  of	
  outputs	
  
Saves	
  on	
  delicious	
  
pins	
  
Facebooks	
  
tweets	
  
Re-­‐uses	
  

Saves	
  on	
  
Zotero	
  /	
  Mendeley	
  /	
  
Citeulike	
  /	
  biblio	
  tool	
  
Writes	
  a	
  newspaper	
  
ar3cle	
  
Writes	
  a	
  blog	
  
Social	
  network	
  ac3vity	
  
Saves	
  on	
  delicious	
  
pins	
  
Facebooks	
  
tweets	
  
Re-­‐using	
  data,	
  graphics,	
  code	
  
Re-­‐uses	
  
Scholarly	
  sharing	
  /	
  bookmarking	
  /	
  
recommenda3ons	
  

Saves	
  on	
  
Zotero	
  /	
  Mendeley	
  /	
  
Citeulike	
  /	
  biblio	
  tool	
  
Document	
  crea3on	
  

Writes	
  a	
  newspaper	
  
ar3cle	
  
Writes	
  a	
  blog	
  
NISO Webinar: New Perspectives on Assessment How Altmetrics Measure Scholarly Impact
End	
  of	
  part	
  two	
  
Known	
  facts:	
  
There	
  are	
  more	
  connec3ons	
  now	
  than	
  have	
  ever	
  been	
  
Of	
  more	
  types	
  than	
  ever	
  
Crea3on	
  is	
  ad	
  hoc,	
  post	
  hoc,	
  technocra3c,	
  automa3c,	
  pragma3c,	
  real-­‐3me…	
  
We	
  can	
  count	
  things	
  we	
  don’t	
  understand	
  
	
  
Emergent	
  thoughts:	
  
An	
  ORCID	
  can	
  be	
  seen	
  as	
  a	
  document	
  about	
  a	
  person	
  
Links	
  between	
  documents	
  can	
  be	
  formed	
  with	
  no	
  human	
  cura3on	
  (seman3c	
  
web)	
  
	
  
Altmetrics	
  gives	
  us	
  a	
  view	
  into	
  the	
  world	
  of	
  connecEons,	
  as	
  a	
  very	
  limited	
  
starEng	
  point:	
  
We	
  need	
  research	
  into	
  meaning	
  and	
  correla3on	
  before	
  we	
  can	
  make	
  
conclusions	
  –	
  researchers	
  
Issues	
  of	
  iden3ty,	
  privacy,	
  seman3cs,	
  authorship	
  /	
  contributorship,	
  cura3on	
  
are	
  all	
  in3mately	
  bound	
  with	
  altmetrics	
  
Appendix:	
  seven	
  use	
  cases	
  for	
  altmetrics	
  
1.  Predic3on	
  of	
  ul3mate	
  cita3on	
  
2.  Measuring	
  /	
  recognizing	
  component	
  re-­‐use	
  /	
  
preparatory	
  work	
  /	
  reproducibility	
  
3.  Hidden	
  impact	
  (impact	
  without	
  cita3on)	
  
4.  Real-­‐3me	
  filtering	
  /	
  real-­‐3me	
  evalua3on	
  (sigint)	
  
5.  Plaporm	
  /	
  publisher	
  /	
  ins3tu3on	
  comparison	
  
6.  Measuring	
  social	
  reach	
  /	
  es3ma3ng	
  social	
  impact	
  
7.  Altmetrics	
  is	
  of	
  interest	
  by	
  itself	
  
!
!

!

NISO Webinar: 
New Perspectives on Assessment How Altmetrics
Measure Scholarly Impact

!
!

Questions?!
All questions will be posted with presenter answers on the
NISO website following the webinar:!
!
http://www.niso.org/news/events/2013/webinars/altmetrics 

NISO Webinar • November 13, 2013
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NISO Webinar: New Perspectives on Assessment How Altmetrics Measure Scholarly Impact

  • 1. http://www.niso.org/news/events/2013/webinars/altmetrics NISO Webinar: New Perspectives on Assessment How Altmetrics Measure Scholarly Impact November 13, 2013 Speakers: Euan Adie - Founder, altmetric.com Stefanie Haustein, Ph.D. - Research Analyst at Science-Metrix Mike Taylor - Research Specialist, Elsevier Labs
  • 2. Beyond traditional impact: what can altmetrics do for you? Euan Adie, altmetric.com NISO webinar, 13th November 2013
  • 4. What are “altmetrics”? o  “alternative metrics” o  new ways of measuring different, non-traditional forms of impact, potentially of non-traditional outputs. o  “alternative to only using citations”, not “alternative to citations”. o  complementary to traditional citation-based analysis.
  • 5. Every researcher is a communicator Within academia Presentations and seminars Funding and ethics applications Academic books Journal articles and posters Term papers and essays Meetings and conferences Correspondence Within society Speaking at public events Books for general audiences Press Social media Blogs Policy documents We should measure both
  • 6. New perspectives of impact SOCIETAL IMPACT ACADEMIC IMPACT Journal Impact Factor Citation counts Traditional metrics + Download counts Page views Mentions in news reports Mentions in social media Mentions in blogs Reference manager readers … etc. Alternative metrics “altmetrics”
  • 7. One available tool. We are used a lot by publishers, now some institutions too. We serve ± 2.5 million requests a day.
  • 9. Where are the readers? Who are the readers?
  • 10. What’s  interes3ng  about  this   kind  of  data?  
  • 11. Altmetrics  tools  are  at  version  0.1  
  • 12. Altmetrics  tools  don’t  (yet)   provide  good  metrics  for   impact     BUT     They  can  help  you  find   evidence  of  impact,  successes  
  • 13. Evidence of public outreach? An article on the ecological impacts of the Fukushima nuclear accident. •  > 1,859 twitter accounts shared, combined follower count of 2.5M. •  68% of tweets sent from Japan. Figure 1 •  77% of tweets from members of the public. 2012, Scientific Reports 2, 570
  • 14. A different example, from the USP
  • 17. Evidence research has reached patients?
  • 18. PLOS  ALM  Reports:  An  exploratory  review   Engagement/Influence  beyond  citaEons  
  • 19. PLOS  ALM  Reports:  An  exploratory  review   Engagement/Influence  beyond  citaEons   q  No  cita3ons  in  3  months  since   publica3on.   q  However  TwiJer  men3ons  70x  the   average  ar3cle  in  our  dataset.   q   4x  the  average  for  PLOS  Medicine   ar3cles  in  2013.      
  • 20. Engagement/Influence  beyond  citaEons   MEP     Centre  for  Bioethics     MEP     Professor  of  EBM     Journal  editor     Health  journalist     NGO     Health,  PopulaEon  &   NutriEon  @  The  World   Bank      
  • 21. Monitoring  progress:  WT’s  key  indicators   Outcomes   Key  indicators  of  progress   Discoveries       1.  2.  significant  advances  in  the  genera3on  of  new  knowledge   contribute  to  discoveries  with  tangible  impacts  on  health   ApplicaEons         Engagement     3.  contribute  to  the  development  of  enabling  technologies,  products   and  devices   uptake  of  research  into  policy  and  prac3ce         Research  leaders       Research   environment           Influence   4.  5.  6.  7.  8.  enhanced  level  of  informed  debate  in  biomedicine   significant  engagement  of  key  audiences  &  increased  reach   develop  a  cadre  of  research  leaders   evidence  of  significant  career  progression  among  those  we  support   10.  key  contribu3ons  to  the  crea3on,  development  and  maintenance  of   major  research  resources   contribu3ons  to  the  growth  of  centres  of  excellence   11.  12.  significant  impact  on  science  funding  &  policy  developments   significant  impact  on  global  research  priori3es  and  processes     9. 
  • 23. Note  that  we  can  measure   aJen3on,  but…     Posi3ve?    Nega3ve?   For  scien3fic  reasons?   Or  because  the  3tle  is  funny?   Is  364  good  or  bad  anyway?    
  • 25. In general, altmetrics numbers… X Don’t represent the quality of research. X Don’t indicate the quality of individual researchers. X Don’t tell the whole story – always look for qualitative data as well
  • 26. Why  score  at  all?  To  allow  ranking  
  • 27. What  should  we  be  measuring   beyond  aJen3on?   Ques3on  for  the  academic   community.  
  • 29. Problems     •  30  –  40%  of  recent  biomedical   papers  will  have  Altmetric   aJen3on.  But  <  10%  in  social   sciences.  
  • 30. Problems     •  30  –  40%  of  recent  biomedical   papers  will  have  Altmetric   aJen3on.  But  <  10%  in  social   sciences.   •  Tools  have  subtle  bias:  data   sources  are  mainly  those  popular   in  US,  Europe  
  • 32. Thanks for listening! E-mail: euan@altmetric.com Twitter: @altmetric Website: altmetric.com Supported by:
  • 33. Disciplinary differences and other biases Exploring social media metrics in scholarly context Stefanie Haustein stefanie.haustein@umontreal.ca @stefhaustein
  • 34. Overview •  Altmetrics: definitions •  Bibliometrics: in retrospect •  Altmetrics: present •  correlations •  publication age biases •  disciplinary biases •  subject biases •  Altmetrics: future •  References
  • 35. Altmetrics: definitions •  term coined by Jason Priem •  introduced as a better filter than and alternative to citations and peer-review http://altmetrics.org/manifesto/ •  “…altmetrics is a good idea, but a bad name” “…we would like to propose the term influmetrics” Rousseau & Ye (2013) •  rather complementary than •  alternative to citations social media metrics
  • 36. Altmetrics: definitions •  ultimate goals •  similar to but more timely than citations Ø  predicting scientific impact •  different, broader impact than captured by citations Ø  measuring societal impact •  impact of various outputs Ø  “value all research products” Piwowar (2013)
  • 37. Altmetrics: definitions •  Altmetrics are “representing very different things” (Lin & Fenner, 2013) •  unclear what exactly they measure: •  •  •  •  scientific impact social impact “buzz” all of the above?
  • 39. Altmetrics: definitions scientist on Twitter tweeting scientific paper in non-scholarly manner: •  scientific impact? •  social impact? •  buzz?
  • 40. Altmetrics: definitions •  complex to define and classify tools and motivations •  scientific and non-scientific audiences cannot be determined on the platform used •  level of engagement differs not only between platforms but also within: saving paper to Mendeley library vs. tweeting about it saving vs. reading retweeting link vs. discussing content Ø  differentiation between audiences and engagement needed to determine meaning of metrics
  • 41. Bibliometrics: in retrospect •  when Garfield created SCI, sociologists of science analyzed meaning of publications and citations (Merton, Zuckerman, Cole & Cole, etc.) •  sociological research •  What is it to publish a paper? •  What are the reasons to cite? •  empirical bibliometric research •  disciplinary differences in publication and citation behavior •  delay and obsolescence patterns
  • 42. Bibliometrics: in retrospect •  empirical studies helped sociologists to understand structure and norms of science •  for bibliometricians, studies provided a theoretical framework and legitimation to use citation analysis in research evaluation •  knowledge about disciplinary differences and obsolescence patterns helped to normalize statistics and create more appropriate indicators
  • 43. Bibliometrics: in retrospect •  similar to development of SCI in the 1960s, social media metrics have to be analyzed: •  qualitative studies to analyze who, how and why people use various social media platforms •  large-scale quantitative studies to determine differences and biases in terms of disciplines, topics, document types, publications years, publication types and sources, author age and affiliation, etc. Ø  to find out what various social media metrics mean and what they can be used for
  • 44. Altmetrics: correlations e.g., Mendeley •  793 Nature papers: ρ=0.559 •  •  •  •  •  •  •  Li, Thelwall, & Giustini (2012) 820 Science papers: ρ=0.540 1,651 JASIST papers: ρ=0.458 Bar-Ilan (2012) 5,596 PLoS ONE papers: ρ=0.3 Priem, Piwowar, & Hemminger (2012) 1,136 bibliometrics papers: ρ=0.448 Bar-Ilan et al. (2011) 1,389 F1000 papers: ρ=0.686 Li, & Thelwall (2012) 62,647 social science papers: ρ=0.516 Mohammadi & Thelwall (in press) 14,640 humanities papers: ρ=0.428 random sample of Zahedi, Costas, & Wouters (2013) 200,000 WoS papers: ρ=0.35 586,600 PubMed papers: ρ=0.386 Haustein, et al.(submitted)
  • 45. Altmetrics: age biases Current biases influencing correlation coefficients
  • 46. Altmetrics: age biases Current biases influencing correlation coefficients
  • 47. Altmetrics: age biases Current biases influencing correlation coefficients
  • 48. Altmetrics: age biases Current biases influencing correlation coefficients Ø  compare documents of similar age Ø  normalize for age differences
  • 49. Altmetrics: disciplinary biases PubMed papers covered by Web of Science 2010-2012
  • 50. Altmetrics: disciplinary biases PubMed papers covered by Web of Science 2010-2012
  • 51. Altmetrics: disciplinary biases x-axis: coverage of specialty on platform y-axis: correlation between social media counts and citations bubble size: intensity of use based on mean social media count rate
  • 52. Altmetrics: subject bias General Biomedical Research papers 2011 Scatterplot of number of citations and number of tweets (A, ρ=0.181**) and Mendeley readers (B, ρ=0.677**), bubble size represents number of Mendeley readers (A) and tweets (B). The respective three most tweeted (A) and read (B) papers are labeled showing the first author.
  • 53. Altmetrics: subject bias Top 10 tweeted documents: catastrophe & topical / web & social media / curious story scientific discovery / health implication / scholarly community Article Journal C T Hess et al. (2011). Gain of chromosome band 7q11 in papillary thyroid carcinomas of young patients is associated with exposure to low-dose irradiation PNAS 9 963 Yasunari et al. (2011). Cesium-137 deposition and contamination of Japanese soils due to the Fukushima nuclear accident PNAS 30 639 Sparrow et al. (2011). Google Effects on Memory: Cognitive Consequences of Having Information at Our Fingertips Science 11 558 Onuma et al. (2011). Rebirth of a Dead Belousov–Zhabotinsky Oscillator Journal of Physical Chemistry A -- 549 Silverberg (2012). Whey protein precipitating moderate to severe acne flares in 5 teenaged athletes Cutis -- 477 Wen et al. (2011). Minimum amount of physical activity for reduced mortality and extended life expectancy: a prospective cohort study Lancet 51 419 Kramer (2011). Penile Fracture Seems More Likely During Sex Under Stressful Situations Journal of Sexual Medicine -- 392 Newman & Feldman (2011). Copyright and Open Access at the Bedside New England Journal of Medicine 3 332 Reaves et al. (2012). Absence of Detectable Arsenate in DNA from Arsenate-Grown GFAJ-1 Cells Science 5 323 Bravo et al. (2011). Ingestion of Lactobacillus strain regulates emotional behavior and central GABA receptor expression in a mouse via the vagus nerve PNAS 31 297
  • 54. Altmetrics: future •  before applying social media counts in information retrieval and research evaluation, we need: Ø  to understand and define meaning of various social media metrics Ø  to identify different biases Ø  to differentiate between audiences and level of engagement Ø  more transparency and reliability in data aggregation
  • 55. References Bar-Ilan, J. (2011). Articles tagged by 'bibliometrics' on Mendeley and CiteULike. Paper presented at the Metrics 2011 Symposium on Informetric and Scientometric Research, New Orleans, Louisiana. Bar-Ilan, J., Haustein, S., Peters, I., Priem, J., Shema, H., & Terliesner, J. (2012). Beyond citations: Scholars' visibility on the social web. In Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Science and Technology Indicators, (pp. 98-109). Haustein, S., Peters, I., Sugimoto, C.R., Thelwall, M., & Larivière, V. (in press). Tweeting biomedicine: an analysis of tweets and citations in the biomedical literature. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology. Haustein, S., Bowman, T.D., Holmberg, K., Larivière, V., & Peters, I., (submitted). Astrophysicists on Twitter: An in-depth analysis of tweeting and scientific publication behavior. Aslib Proceedings. jasonpriem (2010, September 28). I like the term #articlelevelmetrics, but it fails to imply *diversity* of measures. Lately, I'm liking #altmetrics. [Twitter post]. Li, X. & Thelwall, M. (2012). F1000, Mendeley and Traditional Bibliometric Indicators. In Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Science and Technology Indicators, (pp. 541-551). Li, X., Thelwall, M., & Giustini, D. (2012). Validating online reference managers for scholarly impact measurement. Scientometrics, 91(2), 461-471. Lin, J. & Fenner, M. (2013). Altmetrics in evolution: Defining and redefining the ontology of article-level metrics. Information Standards Quarterly, 25(2), 20-26. Mohammadi, E., & Thelwall, M. (in press). Mendeley readership altmetrics for the social sciences and humanities: Research evaluation and knowledge flows. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology. Piwowar, H. (2013). Value all research products. Nature, 493(7431), 159. Priem, J., Piwowar, H., & Hemminger, B.M. (2012). Altmetrics in the wild: Using social media to explore scholarly impact. arXiv. Priem, J., Taraborelli, D., Groth, P. & Neylon, C. (2010). Alt-Metrics: A Manifesto. Rousseau, R., & Ye, F.Y. (2013). A multi-metric approach for research evaluation. Chinese Science Bulletin, 58(26), 3288-3290. Zahedi, Z., Costas, R., & Wouters, P. (2013). What is the impact of the publications read by the different Mendeley users? Could they help to identify alternative types of impact?
  • 56. Thank you for your attention! Questions? Stefanie Haustein stefanie.haustein@umontreal.ca @stefhaustein
  • 57. Scholarly  connecEons   Cita3ons,  social  media,  ORCID     and  authorship  networks       Mike  Taylor     Research  Specialist   hJp://orcid.org/0000-­‐0002-­‐8534-­‐5985  @herrison    
  • 58. The  number  of  possible  connec3ons  between   researchers  and  ar3cles,  researchers  and   researchers,  and  ar3cles  and  ar3cles  is   accelera3ng  drama3cally.  Although   bibliometrics  has  been  studied  for  50  years,  the   study  of  these  new  connec3ons  has  only  been   undertaken  recently.  As  infrastructure  is  built  to   accommodate  this  massively  connected  world,   so  research  becomes  enabled  and  desirable.   Part  1  –  formal  links   Part  2  –  informal,  ad  hoc  links  
  • 59. A  person  writes  an  ar3cle  
  • 60. A  person  reads  &  cites  other  ar3cles  
  • 62. A  person  writes  an  ar3cle  with  another  person  
  • 63. Not  everyone  did  enough  to  be  an  ‘author’  
  • 64. Some3mes  people  in  the  same  field   have  the  same  name  
  • 65. Some3mes  people  with  the  same  name  write   the  same  paper   ?
  • 66. Some3mes  people  with  the  same  name  get   credit  for  papers  they  didn’t  write   !  
  • 67. End  of  part  1   Known  facts:   A  person  writes  an  ar3cle   A  person  reads  &  cites  other  ar3cles   A  person  writes  an  ar3cle  with  another  person   -­‐  Bibliometrics     QuesEons  about  facts:   Not  everyone  did  enough  to  be  an  ‘author’   -­‐  Ethics,  acknowledgement  statements,  contributorship     Problems  about  facts:   Some3mes  people  in  the  same  field  have  the  same  name   Some3mes  people  with  the  same  name  write  the  same  paper   Some3mes  people  with  the  same  name  get  credit  for  papers  they  didn’t  write   -­‐  ORCID,  over  300,000  ORCIDs  aler  a  year,  eg,  Elsevier's  editorial  system  has   over  100,000  ar3cles  in  produc3on  with  ORCIDs  
  • 68. A  person  cites  an  ar3cle  
  • 69. A  person  does  X  with  an  ar3cle   pins   tweets   Writes  a  blog   Saves  on  delicious   Re-­‐uses   Facebooks   Saves  on   Mendeley   Writes  a  newspaper   ar3cle  
  • 70. Different  kinds  of  outputs   Saves  on  delicious   pins   Facebooks   tweets   Re-­‐uses   Saves  on   Zotero  /  Mendeley  /   Citeulike  /  biblio  tool   Writes  a  newspaper   ar3cle   Writes  a  blog  
  • 71. Social  network  ac3vity   Saves  on  delicious   pins   Facebooks   tweets  
  • 72. Re-­‐using  data,  graphics,  code   Re-­‐uses  
  • 73. Scholarly  sharing  /  bookmarking  /   recommenda3ons   Saves  on   Zotero  /  Mendeley  /   Citeulike  /  biblio  tool  
  • 74. Document  crea3on   Writes  a  newspaper   ar3cle   Writes  a  blog  
  • 76. End  of  part  two   Known  facts:   There  are  more  connec3ons  now  than  have  ever  been   Of  more  types  than  ever   Crea3on  is  ad  hoc,  post  hoc,  technocra3c,  automa3c,  pragma3c,  real-­‐3me…   We  can  count  things  we  don’t  understand     Emergent  thoughts:   An  ORCID  can  be  seen  as  a  document  about  a  person   Links  between  documents  can  be  formed  with  no  human  cura3on  (seman3c   web)     Altmetrics  gives  us  a  view  into  the  world  of  connecEons,  as  a  very  limited   starEng  point:   We  need  research  into  meaning  and  correla3on  before  we  can  make   conclusions  –  researchers   Issues  of  iden3ty,  privacy,  seman3cs,  authorship  /  contributorship,  cura3on   are  all  in3mately  bound  with  altmetrics  
  • 77. Appendix:  seven  use  cases  for  altmetrics   1.  Predic3on  of  ul3mate  cita3on   2.  Measuring  /  recognizing  component  re-­‐use  /   preparatory  work  /  reproducibility   3.  Hidden  impact  (impact  without  cita3on)   4.  Real-­‐3me  filtering  /  real-­‐3me  evalua3on  (sigint)   5.  Plaporm  /  publisher  /  ins3tu3on  comparison   6.  Measuring  social  reach  /  es3ma3ng  social  impact   7.  Altmetrics  is  of  interest  by  itself  
  • 78. ! ! ! NISO Webinar: New Perspectives on Assessment How Altmetrics Measure Scholarly Impact ! ! Questions?! All questions will be posted with presenter answers on the NISO website following the webinar:! ! http://www.niso.org/news/events/2013/webinars/altmetrics NISO Webinar • November 13, 2013
  • 79. THANK YOU Thank you for joining us today. 
 Please take a moment to fill out the brief online survey. We look forward to hearing from you!