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Global
Enterprises
in China
win-win partnerships for
sustainable development
Global Enterprises in China EN
Acknowledgement.................................................................................................................... 1
Chapter 1
China, a Stimulus for the Evolution of Global Enterprises........................................................... 2
	 What is a Global Enterprise?................................................................................................. 3
	 The Evolution of Global Enterprises in China........................................................................... 4
Chapter 2
Illuminating Various Impact Areas of Global
Enterprises with the Development Prism................................................................................... 6
	 Direct Economic Benefits...................................................................................................... 7
	 World-leading Manufacturing Systems.................................................................................. 9
	 Contributing to the Development of an Innovation-based Economy........................................ 11
	 Developing Local Partnerships and the Industry Value Chain................................................. 13
	 Introduction of Innovative Concepts..................................................................................... 15
	 Strong Corporate Citizenship............................................................................................... 17
	 Talent Development............................................................................................................ 19
	 Environmental Performance................................................................................................ 20
Chapter 3
Becoming Global with China................................................................................................... 22
	 Understand and Align with Local Stakeholders..................................................................... 23
	 Innovate and Integrate Globally........................................................................................... 24
	 Adopt a Long-term View of Building Intangible Assets........................................................... 25
	 Adopt a Global Perspective................................................................................................. 26
	 Develop Strong Culture and Human Resource Systems......................................................... 27
	 Global Partners for Progress............................................................................................... 28
Chapter 4
In the Decades to Come.......................................................................................................... 29
	 China’s Future Landscape.................................................................................................. 29
	 How Global Enterprises will Contribute in Future China......................................................... 31
	Conclusion........................................................................................................................ 34
Contents
Global Enterprises in China EN
1
The story of China’s modern development is intertwined
with the story of corporations going global. As China
continues to grow in importance and become a major
economic powerhouse through internal reform and global
integration, multinational companies have leveraged
revolutions in communications and advancements in
international trade to become more globally sophisticated
and integrated—structurally, operationally and culturally. As
part of this co-evolution, China operations for multinational
companies have played a growing part in global success,
while simultaneously contributing to China’s rapid
development. It has in many respects been a great example
of “win-win” development. The demand for investment and
other cooperation continues to grow and evolve in the“new
normal” phase of China’s economic development, which
requires new development models and changing economic
structures.
A feature of China’s reform and opening-up has been
increasing utilization of foreign investment. Foreign
enterprises have not only provided important capital
resources for China’s economic development, but also
created employment and related opportunities, promoted
the development of technology and advanced the progress
of industrial optimization and upgrading. During this process,
foreign enterprises also evolved from foreign companies
primarily selling products in the China market into integrated
partners making contributions through investments in
manufacturing, R&D, services and in myriad other ways.
Many of them have transformed from “multinational
companies” to “global enterprises” in the process.
Now, China’s own corporations are increasingly going global
themselves, learning from the successes and setbacks of
their international peers. This parallel development has in
many ways created modern China, and the modern global
enterprise, and is set to continue in the decades to come. The
experiences of foreign enterprises in China, especially their
transformation from foreign multinational enterprises into
global enterprises, can be a source of inspiration for Chinese
enterprises aiming to enter and develop in the global market.
The manufacturing, construction and energy industries
have been critical for economic development, forming the
foundation of China’s economy and sustaining the country’s
export-oriented economy throughout the reform and
opening up period. Moreover, these industries also benefited
greatly from foreign investment, technology transfers and
the integration of foreign companies into China.
Acknowledgement
With this background, The Chinese Academy of International
Trade and Economic Cooperation of the Ministry of
Commerce and Burson-Marsteller worked together to
research and analyze global enterprises, especially in
manufacturing, construction and energy industries in China.
By examining the innovation mechanisms and development
models of global enterprises in China, we sought to
understand the impacts that global enterprises have had
on the Chinese economy and social development during
the period of Chinese economic reform and to explore
new ideas, new methods and new pathways for Chinese
enterprises to improve their capacity for global cooperation
and development.
During the writing of this report, we gained support from
various stakeholders in government, industry, academia
and other relevant institutions, including the National
Development and Reform Commission, Ministry of Land &
Resources, State Administration of Work Safety, National
Energy Administration, the Party School of the Central
Committee of the Communist Party of China, the China
Academy of Social Sciences, China University of Petroleum,
China Overseas Development Association, China Academy
of Science and Technology for Development, China
Construction Machinery Association, the Beijing Energy Club
and the China National Petroleum Corporation Economics
& Technology Research Institute. We would like to express
our sincere thanks to these institutions for sharing their
knowledge and insights.
This report was produced with the support of Caterpillar. The
company shared extensive information with regard to its 40
years of development and operations in China, providing us
with both case studies and firsthand perspectives.
As a leading global enterprise in the construction machinery,
mining equipment, energy and power system manufacturing
industries, Caterpillar’s development in China illustrates
how global enterprises have made an impact on China’s
economic, industrial and social developments. We have
used Caterpillar as a dynamic and multifaceted example of a
global enterprise in China throughout this report.
2
The ongoing industrial revolution continues to increase
productivity and revolutionize existing production systems
with innovative technology and new thinking, while
accelerating the transformation of global economic growth
patterns. Through the process of economic globalization
enabled by the information technology and communications
revolutions, advanced value chains with increased
specialization, division of labor and integration have
extended around the globe. This has boosted productivity
in all industries, including manufacturing, construction and
energy—the primary engines of China’s development in the
closing decades of the 20th
century.
While China pushed ahead with its reform and opening-up
policy, it experienced rapid economic development. Indeed
this development was propelled to a significant extent by
exports, foreign investment and the absorption of foreign
technologies and expertise in China—enabled by foreign
multinational companies. During this period, beginning
in 1978, China developed and implemented policies to
attract and utilize foreign investments, introduce advanced
technology, obtain management experience, promote
industrial upgrading and boost overall industrialization.
This led to one of the greatest economic transformation
and development stories in human history. It meanwhile
contributed to a range of foreign companies evolving from
multinational companies (MNC) into “global enterprises”
as China operations and the China market became more
integral to global success and more fully integrated into a
global whole.
China, a Stimulus for the Evolution
of Global Enterprises
Chapter 12
3
What is a Global Enterprise?
“Global enterprises” can be viewed as a more advanced form
of the MNC, which has adapted and evolved to succeed
in a world that is more integrated and interconnected or
globalized. They transcend national boundaries, with global
strategies, management systems and operations and by
taking on global responsibilities. They operate to a much
greater degree as one global entity rather than as a collection
of international operations tied back to an international
headquarters. Over half of a global enterprise’s revenues,
sales and employees originate from international markets.
Global enterprises focus more on their overseas businesses
and globalizing their development strategies, management
structures and culture—than typical MNCs.
This new model is a natural evolution from previous business
strategies. Operating in the 1700s, the earliest international
companies were usually trading enterprises that worked on
behalf of states. These organizations evolved into “hub-and-
spoke” private companies in the 1800s and earlier versions
of what we today call the MNC. In the same way that
earlier forms of business organizations made dramatic leaps
from one structure to the next, today’s globally integrated
enterprises have made a similarly large leap (see Figure 1).
China’s growing role on the world stage has contributed
significantly to the emergence of global enterprises, as global
firms, both Chinese and foreign, utilized China’s deep-pool of
resources to generate new products, services and production
systems for global and domestic markets. This process has
also stimulated new forms of innovation. Beyond novel-
product innovation, global enterprises also innovate in the
way they do business globally, by changing the way services
are delivered, supply chains are integrated and companies
are managed.
As Jinglian Wu argues in his book, “Understanding and
Interpreting Chinese Economic Reform,” integration into
the world economy has been an important aspect of China’s
economic growth because it allows China “to obtain valuable
capital resources and, more importantly, it brings advanced
technology, management skills, access to overseas markets
and competitive pressure.”
China’s manufacturing and export industries have become an
indispensable part of global enterprises’ production systems.
Global enterprises have meanwhile implemented operational
globalization and integration involving many other countries.
For example, an Indian company creates design solutions for
a British construction company in the Middle East. Australian
engineers develop solutions for French energy operators
in Africa and so on. Unified global business, scientific and
technical standards enable global enterprises to enter and
leverage the global production system to generate maximum
value and output.
This process of globalization is also extending to the
development of new products and R&D. Previously MNCs
from advanced economies typically innovated products
and technologies in the markets in which they were
headquartered or in other developed economies. However,
as global enterprises increasingly leverage talent around the
world in global R&D networks, they are now even bringing
products innovated in developing countries to the developed
world—in a process that some have referred to as “reverse
innovation.”
This development of world-wide innovation capacities
and systems has promoted technology convergence and
collaboration with stakeholders across the global value chain,
including enterprises, government, consumers, NGOs and
academic and research organizations, which has promoted
the further development of China’s economy and global
economic integration.
A globally integrated value chain provides enterprises with
new ways to develop and integrate into the global economic
system. At present, with the aim to play a more creative and
service-oriented role in the global value chain, many Chinese
enterprises are deepening integration with the global
ecosystem and value chain. They are well on their way in
transforming to become global enterprises themselves.
1800s:
•	 Invention of Limited Liability
Company
•	International “hub-and
spoke” networks
•	Home-country
manufacturing and
international distribution
1700s:
•	 Corporations largely
performed specific duties on
behalf of nations
•	 Companies were often
agents of the State
Now:
•	 Trade and investment barriers
recede
•	 Revolution in IT increased
global operations/
communications
•	 Business operations began to
standardize globally
1900s:
•	 Rise of the Multinational
Corporation
•	 Pursued international business
through local production bases
•	 Some tasks, such as R&D and
product design, performed
globally
Figure 1: The Evolution of Global Enterprises
4
The Evolution of Global
Enterprises in China
In China, economic development since the start of the
reform and opening up has been enabled by the capabilities
and operations of global enterprises to a significant degree.
Throughout China’s economic development period, there has
been a great deal of exchange between Chinese stakeholders
and stakeholders at global firms, as each organization
worked to understand what the other one wanted and
was capable of, and how they could best work together for
mutual benefit. As global enterprises pushed the boundaries
of innovation, embracing new ways of working and creating
value, China similarly innovated and found new ways of
developing and “plugging-in” to the world economy.
Caterpillar has been operating in China for over 40 years,
and throughout that time it has contributed to China’s
development and gradual movement up the value chain.
During earlier phases of China’s economic development,
Caterpillar focused on importing products to support
infrastructure building and economic upgrading. During later
phases, it focused on investment and development in China,
establishing manufacturing and R&D facilities, developing
and working with local suppliers, dealers and other business
partners. More recently, Caterpillar has continued to invest in
and improve the value chain through a long-term approach
that aligns business operations with Chinese development
goals.
Early opening up
(1978-1984)
China was just beginning to open up to the outside
world, and most global firms used “hub-and-spoke”
operational models. Most international firms focused
on selling imported products, such as much needed
construction machinery to Chinese firms, governments
and SOEs. Some firms opened their China offices
during this time.
Phase 1
In 1975, Caterpillar sold construction and mining
equipment to the China market, beginning with 38
pipe layers, and opened a Beijing sales office.
Market economy development
(1984-1993)
Foreign enterprises continued to facilitate China to
develop economically by providing products and
services essential for China’s development, while
market-oriented reforms sought to develop private
firms in addition to SOEs. Foreign firms were seen
as key partners, suppliers or competitors during
this development process. China began to develop
stronger “innovation” capabilities, as Chinese firms
began to develop export capabilities, plugging into the
global economy.
Phase 2
In 1987, Caterpillar transferred technology to
Chinese SOEs, (the former Ministry of Machine
Building Industry even set up a specialized
“Caterpillar technology introduction office”),
which helped lay a foundation for the growth of
China’s construction machinery industry.
5
Coexistence of different ownership
structures, increased trade and
globalization
(1993-2005)
China integrated with the world economy more fully
though public polices focused on developing Chinese
enterprises, while China’s successful accession to
the WTO allowed the country to continue attracting
large foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows. Global
firms were beginning to emerge as true “global
enterprises,” as increasingly integrated global
production systems spread production and value
creation to different locations around the world.
China was a major beneficiary of these global shifts,
as the country utilized innovation promoting policies
and business innovation at the local level to partner
with global enterprises as new “entry points” to
the global economy began to open up. Moreover,
FDI flows during this time increased the speed of
China’s development by further increasing exports,
creating technology transfers and stimulating local
development.
Phase 3
In the 1990s, Caterpillar opened local production
facilities and continued focusing on further
developing its independent dealer network.
Development of “harmonious
society" and the “China Dream"
(2005-2013)
China progressively rolled back preferential policies
for both foreign and local firms. This period saw
China’s developmental priorities, and the activities
of global enterprises focusing more on developing
human, intellectual, institutional, environmental and
infrastructure capital, as well as on financial and
economic success. Priorities during this phase started
to further balance GDP growth with other sustainable
developmental needs.
Phase 4
In the 2000s, Caterpillar started to fully deploy
its business model in China, from suppliers to
components, manufacturing, products, dealers and
a full array of services, including financial leasing,
remanufacturing, etc.
6
DIRECT ECONOMIC BENEFITS
WORLD-LEADING MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS
CONTRIBUTING TO DEVELOPMENT OF AN INNOVATION-BASED ECONOMY
DEVELOPING LOCAL PARTNERSHIPS AND THE INDUSTRY VALUE CHAIN
INTRODUCTION OF INNOVATIVE CONCEPTS
STRONG CORPORATE CITIZENSHIP
TALENT DEVELOPMENT
ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE
Global Enterprises
Development
Prism
Chapter 2
Since the beginning of the “Opening and Reform” period—
the key to success for global enterprises in China has always
been alignment with China’s development agenda, and the
ability to make a positive impact on China’s economy.
As that agenda has evolved and grown increasingly complex
over time, global enterprises have needed to maintain an
increasingly sophisticated understanding of China’s priorities
and goals, so as to both mitigate risks and to capitalize
on opportunities for mutual benefit. This includes an
understanding of the way China’s strategy to utilize foreign
investment and the presence of global enterprises is being
continuously calibrated to serve wider strategic objectives.
Historically and today, companies seen as instruments of or
supportive of China’s development efforts and goals have
stood to gain, while those viewed as impediments have
found it difficult to achieve their goals.
China has, over time, steadily raised the bar in many aspects,
with much more emphasis now on the intangible “quality”
of foreign investment. With 3.5 trillion dollars in foreign
exchange reserves expected by 2016 (accumulated via those
decades of rapid growth), a drive to continue moving up the
Illuminating Various Impact Areas of Global
Enterprises with the Development Prism
Figure 2: The Development Prism
As development guru Jeffrey Sachs puts it, each country’s
approach to development must be continuously calibrated
based on evolving national and global socio-economic, geo-
political, environment, technological and other dynamics.
China’s capacity to innovate, access and utilize resources
industrial value chain (from “made in China” to “created
in China”), and an agenda to address the ills of over-rapid
development, China has become choosier about FDI over the
last decade in particular.
This report uses a sophisticated development prism that is
capable of refracting the full spectrum of China’s growth,
illuminating all the potential areas of alignment for global
enterprises, and the various instruments and impediments a
company may pose—at a given point in time, and with an
eye to the future.
The development prism (see Figure 2: The Development Prism)
can illuminate global enterprises and their actions in terms
of productivity-driven economic growth and manufacturing-
industry upgrading, as well as ways to address the unique
social, technological, environmental or economic dynamics
that face China. Moreover, the prism can be used to
highlight, for global enterprises, their actual or potential role
in efficiency promotion, industry upgrading, infrastructure,
education, rural and regional development, local industry
enablement and resource/energy security—in light of
evolving local priorities and expectations.
and energy, manage health and education systems for a huge
population, balance growth in exports and infrastructure, tax
systems and capital markets, savings and consumption rates
and many other factors are all facets of the classic struggle
to move from a developing to a developed country. And the
role of global enterprises in China can—and should—be
understood in light of all these various factors.
6
7
Below, we illuminate eight key development hues or “impact areas" where global enterprises contribute
to China’s development. We also highlight Caterpillar as an example throughout, noting the way that the
company contributes to China’s economic development and other goals in each area.
Direct Economic Benefits
FDI and the presence of foreign companies in China have been utilized by the Chinese government to advance China’s
development in myriad aspects since the beginning of the “Opening and Reform” period. This is both qualitative and
quantitative. While today there is more emphasis than before on the intangible and qualitative impacts of FDI—the direct
economic benefits of foreign investment continue to be viewed as very important. Below we elaborate on different aspects of
the direct economic benefits China derives from the presence of global enterprises.
Figure 3 : Global Enterprises’ Contributions to China’s Economic Development
•	 Global enterprises invested over $128 billion in 2014 alone
•	Since the “Opening and Reform" period began, China has grown to become one of the largest recipients of FDI
globally
•	From 1991 to 2013, employment in urban areas by foreign-funded enterprises increased from 960,000 to 15.66
million with an average annual increase of 0.6 million jobs
•	 This increase contributed 28% of new urban employment in 2013
•	 Taxes from global enterprises have generated over $50 billion for local governments in 2013 alone
•	 This tax revenue has helped to generate growth and investment in China
•	 Studies have shown that FDI increasees employement within private domestic firms within the same sector
•	Global enterprises connect Chinese producers with foreign markets providing valuable investment and partnership
opportunities
•	 In 2014, China exported $2.34 trillion worth of goods; between 1980 and 2012, China’s exports increased 122 times
•	 The spillover effects of global enterprises’ procurement in China have been calculated to have an astounding impact.
In theory, every dollar that global enterprises invest in China can result in USD $2.15 of GDP growth
Investment
Employment
Tax Revenue
Employment
Spillovers
International
Integration
Procurement
8
Caterpillar Economic Impacts in China
Caterpillar has been in China for 40 years, contributing
to China’s strong economic growth and other aspects of
development throughout that time. In addition to providing
Chinese companies and projects with world-class products
and services, Caterpillar has helped integrate Chinese
partners into their global operations and the global economy
more generally.
Caterpillar’s China operations have had many direct
economic impacts in China (see Figure 7).
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400 30
25
20
15
10
5
0
1995
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Gross output value (100M RMB)
Employment (10,000)
Figure 5: Employment and Output of Foreign-funded
	 Construction Enterprises in China
Source: China Statistical Yearbook, 2014
Foreign enterprise employment in China (10,000)
Percentage of urban employment in China
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2001
2012
2013
2014
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
0%
1%
2%
3%
4%
5%
6%
7%
8%
Figure 4: Foreign Enterprises Remain Important
	 Employers in China
Source: CAITEC
Year Yield of 1 RMB of Investment
2006 1.72 RMB
2007 1.76 RMB
2008 1.81 RMB
2009 2.10 RMB
2010 1.78 RMB
2011 2.31 RMB
2012 2.27 RMB
2013 2.14 RMB
2014 2.15 RMB
Figure 6: Effects of FDI on GDP Growth in China
FDI, and investment in general, creates GDP output and income
throughout China’s economy—an effect known as the Keynes’
Investment Multiplier. In China, based on data from the National
Bureau of Statistics, each RMB global enterprises invested in 2014
could drive up to RMB 2.15 in GDP output.
Source: Based on data from China Statistical Yearbook, 2014
Figure 7: Caterpillar Presence in China
Facilities
•	 29 manufacturing facilities
•	 4 R&D centers
•	 3 logistic & component centers
Employment
•	 13,000 employees
•	 4 dealers with 8,500 employees
•	 350+ suppliers with 18,000 dedicated employees
9
Figure 8: Large Developing Economies are Moving Up in Global Manufacturing
Manufacturing has been a key driver of China’s economic
growth in recent decades, and will remain so in the coming
decades. Globally, manufacturing is a major contributor to
GDP (16%) and employment (14%) in both developing and
developed countries. In China, manufacturing accounts for
more than one third of China’s GDP. Major policy initiatives
have sought to advance China’s manufacturing industries
through technological upgrading in key sectors. China
has been seeking to maintain and enhance its competitive
edge in the global manufacturing industry by focusing
on emerging industries like new materials and advanced
equipment manufacturing, while also improving overall
manufacturing quality and worker safety, stimulating
indigenous innovation, reducing costs and environmental
impacts and moving to center-stage in global technological
research.
Global enterprises have contributed to these goals by serving
as role models, bringing their experience in the industrial
Internet, training local talents, promoting the development
of industrial clusters and helping to develop and upgrade
capabilities among suppliers and the wider industrial
ecosystem. With continuously rising expectations and
standards for quality, variety and value, global enterprises
have constantly sought new ways to improve the quality of
inputs to production, to innovate and implement efficient
new manufacturing processes and develop and adhere to
exacting standards to deliver products and services to their
customers globally. This has also influenced domestic firms
in China to improve their own manufacturing capabilities,
both to compete as suppliers and as direct competitors. As
a result of this manufacturing activity and upgrading, both
within global enterprises and local Chinese firms, China has
rapidly ascended the global manufacturing value chain (see
Figure 8i
).
Globally-defined quality management standards like ISO
9000, as well as company-driven process improvement
strategies like Six Sigma were developed with support of
global enterprises to ensure safety, product quality and cost
effectiveness, all in pursuit of meeting exacting consumer
demands. Learning from global enterprises, some Chinese
enterprises have greatly improved their own manufacturing
systems. Global enterprises have provided consulting services,
products and technologies that are directly aligned with
China’s advanced manufacturing agenda.
Top 10 manufacturers by share of global nominal manufacturing gross value added
Source: McKinsey, “Manufacturing the Future: The Next Era of Global Growth and Innovation”
World-leading Manufacturing
Systems
Rank 1980 1990 2000 2010
1 United States United States United States United States
2 Germany Japan Japan China
3 Japan Germany Germany Japan
4 United Kingdom Italy China Germany
5 France United Kingdom United Kingdom Italy
6 Italy France Italy Brazil
7 China China France South Korea
8 Brazil Brazil South Korea France
9 Spain Spain Canada United Kingdom
10 Canada Canada Mexico India
10
Caterpillar in Pursuit of Manufacturing
Excellence and Safety
Throughout its 90 years of operation, Caterpillar has
established a strong reputation in the industry for
manufacturing excellence with a focus on delivering high-
quality machines to customers while manufacturing them
in a safe, efficient way and constantly introducing new
measures in pursuit of these goals.
The company started implementing Six Sigma programs
company-wide in 2000, focusing intently on improving
product quality and the elimination of defects. The company
introduced its own Caterpillar Production System (CPS)
in 2005, aiming to use a common language to improve
operational efficiency in terms of worker safety, quality,
speed and cost through the organization globally. In 2013,
Caterpillar began rolling out its manufacturing excellence
principles, which leverage the tools and processes of Six
Sigma and CPS to eliminate waste and drive efficiency.
Caterpillar’s China facilities are also contributing in the
company’s pursuit of lean principles. Beginning with the
implementation of Six Sigma in 2002 and the Caterpillar
Production System (CPS) in 2005, today, 11 Caterpillar
locations in China are implementing lean methodologies.
These efforts have achieved significant results, including
defect reductions of 85 percent within various value streams.
Caterpillar is using the methodology to improve process and
product quality, while also empowering employees to better
meet the needs of customers. In addition, these advanced
methodologies are also applied to the extended enterprise
including Caterpillar's suppliers and dealers in China, so as to
improve the efficiency of the entire value chain and address
customer needs from order to delivery.
Caterpillar considers safety as the number one priority for
its facilities around the world, and adheres to a zero-injury
policy and internalization of global safety standards. In
2014, Caterpillar decreased its enterprise Recordable Injury
Frequency (RIF) to 0.71, a significant improvement over
when the program began over a decade ago (see Figure 9).
For example, Caterpillar’s China components facility began
implementing a new observation program to detect unsafe
behaviors in December 2012 and achieved a 43 percent
drop in RIF by 2014. The facility was named a safety culture
demonstration enterprise by the Wuxi City government in
2013.
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
2003 2010 2012 2013 2014
Recordable injuries per 200,000 hours worked
Work-related injuries resulting in lost time per 200,000 hours worked
6.22
2.97
1.03 1.02
0.78 0.71
0.28 0.29 0.230.3
Figure 9: Caterpillar Workplace Safety Measures
11
Figure 10: Impact of Foreign R&D in China
Innovation is a key driver of economic growth. Developing
an innovation-based economy and better technologies to
address development challenges, and ultimately become
a global innovation hub, have been the goals of national
development policies in China for some time.
By establishing R&D centers, engaging in vertical and
horizontal technology transfers, developing and introducing
new technologies, providing technical training to employees,
engaging universities and local research organizations,
supporting education in science and technology, outsourcing
elements of research and development, granting internships
and so on, global enterprises have contributed to China’s
goals with win-win partnerships that generate many
innovation spillover benefits. Global enterprises also advocate
for stronger protections for intellectual property rights (IPR)
in all markets they engage, and studies have shown a strong
positive relationship between IPR enforcement, innovation
and economic growth.ii
The 2014 Global Innovation Index
found that market dominance by established enterprises
and limited competition are inhibitors of innovation. By their
presence in China, global enterprises have helped stimulate
innovation through competition as well as open innovation
collaborations.
Vertical knowledge and technology transfers are a common
way for local supply-chain partners to gain knowledge
and technology from global enterprises. Global enterprises
move knowledge and technology to all of their touch points
throughout the value chain, including local manufacturers,
partner firms and applied research centers that can develop
know-how into functioning goods and services. Horizontal
knowledge transfers move technologies and knowledge
across the value chain, from one area to another, a common
practice as competitors, partners and other cross-industry
players absorb and innovate technology and knowledge.
Industry competitors and partners benefit greatly from the
presence, products, transfers and spillovers global enterprises
bring to local markets (see Figure 11).
The Impact of Caterpillar R&D in China
Headquartered in the Wuxi High and New-Tech Industrial
Development Zone of Jiangsu province, with branches in
Qingdao, Tianjin and in close association with the Asia
Pacific Proving Ground in Nantong, Caterpillar R&D Center
(China) Co., Ltd. (CRDC) has grown to be Caterpillar’s
largest comprehensive R&D center outside the United
States, employing over 900 engineers and supporting staff,
nearly all of them local hires. As part of Caterpillar’s global
R&D network, China R&D centers play the leading role in
innovation and product development for growth markets.
In the past few years, Caterpillar China’s R&D Centers have
participated in developing new engines and machines for
growth markets, obtaining over 170 patents.
As a flagship R&D center and an integral part of Caterpillar’s
global R&D network, the CRDC has pursued product and
process development, product validation, localization and
technological training based on the unique requirements of
China and other growth markets. It has provided intellectual
property management and IT support to Caterpillar facilities
in China and other growth markets.
The innovative technologies and products developed by
the CDRC have been sent from China to other emerging
markets, as well as developed markets in a phenomena
known as “reverse innovation.” For example, in collaboration
with Caterpillar’s global team, the CRDC leveraged its
innovative local talent and global resources to develop the
Caterpillar 986H wheel loader, specifically tailored to China’s
needs for a smaller loader for use in its booming cement
quarries. This product was also made available in other
markets.
A sound R&D eco-system consisting of strategically collocated
R&D centers, proving grounds, suppliers, manufacturing
facilities, universities and national labs has been formed.
Contributing to the Development
of an Innovation-based Economy
As of 2014, foreign firms had
established over 1,500 R&D
centers in China, up from less
than 200 in year 2000
Improves production
technology, and influences other
firms through spillover effects
Setting up R&D activities in
China can help reduce and
reverse “brain drain”
12
Caterpillar has implemented a robust engineering talent
pipeline strategy, including global engineering programs
such as the Engineering Rotational Development Program
(ERDP) and the Engineering Development Program (EDP),
which help new hires, graduates, experienced professionals
and senior leaders alike, enter the Caterpillar product
development pipeline smoothly by working with Caterpillar
employees to go through rotational program assignments
and other on-the-job training assignments. Since the launch
in 2012, approximately 20 percent of Caterpillar China’s
R&D engineers have graduated from these programs. These
engineers are also encouraged to internally move across
different functions, business units and regions.
Figure 11: Vertical / Horizontal Technology Transfers and Spillover
In addition, leveraging Caterpillar’s multifunctional R&D
strengths within science, technology, engineering and
mathematics (STEM) fields, over 400 students across 25
teams have been sponsored by CRDC to participate in a the
FIRST Tech Challenge (FTC) robotics competition. Since 2012,
over 1,000 volunteering hours have been contributed to
coaching and mentoring programing software and machine
design by the students.
13
Global enterprises have had a positive impact by partnering
and collaborating with local economic actors in many ways.
Aside from the shared direct economic benefits of such
partnerships—leveraging comparative advantages to provide
competitive goods and services and generate profit—these
partnerships have facilitated knowledge sharing and other
spillover effects of foreign investment, serving to develop
local employment and expertise in addition to building up
industrial and economic capabilities across the industry and
innovation value chain in China (see Figure 12).
The story of a Chinese company that started out as an
OEM or even a distributor for global brands—ultimately
building its capacity to the point where it could begin to
introduce its own products and services—is quite familiar
and representative of one aspect of the potential of such
partnerships. In many cases, global firms have a clear goal
to increase the capacity of Chinese partners and collaborate
with them globally by working with them to improve quality
and various other aspects of their business performance.
While expanding to include a wider range and a higher-level
of partnerships, the cooperation between global enterprises
and Chinese enterprises has gradually shifted from
equipment processing to design and R&D. Geographically,
such operations have also extended to the middle and west
of China.
It has of course not been a one-way transfer of knowledge
and expertise. Global enterprises have leveraged and
benefited from the capabilities of partners in local markets
and local supply chains, such as invaluable local knowledge,
skills and cost-effective solutions, to achieve successful
global operations. Some Chinese firms are also at the global
technology and innovation frontier in specific areas—
for example in e-commerce—and so this enables them to
contribute to global collaborations and play a much more
dynamic role than was previously expected of a Chinese
company.
Strong Chinese partners have also brought opportunities
for global companies to partner with Chinese companies in
other regions. The energy and resources sectors are obvious
examples—in these sectors, global companies have formed
JVs, investment-partnerships and other joint projects with
China’s energy companies in Africa, North America, the
Middle East and other parts of the world. In many instances,
these Chinese companies have been transforming into global
enterprises themselves.
For local partners, global firms offer strong global networks
and resources, industry-leading technology and management
and the potential for further development and partnership
agreements in China and around the world.
Figure 12: Statistics on R&D and Related Activities of Large and Medium Foreign-Funded Enterprises in China
Region
Full-time Equivalent of R&D Personnel (man-year) Expenditure in R&D Institutions (10,000 yuan)
2000 2005 2009 2010 2011 2012 2000 2005 2009 2010 2011 2012
Total 9,375 33,860 78,235 113,156 85,971 112,477 148,968 476,070 1,754,756 2,137,613 2,061,718 3,516,320
Eastern Region 6,938 31,656 71,943 107,563 80,675 107,887 141,995 464,129 1,683,815 2,077,867 2,008,759 3,424,581
Middle Region 183 118 1,773 1,785 2,027 2,408 198 2,225 31,296 33,872 17,860 58,890
Western Region 1,123 506 1,494 1,936 1,429 793 4,188 3,233 25,819 16,937 18,246 16,859
Northeastern Region 1,131 1,579 3,025 1,873 1,840 1,387 2,588 6,483 13,826 8,937 16,853 15,989
Source: CAITEC
Figure 13: FDI Utilization by Sector
Source: China Statistical Yearbook, 2014
FDI by sector (utilized investment), 2013
Manufacturing
Real Estate
Others
Wholesale and
Retail Trades
Leasing and
Business Services
Transport, Storage
and Post
4% 14%
39%
24%
10%
9%
Devoloping Local Partnerships
and the Industry Value Chain
14
Local Partnerships and Development
Dealer Network Build-up
20 years ago, Caterpillar was one of the very first global
companies to introduce a dealer-focused business model to
China’s construction machinery industry, as compared to the
norm of direct selling by manufacturers. Now, the dealership
model has become a common way of doing business
between machine manufacturers and buyers. Most domestic
manufacturers have publicly expressed a desire to set up
dealer networks like Caterpillar’s.
Caterpillar began establishing its dealer network in China
in the mid-1990s and has been consistently investing in
developing its China dealers—Lei Shing Hong, WesTrac
China, China Engineers and ECI-Metro. Focusing on
building a long-term relationship is a different strategy from
appointing a trading company or a selling agent that can
be terminated and replaced for not meeting a sales quota
on a yearly basis. Customers have been attracted to and
supported by its trusted dealer network and have developed
long-term loyalty to Caterpillar.
The relationships between Caterpillar and its dealers have
grown from sharing similar corporate values and long-term
thinking that work together to improve the overall customer
experience. The enduring trust has been put to the test
during the ups and downs of industry cycles. According to
the China Construction Machinery Association (CCMA),
more than one third of construction equipment dealers, large
and small, closed down between 2011 and 2014 due to a
downturn in the industry. However, Caterpillar dealers all
persevered thanks to the diversified product line and financial
leasing support from Caterpillar.
Caterpillar demonstrated to the industry the value of
engaging with a network of dealers who are financially
strong, have long term commitment to Caterpillar and China
and are able to develop deep local knowledge and close
relationships with local customers. As Caterpillar noted,
competitors can replicate the products, but they cannot
replicate the solid relationships and trust that has been built
up with dealers over 50 years on average globally.
Supplier Collaboration
China is one of the largest sourcing markets for Caterpillar
in the Asia Pacific region, with significant direct procurement
spending as well as a high-level of exports. Over the past 20
years, Caterpillar’s supplier base in China has grown from
five to more than 350.
Suppliers have been a critical part of the industry value chain
and cannot simply be regarded as low-cost components
providers. Caterpillar has invested in developing long-term
mutually-beneficial relationships with its suppliers, providing
opportunities for business training, technical exchanges,
joint research and development and corporate culture
development.
However, in the mid-1990s, only a few Chinese suppliers
could meet Caterpillar’s stringent criteria for supplier
selection in terms of quality, cost, logistics, development
and management. By providing opportunities for business
training, technical exchanges, joint R&D and corporate
culture development over the years, Caterpillar worked to
improve supplier performance. The company introduced
advanced production systems and management philosophies
like Six Sigma, Caterpillar Production System and the
lean model to suppliers. Caterpillar assigned dedicated
“black belts" in these Chinese suppliers to improve their
product quality, technical and manufacturing capabilities
and operational management, believing that only an
advanced and sophisticated supplier base can enable further
development for the overall industry.
Notably, some suppliers have expanded their business beyond
China, constructing facilities abroad and supplying Caterpillar
globally, leveraging the skills they obtained from Caterpillar.
Furthermore, Caterpillar has started to bring its overseas
suppliers to a supplier park in Xuzhou, as the Chinese
construction industries continues to evolve. To illustrate how
far the supplier base has come, 20 years ago, Caterpillar
relied primarily on imported components to support its
business operation in China.
CCMA has acknowledged Caterpillar as a role model for
development in China’s construction machinery industry.
Indeed, the long-lasting and excellent relationship between
Caterpillar, suppliers and dealers has been a differentiating
factor for the company’s success.
15
For many global enterprises, succeeding globally has as
much been driven by innovating new business concepts and
adapting them in different markets, as it has by technology
and product innovation. Those that have succeeded in China
have had a significant impact on the business landscape by
introducing new business concepts that Chinese firms then
emulate, adapt or improve. Examples include “just-in-time”
supply chain management in manufacturing, demand side
management and energy performance contracting, modular
construction in buildings and infrastructure and many others.
Global enterprises have inspired domestic enterprises to
innovate and develop new business models of their own,
helping China move up the product and services value-chain
from low margin manufacturing activity to higher-value-
added activity (see Figure 14).
In the majority of cases, successful and reputable global
enterprises replicated their globally-proven business concepts
and practices in China while innovatively adapting to the local
operating environment. In some instances, global enterprises
engage in direct capacity building with Chinese regulators
to help inform policies that could allow growth of new
industries. As China pursued innovation-driven development,
global enterprises continued to play a very positive role as
business and institutional innovators in addressing specific
needs for technology or services, promoting favorable
business environments for new industries and as models of
success.
Product Value Chain
Margin
LowHigh
Development Production Services
Relatively low-value
manufacturing work,
high energy use
High-value,
low energy use
design,
engineering work
High-value
distribution,
marketing,
retail
Figure 14: Margin Movement within the Product Value Chain
Innovative Business Concepts and Advanced
Service for Industry Upgrading
Remanufacturing as an Advanced Form of Recycling
Caterpillar’s remanufacturing (“reman”) service illustrates
how a Caterpillar capability can come to benefit both the
company’s business and China’s economy. Reman is a process
of returning end-of-life products to the “same-as-when-
new” condition or even better at a fraction of the costs of
new product manufacturing. This is a win for the business,
customers and also the environment.
In spite of the environmental and business benefits, the
awareness of reman was low in China. Caterpillar was
among the first global enterprises to introduce product
remanufacturing to China, drawing from its decades of
experience with process and technology best practices
from its 17 remanufacturing facilities worldwide. It built a
dedicated remanufacturing facility in Shanghai in 2005.
To jointly promote the development of the reman industry
in China, Caterpillar and China’s National Development and
Reform Commission (NDRC) signed a letter of intent in 2006,
in which Caterpillar agreed to provide expertise to assist the
NDRC and Chinese research institutions in supporting the
development of the reman industry.
Reman came to be regarded as “encouraged” for foreign
investment. Some estimate the total output value of China’s
remanufacturing industry will reach 150 billion yuan ($24
billion) in 2015.
Reman can make a major contribution to China’s
unprecedented efforts to build a circular economy. Given
China’s market size and growing sophistication, China is
expected to become a leader in reman in the Asia Pacific
region and globally.
TESTED
REMANUFACTURED
SALVAGED
CLEANED
CORE
RETURNED
TO CATERPILLAR
PRODUCT BEGINS
LIFE CYCLE
PERFORMS
REGULARLY
MAINTAINED
MATURES
Renman
Life cycle
Product
Life cycle
RE-ENTERS
SUPPLY
CHAIN
REPLACED
BEFORE
FAILURE
Figure 15: Product to Reman Life Cycle
Introduction of Innovative
Concepts
16
Financial Leasing Enabling Success of Small Customers
& Medium Sized Enterprises
As the changing economic landscape created a need to
empower more small Chinese construction clients and
medium sized enterprises, Caterpillar leveraged its global
experience in the financial leasing industry to enter and serve
the Chinese market.
Although the low availability of credit information posed
a major challenge for Caterpillar, the company adapted its
global credit analysis techniques and leveraged its access
to capital from foreign markets to create competitive and
innovative solutions for local customers. In 2004, Caterpillar
China Financial Leasing Co., Ltd. (CCFL) was established,
becoming the first wholly foreign manufacturer owned
financial leasing company in China’s construction machinery
industry. CCFL’s risk management and corporate governance
policies, the bedrock of Caterpillar’s world-leading credit and
risk management capabilities, were initially adapted to suit
the China market (localized), then improved, and expanded
upon (innovated) through the years. CCFL was also invited
to share best practices with others in the financial leasing
industry and with relevant government institutions. In this
way, CCFL helped introduce and expand the financial leasing
industry in China, while at the same time creating brand
loyalty with Caterpillar customers. CCFL has so far provided
financial leasing services to over 50,000 customers for
70,000 machines in China.
As a role model of foreign financing and leasing enterprises,
Caterpillar has an advanced management system. Moreover,
Caterpillar manages its business under a strict code of
conduct. Being a role model for enterprise management and
business risk-control is one of Caterpillar’s most important
contributions.
Since 2004, CCFL has:
•	 Provided customers access to the same, best-in-class
products that were formerly only available to large, cash-
rich, State-backed enterprises
•	 Supported productivity improvements through the leasing
of Caterpillar machines and helped customers excel
through financial service excellence
•	 Served as a role model for other companies in the
industry for management systems and risk control
•	 Helped upgrade the financial leasing industry by
developing and improving credit processes, maintaining
robust portfolio health performance and providing
customer focused solutions to help customers through
tough times; thus leading the industry with leasing
services to meet customer needs
China’s financial leasing industry developed to be one of the
most dynamic in China, as the number of financial leasing
companies grew to well over 2,000. Industry spillovers
from leading companies like Caterpillar, and rapid growth
in the industry generally, created an environment in which
equipment manufacturers and other industrial companies
were able to establish their own leasing companies.
Additionally, many professional service firms in legal, strategy
consulting and leasing tax-consulting services have also
proliferated in the market. The government has also recently
announced its plan to promote financial leasing as it sees it
as a strong driver to support economic growth in China.
Figure 17: Year-on-Year Capital Leasing in China
Annual Amount of Capital Leased in China
BillionRMB
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
0
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
economic
Changing
dynamics
economic
Changing
dynamics
Small
individual
contractors/
users
Small
individual
contractors/
users
Fragmented
industrial
and financial
systems
Fragmented
industrial
and financial
systems
Massive
labor
migration
Massive
labor
migration
Figure 16: Small Customer’s Market Environment
Source: China Industry News Network, 2014
17
Strong corporate citizenship and well-developed corporate
social responsibility (CSR) programs are top priorities for
global enterprises that realize that their business impact
goes beyond financial impact or performance—and that
their “social license to operate” depends on much more
than complying with relevant laws and regulations. It
can be argued that being viewed as socially responsible
and trustworthy is, today, just as important as the “core”
business activities companies engage in.
As China has reintegrated with the global community over the
past four decades, global enterprises operating in China have
brought CSR best practices with them and have been expected
to serve as CSR role models in China. Global enterprises’ CSR
efforts in China focus on participating in, promoting or even
leading China’s sustainable development. They can leverage
their advantages of advanced concepts, energy conservation
and emissions reduction and standardized operation to
continuously participate in the transformation, upgrading
and sustainable development of Chinese industries. Through
a combination of intrinsic motivation and government
encouragement, Chinese companies have also engaged in
CSR as they grow domestically and reach abroad, learning
by example as well as through sharing of best practices (see
Figure 18 and Figure 19).
Citizenship and CSR initiatives have enabled companies to
“give back,” while also addressing issues of concern to local
stakeholders—in creating shared value. Global enterprises
have succeeded in this area, in part, by building the
institutional capacity to understand and engage with local
stakeholders—to collaborate in addressing and achieving
common interests.
Caterpillar CSR and CSI
Caterpillar is committed to upgrading the entire value chain,
contributing new concepts to the industry and making
upgrades across China, including innovations in social
dimensions. In terms of CSR, Caterpillar represents some
of the best practices in terms of industrial standards and
experience sharing, which make it a leading figure in the
industry.
Caterpillar has supported the philanthropic work of the
Caterpillar Foundation, which has contributed more than
$600 million to charitable causes, including many that
help make sustainable progress possible around the world.
Different from traditional CSR, Caterpillar’s approach is
defined as “corporate social innovation” (CSI) or “catalytic
philanthropy.” It begins by understanding the major human
needs and then seeks and establishes partnerships with
organizations that provide those basic necessities—creating
an economic landscape in which economies can grow and
girls and women in particular can thrive.
Caterpillar’s CSI approach considers the human implications
of business at the front end of the value creation chain
and integrates philanthropy and business needs to conquer
global issues. Philanthropy allows an entry point for business
in markets not yet ripe for “for profit” solutions to human
need.
CSR as Value Creation CSR as Risk Management CSR as Corporate Philanthropy
Corporate programs
provide funds and
capabilities, creating some
strategic/operational
impact.
CSR as a fundamental element of
business strategy, drives real
operational impact and creates
shared value by promoting
competitiveness, innovation and
human capital, harmonizing
economic, social and environmen-
tal sustainability.
Compliance measures have
medium strategic and
operational impact, mostly
mitigating operational risks
and potential impacts.
social benefit and
Figure 18: CSR Value Chain
Strong Corporate Citizenship
18 Figure 19: Caterpillar’s CSI Impact in China
Environment
Education
Basic Human
Needs
Employee
Volunteerism
Caterpillar’s
CSI
Employee Giving
-	 In the past five years, over 3,000 Caterpillar
employees held and participated in various volunteer
activities
-	 Over 4,000 Caterpillar China and Caterpillar
dealer employees donated RMB 450,688 for Ya’an
earthquake relief
-	 Caterpillar employees in different cities make
regular donations to their communities
Promoting Education
-	 Pre-school to vocational education for rural students
-	 Programs in STEM education, reading, language and
emergency safety
-	 Providing school buildings, books, school kitchens,
computers and eye-glasses
-	 Hundreds of thousands students benefitting
Caterpillar Foundation Charity Forest
-	 7,340 kg of dust reduced per year (2014)
-	 48,771 tons of carbon stored per year (2014)
-	 33,639 tons of oxygen released per year (2014)
-	 Over 300,000 trees planted (end of 2015)
Great River Partnership
-	 Environmental protection planning, policy research,
environmental flow practice and aquatic life monitoring
standardization along the Yangtze River
-	 Identified 24 biodiversity conservation priority areas
-	 Aquatic life monitoring network established
-	 Environment flow proposal for dams along Yangtze River
Sustainable Urbanization and Livable City Construction Project
-	 GHG reduction, energy efficiency improvement, water quality
and urban transport improvement and land use research
-	 Three main phases: 1) Blueprints for environmentally smarter
growth; 2) Demonstration projects; 3) Spreading success to
other emerging cities
-	 Pilot cities in Chengdu and Qingdao
Poverty Alleviation
-	 Goal: 50 million people worldwide on the “Path to Prosperity”
by 2020
-	 125 rural families supported. 1,800 farmers trained on
agriculture practices and accounting. Average incomes rose
20% (collaboration with China Foundation for Poverty Alleviation,
2014)
-	 186,401 jobs and training for 5,540 people in rural areas
(collaboration with Opportunity International, 2014)
Disaster Relief
-	 2008 Snow Disaster
-	 2008 Wenchuan earthquake
-	 2010 Qinghai earthquake
-	 2013 Ya’an earthquake
-	 2014 Ludian earthquake
-	 Established Disaster Preparedness and Mitigation Special Fund
with the China Foundation for Poverty Alleviation in 2015
19
Attracting and retaining top global as well as local talent is
of critical importance to global enterprises, and competition
for this talent is exceptionally intense in China. In AmCham’s
annual China Business Climate Survey, 66 percent of
global companies in China’s resources and industrial
industries reported 75 percent or more of their top country
management was Chinese. This growing majority of local
leadership illustrates global enterprises’ understanding of the
importance of strong local teams with technical expertise and
understanding of the business and wider operating context.
From a Chinese developmental perspective, it has been a
healthy phenomenon to see senior executives of global
enterprises move on to Chinese companies or start their
own firms. This has been one of the most obvious “spill
over” benefits of foreign investment in China, as it is in
other developing countries. Indeed, many of China’s most
innovative and dynamic companies are now led by executives
with experience and expertise from working with leading
global enterprises.
Global enterprises are commonly seen as a “university” for
local talent to develop professional skills. In the short term,
these efforts have helped develop talents in China, and in
the long run, the talent development spillovers from global
enterprises to the rest of the Chinese economy will help
China move up the value chain and develop a more services-
based economy (see Figure 20).
Successful global firms have elevated their talent-
development strategy to the level of overall business strategy.
This includes:
•	 Making local talent global, by working to understand
what local employees truly value, such as a healthy work-
life balance, taking a long-term view to training and
developing local employees and providing top talent with
global opportunities
•	 Making global talent local, by expecting longer-term
commitments from executives transferring to China from
abroad, along with extensive training on the local culture
and business environment. In this way, global enterprises
developed much more integrated and effective leaders in
China
•	 Importantly, the most successful global enterprises also
understand that fostering a strong sense of community
and commitment among employees through a strong
company culture is a critical factor in retaining talent.
Caterpillar Talent Development
Caterpillar’s talent development efforts have created a strong
environment for cultivating leadership. The company makes
employee career development a high priority, understanding
that fostering a high sense of self-fulfillment among
employees is a win-win proposition.
Source: Strategy & 2014 China Innovation Survey: China’s innovation is Going Global
Figure 20: Chinese Companies and MNCs Innovation Challenges
Average responses
where 1 = don’t agree
and 5 = strongly agree.
Average responses to the question, “In the process of conducting innovation
in Mainland China, is your company facing the following challenges?
5
4
3
2
1
0
Talent Access Talent Retention Inadequate
in tellectural
property
protection
Rapid cost
increases
Inadequate
infrastructure
and innovative
ecosystem
Difficulties in
understanding
market needs
Chinese Companies MNCs
Talent Develoment
Senior managers in China:	 80%Chinese
Employees trained in 2014:	 8,000
Leadership training investment: $70million
The Caterpillar Career Development Plan is a centerpiece in
building this employee satisfaction. This is a highly interactive
process where employees take initiative to form their own
career development plan, receive feedback from their
managers and get support from the company.
In 2014, Caterpillar provided training for employees in
China, with an average of two trainings per person. This
encompassed management, operations, production,
professional skills, exchange programs, mentoring and
coaching and general career development. This philosophy
of helping employees achieve their potential helped the
company achieve a turnover rate of about half the market
average.
20
Through years of operating in various markets throughout
the world, global enterprises have realized that
environmental performance makes good business sense. As
China’s economy became more developed and sophisticated,
global enterprises considered the environmental impacts of
their business operations earlier and acted more swiftly to
promote sustainability. Global enterprises have contributed
to China’s sustainable development and environmental
protection by serving as role models for Chinese firms
by developing and leveraging environmentally friendly
technologies and practices and by supporting China as it
continued to strengthen its policies to improve the energy
and carbon efficiency of its economy. They have helped
to develop global and local environmental management
standards, such as ISO 14000, which have been shown to
help enterprises improve performance, identify savings and
position themselves to compete more effectively in the global
market by demonstrating commitment to and alignment
with the needs and requirements of customers, shareholders,
local communities and relevant regulatory agencies.iii
This context motivated global enterprises to advance their
developmental agenda in a sustainable way that does not
put their future business operations and resources at risk.
This has frequently involved encouraging or even requiring
suppliers and dealers to undertake sustainability measures
themselves.
Studies have concluded that China could attract $620 billion
in clean energy investment between 2010 and 2020. Global
enterprises that have developed the needed technologies
for other markets, or that are developing new technologies
tailored for Chinese needs, stand ready to supply this
growing demand as we will explore in Chapter 4. With their
active engagement in the China market, these enterprises
have supported official policies and the achievement of
higher efficiency of energy use in electricity generation,
transportation, green buildings and other areas. Many also
collaborated with Chinese partners in R&D to develop the
next generation of environmental technologies with global
applications.iv
Caterpillar and Environmental Sustainability
Caterpillar recognizes the value of sustainability and has
worked to integrate sustainability into their business
operations by promoting environmental stewardship, social
responsibility and efficient economic growth.
In China, these enterprise-level contributions are significant.
However, greater potential impacts are possible through
contributing innovative business models and processes, as
mentioned above (see: Introduction of Innovative Concept).
For example, Caterpillar’s facilities in China have achieved
significant results in emissions reduction, energy saving and
waste reduction, including:
•	 Wuxi facility: Reduced total phosphate emissions by 30
kilograms per year, and VOC emissions by around 8.4
metric tons in 2013
•	 Suzhou facility: A natural gas conservation project
launched in 2012 saved 116,000 cubic meters of natural
gas in eight months and was recognized as a role model
for saving energy in the Suzhou Industrial Park
•	 Over the last three years, Caterpillar’s Shanghai reman
facility has saved 13,000 tons of CO2 emissions and
7 million kWh of electricity. Compared with new
production, reman can save 50 percent in costs, 60
percent in energy and 70 percent in materials
Operational energy intensity by 28%
since 2006
… and achieved 90.6%
enterprise recycling rate in 2014
Figure 21: Social Impact—Sustainable Development Integration
•	 Reduce operational costs and
organzational complexity
•	 Build stakeholder acceptance
•	 Reduce pollutants and
contamination
•	 Save natural resources
Environment
impact
Business
impact
Better social
impact-sustainable
development
Caterpillar’s global operations reduce:
38%
34%
Greenhouse gas emissions
intensity by
Water consumption
intensity by
Environmental Performance
21
By viewing their role in China through the development prism, global enterprises have made significant
contributions to China’s development in the “impact areas” discussed in this chapter. Going forward, as China
develops in the “new normal" period, global enterprises continue to have a positive role to play in supporting
China’s development in a wide range of areas for sustainable development. What’s more, as more and more
Chinese companies strive to become global enterprises themselves, they can learn from the experience of
established global enterprises—from their success not only in China but also in global markets.
Shanxi Liheng Steel Co., Ltd. avoided over
300,000 metric tons of CO2 emissions per year,
roughly equal to removing 55,000 cars from the
roads each year, through use of Solar Turbines’
CHP system.
Equally important, Caterpillar has helped many of its Chinese
customers make improvements in sustainability. Shanxi
Liheng Steel Co., Ltd. (Liheng Steel), one of Caterpillar
subsidiary Solar Turbines’ customers, received a Certificate
of Avoided GHG Emissions from the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency for its achievement in reducing carbon
emissions through its combined heat and power (CHP)
system. The company has used specialized gas turbine
generator sets to burn the coke oven gas that is a byproduct
of steel making. The process reduces the coke oven gas
being released into the atmosphere while at the same time
producing electricity.
Saved raw materials (t)
Saved energy (tce)
Saved water (t)
CO2 emission reduction (t)
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
2012 2013 2014
0
Figure 22: Remanufacturing Resource Savings—Caterpillar Shanghai Facility
300,000metric tons
22 Chapter 3
Developing strong companies and integrating them in
the global economy has been among China’s national
priorities for decades. In the current “new normal” stage of
development, developing strong companies is more vital than
ever, as China works to move its industries up the value chain
and to rebalance its economy so it is more sustainable. This
chapter discusses how the experience of global enterprises
in China is relevant to the growing number of Chinese
companies that are now going global themselves.
With China’s economic growth momentum, strategic policy
support and competitive advantages in certain industries,
many Chinese companies, including State-owned enterprises
(SOEs), have grown to sizes rivaling or surpassing top firms
around the world. Chinese-headquartered companies on
Fortune’s Global 500 list have risen from 12 in 2001, to 98
in 2015 (second only to the U.S., with 128 companiesv
).
Chinese companies have meanwhile developed operations
and a presence all over the world. However, big does not
necessarily mean effective or efficient. And having an
international presence does not mean they are truly global.
While there are excellent examples of Chinese companies
already succeeding globally, on the whole they still face many
challenges and obstacles on the path to global success.
While some Chinese firms have been able to apply
competitive China-specific advantages such as cost
innovation and manufacturing strengths to succeed globally,
many struggle due to limited customer and stakeholder
knowledge abroad, low brand recognition and a lack
of global management experience and related systems.
However, as more and more expand internationally, they
can overcome these challenges, including by leveraging
the experience and approaches of global enterprises. The
report highlights below five areas where global enterprises
excel, and the implications for Chinese companies as they
transform to become truly global.
Becoming Global with China
22
China’s overseas investments in the development-
critical industries of construction, manufacturing,
energy and resources extraction have seen impressive
growth over the past decade—and provide a useful
focal point for discussion. Chinese companies in these
sectors entered the global market as a result of both
market drivers pushing firms to expand abroad and
government policies guiding and supporting such
activities. The new One Belt, One Road (Belt and Road)
Initiative is an example of a government initiative that
supports Chinese companies to expand internationally
in these industries. The new Asian Infrastructure
Investment Bank (AIIB) will meanwhile help supply $100
billion in capital for infrastructure projects, and the
Chinese Government has also dedicated $40 billion for
the Silk Road Fund to develop infrastructure projects.
Such investments will create myriad opportunities for
business.
Key considerations
for going global
Understand and align with local stakeholders
Innovate and integrate globally
Adopt a long-term view of building intangible assets
Adopt a global perspective
Develop strong culture and human resource systems
23
Global enterprises succeed in different markets by
understanding and systematically engaging local regulatory,
government, business, general public and other stakeholders.
They align their business strategy and operations with national
development priorities and local stakeholder expectations.
They work to develop partnerships with local stakeholders
with shared benefits and to introduce the positive impacts
they are making to local audiences. They engage their local
partners as advocates to enhance their acceptability—while
continuously mapping and building relationships with the
stakeholders that are essential for business success and
acceptance of a social license to operate. These approaches
help global firms stand out as trusted partners in the
economic development process and as responsible and
productive members of local communities.
This approach has worked well for global enterprises in
China. As discussed in Chapter 2, Caterpillar’s extensive
network of local dealers is widely considered one of the
company’s greatest assets for understanding and reaching its
local stakeholders.
For example, while Chinese companies are participating
in overseas construction projects, they may face different
situations than in China, where it is common for a
construction project to be subcontracted among many
different individual subcontractors. When it comes to
overseas projects, Chinese companies need to compete with
bidders from other countries. In these circumstances, the
brand and the local connections the bidders have will make a
major difference in securing the project.
In Caterpillar’s case, its partnership with dealers and
collaboration with suppliers consistently developed over
the past 20 years are one of the company’s greatest assets
for understanding local markets and providing customers
suitable products and services.
Changing perceptions and behavior
through communication and education
The initial selling prices of Caterpillar products
are higher than many other brands, which can be
a barrier for customers. However the total costs
of ownership and operation can be significantly
lower when product reliability, component
availability, dealer support, value of second-hand
equipment and other factors are considered.
Caterpillar has invested much time and effort into
helping customers understand the benefits of this
perspective. For example, Caterpillar developed
a Value Estimating Tool that dealers use to help
customers and industry calculate the total costs
of ownership over entire product lifecycles.
With customers becoming more sophisticated
and the industry trending toward sustainable
development, the acceptance of this perspective
is becoming more widespread.
Understand and Align With Local
Stakeholders
24
Global enterprises generally outsource non-core business
activities to service providers or partners around the globe
so that they can focus their in-house efforts in areas that are
either more profitable or that will enable the firm to develop
a competitive advantage. They also create global business
practices through complex, often highly fragmented,
global value chains, which allow them to integrate globally.
Operating as a systematic global value chain enables global
enterprises to leverage relevant local and global expertise
to support their expansion across markets, cultures and
geographies.
Firms like Caterpillar have succeeded globally because they
have developed the institutional frameworks and capacities
that enabe them to operate, innovate and collaborate on a
truly global level.Their China-based operations are one part
of the fully integrated global whole.
As Chinese companies move up the value chain into
innovation-focused, high-technology areas of the global
economy, they will continue to become better integrators
and collaborators with both internal and external partners.
Made in China 2025, for example, will encourage diversity
and partnerships among Chinese firms going global, with
a stated goal of “guiding enterprises to integrate into local
cultures, enhance social responsibility and improve risk
management in foreign investment and operation as well as
localization capacity in the global market.”
Caterpillar’s Global Business Integration
Currently, over 60 percent of Caterpillar’s revenue comes
from outside the United States, its home market, as
Caterpillar has taken many measures to transform itself from
a U.S. company to a global enterprise, including, but not
limited to:
•	 Streamlined its global supply chains
•	 Initiated significant cost controls globally
•	 Brought to market a continuing series of best-in-class
products developed by global teams
•	 Created the internal culture and management training
necessary to develop a strong, internationally experienced
global team	
•	 Made and integrated strategic acquisitions around the
world to develop a competitive advantage in strategic
industries
•	 Developed and created a highly-regarded global
dealership network
•	 Opened numerous facilities and offices in strategic
locations throughout key markets globally
•	 Leveraged partners and service providers with local and
global expertise
Innovate and Integrate Globally
25
Intangible
Assets
Innovation
Legacy
Business
Relationships
Experience
Knowledge
Intellectual
Property
Brands
Culture
Talent
&
Building intangible assets takes time, is costly and does
not always provide immediate benefits, particularly in the
industries discussed in this report. Yet, intangible assets
are essential to the success of global enterprises aiming to
prosper over the long-term. Indeed, these intangible assets
can provide a major area of strategic differentiation and
value on both a global and local level. Chinese firms need
to develop these assets by adapting a long-term view of
their global operations. This may involve partnering with
specialist global professional services firms, where necessary,
to develop relevant in-house capacities.
Figure 23: Intangible Assets
Distribution networks are an example of intangible assets
that are especially critical to an enterprise’s success in
overseas markets. In addition to driving sales, these networks
can provide important local knowledge, pathways to
developing trust and a more nuanced understanding of
and access to important stakeholders. Developing strong
distribution networks can be one key to success for Chinese
companies seeking to go abroad in line with the One Belt,
One Road (Belt and Road) Initiative.
Caterpillar executives often refer to their robust network
of dealers as a valuable asset that has taken decades to
fully cultivate. At the root of the unique relationship that
Caterpillar has with its dealers is a mutual respect and
trust arising from a truly balanced partnership. Caterpillar
is dependent on its dealers for sales and servicing its
products, while the dealers are dependent on Caterpillar for
products and technology to win customers. This relationship
has developed because both parties have invested in the
relationship over the long-term, adopting similar value
systems and upholding a sense of responsibility that benefits
both. This type of asset cannot be easily replicated, and few
companies in existence today, global or local, are able to
sustain such a strategy.
With brands and reputational assets, world-leading
environmental and social stewardship are also paramount
for global success—especially in industries where companies
face challenges to maintain local stakeholder acceptance.
The Belt and Road Initiative covers 63 percent of
the world’s population, accounting for 30 percent
of the global economy. The initiative brings about
an unprecedented broad market for manufacturing
industries with regional infrastructure upgrading,
connection and communication. However, this initiative
also requires local contractors to enhance their
overall asset management capacities, safety and work
efficiency and sustainable development as well as to
create win-win opportunities. This is vital, for example,
in constructing large-scale, complex and sustainable
engineering projects with international cooperation.
Adopt a Long-term View of
Building Intangible Assets
26
Adopt a Global Perspective
Chinese companies going global must become “global”
companies, not simply “Chinese” companies with
international operations. Becoming global requires the
development of a global perspective, the ability to think
across disciplines, geographies and cultures—while seeing a
larger global picture that is greater than the sum of its parts.
This kind of viewpoint on global business operations enables
firms to succeed in the fast-paced global business arena. It
is important to know how to act on that perspective, how
to leverage global market dynamics and adapt sufficiently to
local market conditions.
This dynamic market perspective enables firms to build
out successful local operations into dynamic global value
chains. A global perspective provides advantages in building
stakeholder acceptance, finding and retaining key staff and
partners and in developing international brand value and
reputation. A key approach to making this credible—in
addition to acting like a global company—is to develop and
share global thought-leadership on topics that resonate with
audiences around the world. Having a global perspective also
means recognizing the importance and influence of different
cultures around the world—and being effective in cross-
cultural situations.
Caterpillar, for example, has adapted and stayed on top of
various market developments in an effort to maintain its
global leadership position. Today, recognizing the significant
changes in the market place, Caterpillar is focusing on
creating innovative solutions that will enable the company to
succeed in the 21st
century. As Caterpillar Chairman and CEO
Doug Oberhelman noted, “We’re investing in companies that
think and act differently than we do. That’s intentional and
it’s new for Caterpillar. We are trying to disrupt ourselves in
our own way, before others can disrupt us.”
There are expanding opportunities for global companies
to partner with Chinese companies in other regions. The
energy and resources sector are obvious examples—
in these sectors, global companies are forming JVs,
investment-partnerships and other joint projects with
China’s energy companies in Africa, North America,
the Middle East and other parts of the world. In many
instances, these Chinese companies are transforming into
global enterprises themselves.
27
Develop Strong Culture and
Human Resource Systems
Strong culture, specifically shared values, attitudes, principles,
standards and beliefs, enable an organization to expand
globally. In fact, effective culture can account for 20-30
percent of the differential in corporate performance when
compared with “culturally unremarkable” competitors.
Companies with strong culture have better operational,
financial, social, environmental and other performance.
Global enterprises have succeeded on a global scale, in part,
because they develop strong cultural principles, which can be
applied to different scenarios in different countries. Strong
culture provides a company with the DNA that enables it to
sustain growth in an ever evolving and increasingly complex
global economy. For global enterprises with publically traded
stocks and accompanying high demands for solid financial
performance, culture is what enables the balancing of short-
term demands with long-term vision.
Additionally, global firms are successful in many different
markets because they employ dynamic human resource
management systems to attract, develop and retain top
global as well as local talent. At the global scale, many
global enterprises have a designated HR unit specifically to
coordinate international HR policies and concentrate some
tasks in shared service centers to provide standard HR services
for all locations. At the local level, global enterprises tailor HR
measures to local conditions and empowering local leaders,
enabling them to succeed and adapt to different operating
and regulatory environments. Some successful global
enterprises utilize a non-hierarchical, localized management
structure that enables them to be more dynamic and capable
in specific local markets. They also provide incentives for their
employees that reflect individual performance, and factor in
local cultural norms and sensitivities. As Chinese companies
go global, they will have to move away from centralized
management structures to adapt to more dynamic and
adaptable structures that suit a wide range of local market
conditions and cultures.
Caterpillar’s Corporate Culture and
Management Systems
Caterpillar’s global success benefited greatly from its strong
corporate culture. It has developed a mature and thorough
management system for enterprise culture. For instance,
all the leaders of Caterpillar are required to participate in a
number of trainings throughout the year. All employees are
required to annually review the Worldwide Code of Conduct,
a set of standards dating back to 1974, which define what
behaviors are prohibited and what behaviors are encouraged
at Caterpillar.
Building a strong local talent pipeline is set as a key part of
Caterpillar’s strategy in China. Approximately 80 percent
of the leaders of Caterpillar in China are local Chinese, and
28 out of the 29 manufacturing facilities are led by home-
grown Chinese talent. This localized management helps
Caterpillar better understand and serve its employees, local
industries, markets, customers and communities. At the
same time, Caterpillar also recognizes the need to integrate
international talent in its operations in China for the purpose
of diversity of culture and ideas. The company utilizes global
HR systems that are adapted as appropriate to local market
requirements—to enable it to attract, develop and retain the
optimal mix of talent.
Employee attrition rate in China
Percentage of foreign employees in China
Longest facility safety record—days
without injury in China
Percentage of local leaders in
manufacturing facilities in China
Percentage of employees with
college diploma or above in China
Figure 25: Caterpillar’s Talent Management, Safety and
	 Development Indicators
Figure 24: Caterpillar’s “Vision 2020”
Wedeliversuperiorreturnsthroughthecycles.
Weattractanddevelopthebesttalent.
We take pride in helping our customers succeed.
C U S T O M E R S
P
E
O
P
L
E
S
T
O
C
K
H
O
L
D
E
R
S
VISION
2020
OUR VALUES IN ACTION
STRATEGIC GOALS
OPERATING PRINCIPLES
28
As Chinese firms look to enter the global market, global
enterprises can serve as important role models and partners.
Chinese companies are expanding abroad not just for the
sake of reaching foreign markets (which many have been
doing for some time), but also in order to integrate global
management expertise, access advanced technologies,
build global R&D capabilities and acquire or build globally
recognized brands. Initiatives like the Belt and Road will
help Chinese companies develop new capabilities abroad.
Moreover, partnering with successful global enterprises like
Caterpillar can offer Chinese companies valuable resources
and partnership opportunities as they continue to expand
internationally.
Going forward, global enterprises of all origins will continue
supporting the sustainable development of the global
economy. Working together with governments, civil society
and other stakeholders, global enterprises will continue
playing important roles in addressing existing and new
developmental challenges in China and around the world.
This report’s final chapter discusses the future outlook for
China’s development, some of the key dynamics that global
enterprises will need to navigate and how they will continue
positively impacting China’s economic development in the
decades to come.
Global Partners for Progress
29Chapter 4 29
Figure 27: Ratio of Working-age Population to
	 Old-age Dependency in China	
Source: Deloitte, 2014
Millions Ratio
Forecast
Working-age population (LHS) Old-age dependency ratio (RHS)
1,050
1,000
950
900
850
800
750
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
Now, China is entering a new stage of an attempted
transformation of its development mode—as the country
adapts to a “new normal” of lower speed but better-quality,
more sustainable economic growth. Global enterprises need
to refine their understanding of the spectrum of challenges
and opportunities that China faces, in order to find their own
place and to be part of the solution.
To drive an economic transition and transformation, the
Chinese government has formulated and is implementing
several complementary economic strategies. This includes
the Belt and Road Initiative, the Coordinated Development
of Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei and the Yangtze River Economic
Belt. It also includes efforts to drive State-owned enterprises
(SOE) reform, decentralization of administrative approvals,
In the Decades to Come
So what will China look like in decades to come? This report
will not provide a comprehensive overview—but here are
some key dynamics for the scenario where China continues
to develop stably along the path it is currently on—in line
with Party/government plans.
Demographic shifts: China will be more urbanized. By
2025, China will have over 200 cities with a population over
1 million. Europe has only 35 such cities today. By 2030, 300
to 400 million more people will move into China’s cities, requiring
an investment of between 41 and 75 trillion RMB.vi
The urban
population in 2035 will reach one billion (71 percent)—up
from 763 million (56 percent) today. China will have an older
population with a much lower percentage of working age
people (leading to labor shortages and rising wages) (see
Figure 26 and Figure 27vii
).
Figure 26: Projected Percentage of Population
	 Age 60 and Over
Source: World Bank, China 2030
500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
Population(millions)
Population age 60 and over % of total population
Percent
the development of free trade zones (FTA), “connecting
into” the global value chain, tax and financial reforms, the
Internet+ action plan, Made in China 2025, as well as a
series of new measures in promoting industrial cooperation.
The combined impact will be greater market and innovation
dividends as China achieves higher quality and more
sustainable development in the future.
To further understand China’s future development and the
role that global enterprises can and will be expected to play
in the coming decades, we need to envisage how China will
develop. We can utilize the prism of Chinese development
from a longer-term perspective to anticipate the nature of
the Chinese economy, society and environment—for example
in 2030 or 2050.
China’s Future Landscape
30
Economic shifts: China will be wealthier. By 2025 China
is expected to have doubled the size of its middle class—and
will very likely be the world’s largest economy. With wages
constituting a larger share of GDP, wealthier Chinese will
consume more and have a much wider range of tastes and
preferences—even if they are still not as wealthy per capita
as Americans or Europeans. They will also be more focused
on life quality and have a more global outlook—informed for
many by more experience travelling and living abroad and
more awareness of environmental quality.
China will be more connected. Currently, there is still vast
potential for development in China’s interior regions, with
an underserved potential market of 720 million people and
a combined $3.15 billion GDP, roughly equivalent to Africa
or Latin America.viii
China’s interior will also be where the
majority of the new megacities will arise. With a wealth
of natural resources and favorable terms on non-capital
factors of production, global enterprises are eager to access
this potential. China is already expanding infrastructure to
connect the interior with the coast, making it easier and
more profitable to transfer energy and products to China’s
coast and the world beyond.
China will be more innovative—with stronger capacity for
novel technology innovation—as well as organizational and
business model innovation. It remains to be seen however
how fast China can reach the technology frontier, if at all in
certain areas, given the lead currently enjoyed by advanced
economies and the challenges it faces to develop innovation
capabilities across the economy.
China will be more rules-based—with stronger emphasis
on the “rule of law” and more narrowly defined role for
government.
Industrial shifts: While much attention has focused
on the promise of information technology, biotechnology
and other new industries for future economic growth, it is
important to remember that the construction, manufacturing
and energy industries still form the bedrock of significant
economic activity in developed economies. The U.S.,
Germany and Japan, three of the world’s most developed
economies, are also still three of the world’s most advanced
manufacturers. The focus will shift from labor-intensive, low-
value added manufacturing to higher-value added, more
innovative and services-driven manufacturing operations.
Moreover, these industries make outsized contributions to
commerce, research and development and productivity,
comprising large portions of trade and exports. Going
forward, China will likely provide a growing share of the
world’s production in machinery and manufactured goods
(see Figure 28ix
), as it seeks to transform itself “from a
manufacturing giant into a world manufacturing power”
through the Made in China 2025 plan.x
% of world output
China U.S. Germany France Japan South Korea
Forecast
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 2028 2032
Figure 28: Global Share in Machinery and Engineering Goods
Source: Deloitte, 2014
International shifts: China will be even more integrated
in the global economy—with Chinese companies expanding
globally and China playing a larger role in relevant
international organizations. China will continue to welcome
foreign investment and global enterprises on a discerning
and targeted basis (favoring “technology partners” for
example). China will also ensure continuing—and potentially
even expanded in some areas—market access in return for
Chinese companies having access to global markets and to
achieve its development goals. In the most recent guideline
issued by the State Council for the reform of SOEs, for
example, non-state capital was introduced into the energy,
railway, telecommunication, resource development and
public service sectors.
There is in fact continuing and renewed emphasis on the
benefits of “openness” and “global integration” in China
today—for example in relation to innovation and the
importance of being integrated in the global innovation
ecosystem where the ability to collaborate, partner and share
in fast evolving combinations of actors is key.
All these shifts bode well for global enterprises in China—
even if they may face more direct competition from Chinese
players moving up the value chain and becoming global
enterprises themselves.
31
How Global Enterprises Will
Contribute in Future China
The impacts of global enterprises will continue to be
substantial, not just for China’s domestic development,
but also for the country’s growing international influence,
through partnerships with China and Chinese firms around
the globe. Below the report highlights some of these
projected impacts.
Urbanization, Infrastructure & Energy
Global enterprises will support China’s urbanization in myriad
ways—including by enabling smart cities and supplying
products and services to build relevant infrastructure. By
2020 China will build 43,000 km of expressways and 70 new
airports.xi
By 2025, it will need to build five billion square
meters of roadways and 170 mass transit systems, and
40 billion square meters of floor space in five million new
buildings. Between 700 and 900 gigawatts of new electrical
generation capacity will be needed to power and sustain this
development,xii
as energy consumption is projected to double
from 2005 to 2050.xiii
Similar to how Caterpillar provided much-needed
technologies to China in the early stages of the opening
and reform of the late 20th
century, global enterprises will
continue to do the same in other emerging economies
around the world during the 21st
century. Chinese-originating
global enterprises will be key partners in this regard, bringing
their own years of experience building China’s infrastructure
and applying the newly-gained insights of a development
prism.
Global enterprises originating in other regions will play a key
role in meeting China’s growing need for a larger and more
diversified energy supply—as reliance on energy imports
continues to rise. This will include energy projects in China
as well as increasing collaboration with Chinese energy
companies around the world.
Economic Restructuring
Management
Systems & Culture
Innovation & New
Strategic Industries
Global Trade
Global Environmental
Harmony
Urbanization & Infastructure
Energy
Developing China’s
Interior
Figure 29: Future Impact Areas for Global Enterprises in China
Global Enterprises in China EN
Global Enterprises in China EN
Global Enterprises in China EN
Global Enterprises in China EN
Global Enterprises in China EN

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Global Enterprises in China EN

  • 3. Acknowledgement.................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 1 China, a Stimulus for the Evolution of Global Enterprises........................................................... 2 What is a Global Enterprise?................................................................................................. 3 The Evolution of Global Enterprises in China........................................................................... 4 Chapter 2 Illuminating Various Impact Areas of Global Enterprises with the Development Prism................................................................................... 6 Direct Economic Benefits...................................................................................................... 7 World-leading Manufacturing Systems.................................................................................. 9 Contributing to the Development of an Innovation-based Economy........................................ 11 Developing Local Partnerships and the Industry Value Chain................................................. 13 Introduction of Innovative Concepts..................................................................................... 15 Strong Corporate Citizenship............................................................................................... 17 Talent Development............................................................................................................ 19 Environmental Performance................................................................................................ 20 Chapter 3 Becoming Global with China................................................................................................... 22 Understand and Align with Local Stakeholders..................................................................... 23 Innovate and Integrate Globally........................................................................................... 24 Adopt a Long-term View of Building Intangible Assets........................................................... 25 Adopt a Global Perspective................................................................................................. 26 Develop Strong Culture and Human Resource Systems......................................................... 27 Global Partners for Progress............................................................................................... 28 Chapter 4 In the Decades to Come.......................................................................................................... 29 China’s Future Landscape.................................................................................................. 29 How Global Enterprises will Contribute in Future China......................................................... 31 Conclusion........................................................................................................................ 34 Contents
  • 5. 1 The story of China’s modern development is intertwined with the story of corporations going global. As China continues to grow in importance and become a major economic powerhouse through internal reform and global integration, multinational companies have leveraged revolutions in communications and advancements in international trade to become more globally sophisticated and integrated—structurally, operationally and culturally. As part of this co-evolution, China operations for multinational companies have played a growing part in global success, while simultaneously contributing to China’s rapid development. It has in many respects been a great example of “win-win” development. The demand for investment and other cooperation continues to grow and evolve in the“new normal” phase of China’s economic development, which requires new development models and changing economic structures. A feature of China’s reform and opening-up has been increasing utilization of foreign investment. Foreign enterprises have not only provided important capital resources for China’s economic development, but also created employment and related opportunities, promoted the development of technology and advanced the progress of industrial optimization and upgrading. During this process, foreign enterprises also evolved from foreign companies primarily selling products in the China market into integrated partners making contributions through investments in manufacturing, R&D, services and in myriad other ways. Many of them have transformed from “multinational companies” to “global enterprises” in the process. Now, China’s own corporations are increasingly going global themselves, learning from the successes and setbacks of their international peers. This parallel development has in many ways created modern China, and the modern global enterprise, and is set to continue in the decades to come. The experiences of foreign enterprises in China, especially their transformation from foreign multinational enterprises into global enterprises, can be a source of inspiration for Chinese enterprises aiming to enter and develop in the global market. The manufacturing, construction and energy industries have been critical for economic development, forming the foundation of China’s economy and sustaining the country’s export-oriented economy throughout the reform and opening up period. Moreover, these industries also benefited greatly from foreign investment, technology transfers and the integration of foreign companies into China. Acknowledgement With this background, The Chinese Academy of International Trade and Economic Cooperation of the Ministry of Commerce and Burson-Marsteller worked together to research and analyze global enterprises, especially in manufacturing, construction and energy industries in China. By examining the innovation mechanisms and development models of global enterprises in China, we sought to understand the impacts that global enterprises have had on the Chinese economy and social development during the period of Chinese economic reform and to explore new ideas, new methods and new pathways for Chinese enterprises to improve their capacity for global cooperation and development. During the writing of this report, we gained support from various stakeholders in government, industry, academia and other relevant institutions, including the National Development and Reform Commission, Ministry of Land & Resources, State Administration of Work Safety, National Energy Administration, the Party School of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the China Academy of Social Sciences, China University of Petroleum, China Overseas Development Association, China Academy of Science and Technology for Development, China Construction Machinery Association, the Beijing Energy Club and the China National Petroleum Corporation Economics & Technology Research Institute. We would like to express our sincere thanks to these institutions for sharing their knowledge and insights. This report was produced with the support of Caterpillar. The company shared extensive information with regard to its 40 years of development and operations in China, providing us with both case studies and firsthand perspectives. As a leading global enterprise in the construction machinery, mining equipment, energy and power system manufacturing industries, Caterpillar’s development in China illustrates how global enterprises have made an impact on China’s economic, industrial and social developments. We have used Caterpillar as a dynamic and multifaceted example of a global enterprise in China throughout this report.
  • 6. 2 The ongoing industrial revolution continues to increase productivity and revolutionize existing production systems with innovative technology and new thinking, while accelerating the transformation of global economic growth patterns. Through the process of economic globalization enabled by the information technology and communications revolutions, advanced value chains with increased specialization, division of labor and integration have extended around the globe. This has boosted productivity in all industries, including manufacturing, construction and energy—the primary engines of China’s development in the closing decades of the 20th century. While China pushed ahead with its reform and opening-up policy, it experienced rapid economic development. Indeed this development was propelled to a significant extent by exports, foreign investment and the absorption of foreign technologies and expertise in China—enabled by foreign multinational companies. During this period, beginning in 1978, China developed and implemented policies to attract and utilize foreign investments, introduce advanced technology, obtain management experience, promote industrial upgrading and boost overall industrialization. This led to one of the greatest economic transformation and development stories in human history. It meanwhile contributed to a range of foreign companies evolving from multinational companies (MNC) into “global enterprises” as China operations and the China market became more integral to global success and more fully integrated into a global whole. China, a Stimulus for the Evolution of Global Enterprises Chapter 12
  • 7. 3 What is a Global Enterprise? “Global enterprises” can be viewed as a more advanced form of the MNC, which has adapted and evolved to succeed in a world that is more integrated and interconnected or globalized. They transcend national boundaries, with global strategies, management systems and operations and by taking on global responsibilities. They operate to a much greater degree as one global entity rather than as a collection of international operations tied back to an international headquarters. Over half of a global enterprise’s revenues, sales and employees originate from international markets. Global enterprises focus more on their overseas businesses and globalizing their development strategies, management structures and culture—than typical MNCs. This new model is a natural evolution from previous business strategies. Operating in the 1700s, the earliest international companies were usually trading enterprises that worked on behalf of states. These organizations evolved into “hub-and- spoke” private companies in the 1800s and earlier versions of what we today call the MNC. In the same way that earlier forms of business organizations made dramatic leaps from one structure to the next, today’s globally integrated enterprises have made a similarly large leap (see Figure 1). China’s growing role on the world stage has contributed significantly to the emergence of global enterprises, as global firms, both Chinese and foreign, utilized China’s deep-pool of resources to generate new products, services and production systems for global and domestic markets. This process has also stimulated new forms of innovation. Beyond novel- product innovation, global enterprises also innovate in the way they do business globally, by changing the way services are delivered, supply chains are integrated and companies are managed. As Jinglian Wu argues in his book, “Understanding and Interpreting Chinese Economic Reform,” integration into the world economy has been an important aspect of China’s economic growth because it allows China “to obtain valuable capital resources and, more importantly, it brings advanced technology, management skills, access to overseas markets and competitive pressure.” China’s manufacturing and export industries have become an indispensable part of global enterprises’ production systems. Global enterprises have meanwhile implemented operational globalization and integration involving many other countries. For example, an Indian company creates design solutions for a British construction company in the Middle East. Australian engineers develop solutions for French energy operators in Africa and so on. Unified global business, scientific and technical standards enable global enterprises to enter and leverage the global production system to generate maximum value and output. This process of globalization is also extending to the development of new products and R&D. Previously MNCs from advanced economies typically innovated products and technologies in the markets in which they were headquartered or in other developed economies. However, as global enterprises increasingly leverage talent around the world in global R&D networks, they are now even bringing products innovated in developing countries to the developed world—in a process that some have referred to as “reverse innovation.” This development of world-wide innovation capacities and systems has promoted technology convergence and collaboration with stakeholders across the global value chain, including enterprises, government, consumers, NGOs and academic and research organizations, which has promoted the further development of China’s economy and global economic integration. A globally integrated value chain provides enterprises with new ways to develop and integrate into the global economic system. At present, with the aim to play a more creative and service-oriented role in the global value chain, many Chinese enterprises are deepening integration with the global ecosystem and value chain. They are well on their way in transforming to become global enterprises themselves. 1800s: • Invention of Limited Liability Company • International “hub-and spoke” networks • Home-country manufacturing and international distribution 1700s: • Corporations largely performed specific duties on behalf of nations • Companies were often agents of the State Now: • Trade and investment barriers recede • Revolution in IT increased global operations/ communications • Business operations began to standardize globally 1900s: • Rise of the Multinational Corporation • Pursued international business through local production bases • Some tasks, such as R&D and product design, performed globally Figure 1: The Evolution of Global Enterprises
  • 8. 4 The Evolution of Global Enterprises in China In China, economic development since the start of the reform and opening up has been enabled by the capabilities and operations of global enterprises to a significant degree. Throughout China’s economic development period, there has been a great deal of exchange between Chinese stakeholders and stakeholders at global firms, as each organization worked to understand what the other one wanted and was capable of, and how they could best work together for mutual benefit. As global enterprises pushed the boundaries of innovation, embracing new ways of working and creating value, China similarly innovated and found new ways of developing and “plugging-in” to the world economy. Caterpillar has been operating in China for over 40 years, and throughout that time it has contributed to China’s development and gradual movement up the value chain. During earlier phases of China’s economic development, Caterpillar focused on importing products to support infrastructure building and economic upgrading. During later phases, it focused on investment and development in China, establishing manufacturing and R&D facilities, developing and working with local suppliers, dealers and other business partners. More recently, Caterpillar has continued to invest in and improve the value chain through a long-term approach that aligns business operations with Chinese development goals. Early opening up (1978-1984) China was just beginning to open up to the outside world, and most global firms used “hub-and-spoke” operational models. Most international firms focused on selling imported products, such as much needed construction machinery to Chinese firms, governments and SOEs. Some firms opened their China offices during this time. Phase 1 In 1975, Caterpillar sold construction and mining equipment to the China market, beginning with 38 pipe layers, and opened a Beijing sales office. Market economy development (1984-1993) Foreign enterprises continued to facilitate China to develop economically by providing products and services essential for China’s development, while market-oriented reforms sought to develop private firms in addition to SOEs. Foreign firms were seen as key partners, suppliers or competitors during this development process. China began to develop stronger “innovation” capabilities, as Chinese firms began to develop export capabilities, plugging into the global economy. Phase 2 In 1987, Caterpillar transferred technology to Chinese SOEs, (the former Ministry of Machine Building Industry even set up a specialized “Caterpillar technology introduction office”), which helped lay a foundation for the growth of China’s construction machinery industry.
  • 9. 5 Coexistence of different ownership structures, increased trade and globalization (1993-2005) China integrated with the world economy more fully though public polices focused on developing Chinese enterprises, while China’s successful accession to the WTO allowed the country to continue attracting large foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows. Global firms were beginning to emerge as true “global enterprises,” as increasingly integrated global production systems spread production and value creation to different locations around the world. China was a major beneficiary of these global shifts, as the country utilized innovation promoting policies and business innovation at the local level to partner with global enterprises as new “entry points” to the global economy began to open up. Moreover, FDI flows during this time increased the speed of China’s development by further increasing exports, creating technology transfers and stimulating local development. Phase 3 In the 1990s, Caterpillar opened local production facilities and continued focusing on further developing its independent dealer network. Development of “harmonious society" and the “China Dream" (2005-2013) China progressively rolled back preferential policies for both foreign and local firms. This period saw China’s developmental priorities, and the activities of global enterprises focusing more on developing human, intellectual, institutional, environmental and infrastructure capital, as well as on financial and economic success. Priorities during this phase started to further balance GDP growth with other sustainable developmental needs. Phase 4 In the 2000s, Caterpillar started to fully deploy its business model in China, from suppliers to components, manufacturing, products, dealers and a full array of services, including financial leasing, remanufacturing, etc.
  • 10. 6 DIRECT ECONOMIC BENEFITS WORLD-LEADING MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS CONTRIBUTING TO DEVELOPMENT OF AN INNOVATION-BASED ECONOMY DEVELOPING LOCAL PARTNERSHIPS AND THE INDUSTRY VALUE CHAIN INTRODUCTION OF INNOVATIVE CONCEPTS STRONG CORPORATE CITIZENSHIP TALENT DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE Global Enterprises Development Prism Chapter 2 Since the beginning of the “Opening and Reform” period— the key to success for global enterprises in China has always been alignment with China’s development agenda, and the ability to make a positive impact on China’s economy. As that agenda has evolved and grown increasingly complex over time, global enterprises have needed to maintain an increasingly sophisticated understanding of China’s priorities and goals, so as to both mitigate risks and to capitalize on opportunities for mutual benefit. This includes an understanding of the way China’s strategy to utilize foreign investment and the presence of global enterprises is being continuously calibrated to serve wider strategic objectives. Historically and today, companies seen as instruments of or supportive of China’s development efforts and goals have stood to gain, while those viewed as impediments have found it difficult to achieve their goals. China has, over time, steadily raised the bar in many aspects, with much more emphasis now on the intangible “quality” of foreign investment. With 3.5 trillion dollars in foreign exchange reserves expected by 2016 (accumulated via those decades of rapid growth), a drive to continue moving up the Illuminating Various Impact Areas of Global Enterprises with the Development Prism Figure 2: The Development Prism As development guru Jeffrey Sachs puts it, each country’s approach to development must be continuously calibrated based on evolving national and global socio-economic, geo- political, environment, technological and other dynamics. China’s capacity to innovate, access and utilize resources industrial value chain (from “made in China” to “created in China”), and an agenda to address the ills of over-rapid development, China has become choosier about FDI over the last decade in particular. This report uses a sophisticated development prism that is capable of refracting the full spectrum of China’s growth, illuminating all the potential areas of alignment for global enterprises, and the various instruments and impediments a company may pose—at a given point in time, and with an eye to the future. The development prism (see Figure 2: The Development Prism) can illuminate global enterprises and their actions in terms of productivity-driven economic growth and manufacturing- industry upgrading, as well as ways to address the unique social, technological, environmental or economic dynamics that face China. Moreover, the prism can be used to highlight, for global enterprises, their actual or potential role in efficiency promotion, industry upgrading, infrastructure, education, rural and regional development, local industry enablement and resource/energy security—in light of evolving local priorities and expectations. and energy, manage health and education systems for a huge population, balance growth in exports and infrastructure, tax systems and capital markets, savings and consumption rates and many other factors are all facets of the classic struggle to move from a developing to a developed country. And the role of global enterprises in China can—and should—be understood in light of all these various factors. 6
  • 11. 7 Below, we illuminate eight key development hues or “impact areas" where global enterprises contribute to China’s development. We also highlight Caterpillar as an example throughout, noting the way that the company contributes to China’s economic development and other goals in each area. Direct Economic Benefits FDI and the presence of foreign companies in China have been utilized by the Chinese government to advance China’s development in myriad aspects since the beginning of the “Opening and Reform” period. This is both qualitative and quantitative. While today there is more emphasis than before on the intangible and qualitative impacts of FDI—the direct economic benefits of foreign investment continue to be viewed as very important. Below we elaborate on different aspects of the direct economic benefits China derives from the presence of global enterprises. Figure 3 : Global Enterprises’ Contributions to China’s Economic Development • Global enterprises invested over $128 billion in 2014 alone • Since the “Opening and Reform" period began, China has grown to become one of the largest recipients of FDI globally • From 1991 to 2013, employment in urban areas by foreign-funded enterprises increased from 960,000 to 15.66 million with an average annual increase of 0.6 million jobs • This increase contributed 28% of new urban employment in 2013 • Taxes from global enterprises have generated over $50 billion for local governments in 2013 alone • This tax revenue has helped to generate growth and investment in China • Studies have shown that FDI increasees employement within private domestic firms within the same sector • Global enterprises connect Chinese producers with foreign markets providing valuable investment and partnership opportunities • In 2014, China exported $2.34 trillion worth of goods; between 1980 and 2012, China’s exports increased 122 times • The spillover effects of global enterprises’ procurement in China have been calculated to have an astounding impact. In theory, every dollar that global enterprises invest in China can result in USD $2.15 of GDP growth Investment Employment Tax Revenue Employment Spillovers International Integration Procurement
  • 12. 8 Caterpillar Economic Impacts in China Caterpillar has been in China for 40 years, contributing to China’s strong economic growth and other aspects of development throughout that time. In addition to providing Chinese companies and projects with world-class products and services, Caterpillar has helped integrate Chinese partners into their global operations and the global economy more generally. Caterpillar’s China operations have had many direct economic impacts in China (see Figure 7). 0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1995 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Gross output value (100M RMB) Employment (10,000) Figure 5: Employment and Output of Foreign-funded Construction Enterprises in China Source: China Statistical Yearbook, 2014 Foreign enterprise employment in China (10,000) Percentage of urban employment in China 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2001 2012 2013 2014 0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000 0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 7% 8% Figure 4: Foreign Enterprises Remain Important Employers in China Source: CAITEC Year Yield of 1 RMB of Investment 2006 1.72 RMB 2007 1.76 RMB 2008 1.81 RMB 2009 2.10 RMB 2010 1.78 RMB 2011 2.31 RMB 2012 2.27 RMB 2013 2.14 RMB 2014 2.15 RMB Figure 6: Effects of FDI on GDP Growth in China FDI, and investment in general, creates GDP output and income throughout China’s economy—an effect known as the Keynes’ Investment Multiplier. In China, based on data from the National Bureau of Statistics, each RMB global enterprises invested in 2014 could drive up to RMB 2.15 in GDP output. Source: Based on data from China Statistical Yearbook, 2014 Figure 7: Caterpillar Presence in China Facilities • 29 manufacturing facilities • 4 R&D centers • 3 logistic & component centers Employment • 13,000 employees • 4 dealers with 8,500 employees • 350+ suppliers with 18,000 dedicated employees
  • 13. 9 Figure 8: Large Developing Economies are Moving Up in Global Manufacturing Manufacturing has been a key driver of China’s economic growth in recent decades, and will remain so in the coming decades. Globally, manufacturing is a major contributor to GDP (16%) and employment (14%) in both developing and developed countries. In China, manufacturing accounts for more than one third of China’s GDP. Major policy initiatives have sought to advance China’s manufacturing industries through technological upgrading in key sectors. China has been seeking to maintain and enhance its competitive edge in the global manufacturing industry by focusing on emerging industries like new materials and advanced equipment manufacturing, while also improving overall manufacturing quality and worker safety, stimulating indigenous innovation, reducing costs and environmental impacts and moving to center-stage in global technological research. Global enterprises have contributed to these goals by serving as role models, bringing their experience in the industrial Internet, training local talents, promoting the development of industrial clusters and helping to develop and upgrade capabilities among suppliers and the wider industrial ecosystem. With continuously rising expectations and standards for quality, variety and value, global enterprises have constantly sought new ways to improve the quality of inputs to production, to innovate and implement efficient new manufacturing processes and develop and adhere to exacting standards to deliver products and services to their customers globally. This has also influenced domestic firms in China to improve their own manufacturing capabilities, both to compete as suppliers and as direct competitors. As a result of this manufacturing activity and upgrading, both within global enterprises and local Chinese firms, China has rapidly ascended the global manufacturing value chain (see Figure 8i ). Globally-defined quality management standards like ISO 9000, as well as company-driven process improvement strategies like Six Sigma were developed with support of global enterprises to ensure safety, product quality and cost effectiveness, all in pursuit of meeting exacting consumer demands. Learning from global enterprises, some Chinese enterprises have greatly improved their own manufacturing systems. Global enterprises have provided consulting services, products and technologies that are directly aligned with China’s advanced manufacturing agenda. Top 10 manufacturers by share of global nominal manufacturing gross value added Source: McKinsey, “Manufacturing the Future: The Next Era of Global Growth and Innovation” World-leading Manufacturing Systems Rank 1980 1990 2000 2010 1 United States United States United States United States 2 Germany Japan Japan China 3 Japan Germany Germany Japan 4 United Kingdom Italy China Germany 5 France United Kingdom United Kingdom Italy 6 Italy France Italy Brazil 7 China China France South Korea 8 Brazil Brazil South Korea France 9 Spain Spain Canada United Kingdom 10 Canada Canada Mexico India
  • 14. 10 Caterpillar in Pursuit of Manufacturing Excellence and Safety Throughout its 90 years of operation, Caterpillar has established a strong reputation in the industry for manufacturing excellence with a focus on delivering high- quality machines to customers while manufacturing them in a safe, efficient way and constantly introducing new measures in pursuit of these goals. The company started implementing Six Sigma programs company-wide in 2000, focusing intently on improving product quality and the elimination of defects. The company introduced its own Caterpillar Production System (CPS) in 2005, aiming to use a common language to improve operational efficiency in terms of worker safety, quality, speed and cost through the organization globally. In 2013, Caterpillar began rolling out its manufacturing excellence principles, which leverage the tools and processes of Six Sigma and CPS to eliminate waste and drive efficiency. Caterpillar’s China facilities are also contributing in the company’s pursuit of lean principles. Beginning with the implementation of Six Sigma in 2002 and the Caterpillar Production System (CPS) in 2005, today, 11 Caterpillar locations in China are implementing lean methodologies. These efforts have achieved significant results, including defect reductions of 85 percent within various value streams. Caterpillar is using the methodology to improve process and product quality, while also empowering employees to better meet the needs of customers. In addition, these advanced methodologies are also applied to the extended enterprise including Caterpillar's suppliers and dealers in China, so as to improve the efficiency of the entire value chain and address customer needs from order to delivery. Caterpillar considers safety as the number one priority for its facilities around the world, and adheres to a zero-injury policy and internalization of global safety standards. In 2014, Caterpillar decreased its enterprise Recordable Injury Frequency (RIF) to 0.71, a significant improvement over when the program began over a decade ago (see Figure 9). For example, Caterpillar’s China components facility began implementing a new observation program to detect unsafe behaviors in December 2012 and achieved a 43 percent drop in RIF by 2014. The facility was named a safety culture demonstration enterprise by the Wuxi City government in 2013. 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 2003 2010 2012 2013 2014 Recordable injuries per 200,000 hours worked Work-related injuries resulting in lost time per 200,000 hours worked 6.22 2.97 1.03 1.02 0.78 0.71 0.28 0.29 0.230.3 Figure 9: Caterpillar Workplace Safety Measures
  • 15. 11 Figure 10: Impact of Foreign R&D in China Innovation is a key driver of economic growth. Developing an innovation-based economy and better technologies to address development challenges, and ultimately become a global innovation hub, have been the goals of national development policies in China for some time. By establishing R&D centers, engaging in vertical and horizontal technology transfers, developing and introducing new technologies, providing technical training to employees, engaging universities and local research organizations, supporting education in science and technology, outsourcing elements of research and development, granting internships and so on, global enterprises have contributed to China’s goals with win-win partnerships that generate many innovation spillover benefits. Global enterprises also advocate for stronger protections for intellectual property rights (IPR) in all markets they engage, and studies have shown a strong positive relationship between IPR enforcement, innovation and economic growth.ii The 2014 Global Innovation Index found that market dominance by established enterprises and limited competition are inhibitors of innovation. By their presence in China, global enterprises have helped stimulate innovation through competition as well as open innovation collaborations. Vertical knowledge and technology transfers are a common way for local supply-chain partners to gain knowledge and technology from global enterprises. Global enterprises move knowledge and technology to all of their touch points throughout the value chain, including local manufacturers, partner firms and applied research centers that can develop know-how into functioning goods and services. Horizontal knowledge transfers move technologies and knowledge across the value chain, from one area to another, a common practice as competitors, partners and other cross-industry players absorb and innovate technology and knowledge. Industry competitors and partners benefit greatly from the presence, products, transfers and spillovers global enterprises bring to local markets (see Figure 11). The Impact of Caterpillar R&D in China Headquartered in the Wuxi High and New-Tech Industrial Development Zone of Jiangsu province, with branches in Qingdao, Tianjin and in close association with the Asia Pacific Proving Ground in Nantong, Caterpillar R&D Center (China) Co., Ltd. (CRDC) has grown to be Caterpillar’s largest comprehensive R&D center outside the United States, employing over 900 engineers and supporting staff, nearly all of them local hires. As part of Caterpillar’s global R&D network, China R&D centers play the leading role in innovation and product development for growth markets. In the past few years, Caterpillar China’s R&D Centers have participated in developing new engines and machines for growth markets, obtaining over 170 patents. As a flagship R&D center and an integral part of Caterpillar’s global R&D network, the CRDC has pursued product and process development, product validation, localization and technological training based on the unique requirements of China and other growth markets. It has provided intellectual property management and IT support to Caterpillar facilities in China and other growth markets. The innovative technologies and products developed by the CDRC have been sent from China to other emerging markets, as well as developed markets in a phenomena known as “reverse innovation.” For example, in collaboration with Caterpillar’s global team, the CRDC leveraged its innovative local talent and global resources to develop the Caterpillar 986H wheel loader, specifically tailored to China’s needs for a smaller loader for use in its booming cement quarries. This product was also made available in other markets. A sound R&D eco-system consisting of strategically collocated R&D centers, proving grounds, suppliers, manufacturing facilities, universities and national labs has been formed. Contributing to the Development of an Innovation-based Economy As of 2014, foreign firms had established over 1,500 R&D centers in China, up from less than 200 in year 2000 Improves production technology, and influences other firms through spillover effects Setting up R&D activities in China can help reduce and reverse “brain drain”
  • 16. 12 Caterpillar has implemented a robust engineering talent pipeline strategy, including global engineering programs such as the Engineering Rotational Development Program (ERDP) and the Engineering Development Program (EDP), which help new hires, graduates, experienced professionals and senior leaders alike, enter the Caterpillar product development pipeline smoothly by working with Caterpillar employees to go through rotational program assignments and other on-the-job training assignments. Since the launch in 2012, approximately 20 percent of Caterpillar China’s R&D engineers have graduated from these programs. These engineers are also encouraged to internally move across different functions, business units and regions. Figure 11: Vertical / Horizontal Technology Transfers and Spillover In addition, leveraging Caterpillar’s multifunctional R&D strengths within science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) fields, over 400 students across 25 teams have been sponsored by CRDC to participate in a the FIRST Tech Challenge (FTC) robotics competition. Since 2012, over 1,000 volunteering hours have been contributed to coaching and mentoring programing software and machine design by the students.
  • 17. 13 Global enterprises have had a positive impact by partnering and collaborating with local economic actors in many ways. Aside from the shared direct economic benefits of such partnerships—leveraging comparative advantages to provide competitive goods and services and generate profit—these partnerships have facilitated knowledge sharing and other spillover effects of foreign investment, serving to develop local employment and expertise in addition to building up industrial and economic capabilities across the industry and innovation value chain in China (see Figure 12). The story of a Chinese company that started out as an OEM or even a distributor for global brands—ultimately building its capacity to the point where it could begin to introduce its own products and services—is quite familiar and representative of one aspect of the potential of such partnerships. In many cases, global firms have a clear goal to increase the capacity of Chinese partners and collaborate with them globally by working with them to improve quality and various other aspects of their business performance. While expanding to include a wider range and a higher-level of partnerships, the cooperation between global enterprises and Chinese enterprises has gradually shifted from equipment processing to design and R&D. Geographically, such operations have also extended to the middle and west of China. It has of course not been a one-way transfer of knowledge and expertise. Global enterprises have leveraged and benefited from the capabilities of partners in local markets and local supply chains, such as invaluable local knowledge, skills and cost-effective solutions, to achieve successful global operations. Some Chinese firms are also at the global technology and innovation frontier in specific areas— for example in e-commerce—and so this enables them to contribute to global collaborations and play a much more dynamic role than was previously expected of a Chinese company. Strong Chinese partners have also brought opportunities for global companies to partner with Chinese companies in other regions. The energy and resources sectors are obvious examples—in these sectors, global companies have formed JVs, investment-partnerships and other joint projects with China’s energy companies in Africa, North America, the Middle East and other parts of the world. In many instances, these Chinese companies have been transforming into global enterprises themselves. For local partners, global firms offer strong global networks and resources, industry-leading technology and management and the potential for further development and partnership agreements in China and around the world. Figure 12: Statistics on R&D and Related Activities of Large and Medium Foreign-Funded Enterprises in China Region Full-time Equivalent of R&D Personnel (man-year) Expenditure in R&D Institutions (10,000 yuan) 2000 2005 2009 2010 2011 2012 2000 2005 2009 2010 2011 2012 Total 9,375 33,860 78,235 113,156 85,971 112,477 148,968 476,070 1,754,756 2,137,613 2,061,718 3,516,320 Eastern Region 6,938 31,656 71,943 107,563 80,675 107,887 141,995 464,129 1,683,815 2,077,867 2,008,759 3,424,581 Middle Region 183 118 1,773 1,785 2,027 2,408 198 2,225 31,296 33,872 17,860 58,890 Western Region 1,123 506 1,494 1,936 1,429 793 4,188 3,233 25,819 16,937 18,246 16,859 Northeastern Region 1,131 1,579 3,025 1,873 1,840 1,387 2,588 6,483 13,826 8,937 16,853 15,989 Source: CAITEC Figure 13: FDI Utilization by Sector Source: China Statistical Yearbook, 2014 FDI by sector (utilized investment), 2013 Manufacturing Real Estate Others Wholesale and Retail Trades Leasing and Business Services Transport, Storage and Post 4% 14% 39% 24% 10% 9% Devoloping Local Partnerships and the Industry Value Chain
  • 18. 14 Local Partnerships and Development Dealer Network Build-up 20 years ago, Caterpillar was one of the very first global companies to introduce a dealer-focused business model to China’s construction machinery industry, as compared to the norm of direct selling by manufacturers. Now, the dealership model has become a common way of doing business between machine manufacturers and buyers. Most domestic manufacturers have publicly expressed a desire to set up dealer networks like Caterpillar’s. Caterpillar began establishing its dealer network in China in the mid-1990s and has been consistently investing in developing its China dealers—Lei Shing Hong, WesTrac China, China Engineers and ECI-Metro. Focusing on building a long-term relationship is a different strategy from appointing a trading company or a selling agent that can be terminated and replaced for not meeting a sales quota on a yearly basis. Customers have been attracted to and supported by its trusted dealer network and have developed long-term loyalty to Caterpillar. The relationships between Caterpillar and its dealers have grown from sharing similar corporate values and long-term thinking that work together to improve the overall customer experience. The enduring trust has been put to the test during the ups and downs of industry cycles. According to the China Construction Machinery Association (CCMA), more than one third of construction equipment dealers, large and small, closed down between 2011 and 2014 due to a downturn in the industry. However, Caterpillar dealers all persevered thanks to the diversified product line and financial leasing support from Caterpillar. Caterpillar demonstrated to the industry the value of engaging with a network of dealers who are financially strong, have long term commitment to Caterpillar and China and are able to develop deep local knowledge and close relationships with local customers. As Caterpillar noted, competitors can replicate the products, but they cannot replicate the solid relationships and trust that has been built up with dealers over 50 years on average globally. Supplier Collaboration China is one of the largest sourcing markets for Caterpillar in the Asia Pacific region, with significant direct procurement spending as well as a high-level of exports. Over the past 20 years, Caterpillar’s supplier base in China has grown from five to more than 350. Suppliers have been a critical part of the industry value chain and cannot simply be regarded as low-cost components providers. Caterpillar has invested in developing long-term mutually-beneficial relationships with its suppliers, providing opportunities for business training, technical exchanges, joint research and development and corporate culture development. However, in the mid-1990s, only a few Chinese suppliers could meet Caterpillar’s stringent criteria for supplier selection in terms of quality, cost, logistics, development and management. By providing opportunities for business training, technical exchanges, joint R&D and corporate culture development over the years, Caterpillar worked to improve supplier performance. The company introduced advanced production systems and management philosophies like Six Sigma, Caterpillar Production System and the lean model to suppliers. Caterpillar assigned dedicated “black belts" in these Chinese suppliers to improve their product quality, technical and manufacturing capabilities and operational management, believing that only an advanced and sophisticated supplier base can enable further development for the overall industry. Notably, some suppliers have expanded their business beyond China, constructing facilities abroad and supplying Caterpillar globally, leveraging the skills they obtained from Caterpillar. Furthermore, Caterpillar has started to bring its overseas suppliers to a supplier park in Xuzhou, as the Chinese construction industries continues to evolve. To illustrate how far the supplier base has come, 20 years ago, Caterpillar relied primarily on imported components to support its business operation in China. CCMA has acknowledged Caterpillar as a role model for development in China’s construction machinery industry. Indeed, the long-lasting and excellent relationship between Caterpillar, suppliers and dealers has been a differentiating factor for the company’s success.
  • 19. 15 For many global enterprises, succeeding globally has as much been driven by innovating new business concepts and adapting them in different markets, as it has by technology and product innovation. Those that have succeeded in China have had a significant impact on the business landscape by introducing new business concepts that Chinese firms then emulate, adapt or improve. Examples include “just-in-time” supply chain management in manufacturing, demand side management and energy performance contracting, modular construction in buildings and infrastructure and many others. Global enterprises have inspired domestic enterprises to innovate and develop new business models of their own, helping China move up the product and services value-chain from low margin manufacturing activity to higher-value- added activity (see Figure 14). In the majority of cases, successful and reputable global enterprises replicated their globally-proven business concepts and practices in China while innovatively adapting to the local operating environment. In some instances, global enterprises engage in direct capacity building with Chinese regulators to help inform policies that could allow growth of new industries. As China pursued innovation-driven development, global enterprises continued to play a very positive role as business and institutional innovators in addressing specific needs for technology or services, promoting favorable business environments for new industries and as models of success. Product Value Chain Margin LowHigh Development Production Services Relatively low-value manufacturing work, high energy use High-value, low energy use design, engineering work High-value distribution, marketing, retail Figure 14: Margin Movement within the Product Value Chain Innovative Business Concepts and Advanced Service for Industry Upgrading Remanufacturing as an Advanced Form of Recycling Caterpillar’s remanufacturing (“reman”) service illustrates how a Caterpillar capability can come to benefit both the company’s business and China’s economy. Reman is a process of returning end-of-life products to the “same-as-when- new” condition or even better at a fraction of the costs of new product manufacturing. This is a win for the business, customers and also the environment. In spite of the environmental and business benefits, the awareness of reman was low in China. Caterpillar was among the first global enterprises to introduce product remanufacturing to China, drawing from its decades of experience with process and technology best practices from its 17 remanufacturing facilities worldwide. It built a dedicated remanufacturing facility in Shanghai in 2005. To jointly promote the development of the reman industry in China, Caterpillar and China’s National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) signed a letter of intent in 2006, in which Caterpillar agreed to provide expertise to assist the NDRC and Chinese research institutions in supporting the development of the reman industry. Reman came to be regarded as “encouraged” for foreign investment. Some estimate the total output value of China’s remanufacturing industry will reach 150 billion yuan ($24 billion) in 2015. Reman can make a major contribution to China’s unprecedented efforts to build a circular economy. Given China’s market size and growing sophistication, China is expected to become a leader in reman in the Asia Pacific region and globally. TESTED REMANUFACTURED SALVAGED CLEANED CORE RETURNED TO CATERPILLAR PRODUCT BEGINS LIFE CYCLE PERFORMS REGULARLY MAINTAINED MATURES Renman Life cycle Product Life cycle RE-ENTERS SUPPLY CHAIN REPLACED BEFORE FAILURE Figure 15: Product to Reman Life Cycle Introduction of Innovative Concepts
  • 20. 16 Financial Leasing Enabling Success of Small Customers & Medium Sized Enterprises As the changing economic landscape created a need to empower more small Chinese construction clients and medium sized enterprises, Caterpillar leveraged its global experience in the financial leasing industry to enter and serve the Chinese market. Although the low availability of credit information posed a major challenge for Caterpillar, the company adapted its global credit analysis techniques and leveraged its access to capital from foreign markets to create competitive and innovative solutions for local customers. In 2004, Caterpillar China Financial Leasing Co., Ltd. (CCFL) was established, becoming the first wholly foreign manufacturer owned financial leasing company in China’s construction machinery industry. CCFL’s risk management and corporate governance policies, the bedrock of Caterpillar’s world-leading credit and risk management capabilities, were initially adapted to suit the China market (localized), then improved, and expanded upon (innovated) through the years. CCFL was also invited to share best practices with others in the financial leasing industry and with relevant government institutions. In this way, CCFL helped introduce and expand the financial leasing industry in China, while at the same time creating brand loyalty with Caterpillar customers. CCFL has so far provided financial leasing services to over 50,000 customers for 70,000 machines in China. As a role model of foreign financing and leasing enterprises, Caterpillar has an advanced management system. Moreover, Caterpillar manages its business under a strict code of conduct. Being a role model for enterprise management and business risk-control is one of Caterpillar’s most important contributions. Since 2004, CCFL has: • Provided customers access to the same, best-in-class products that were formerly only available to large, cash- rich, State-backed enterprises • Supported productivity improvements through the leasing of Caterpillar machines and helped customers excel through financial service excellence • Served as a role model for other companies in the industry for management systems and risk control • Helped upgrade the financial leasing industry by developing and improving credit processes, maintaining robust portfolio health performance and providing customer focused solutions to help customers through tough times; thus leading the industry with leasing services to meet customer needs China’s financial leasing industry developed to be one of the most dynamic in China, as the number of financial leasing companies grew to well over 2,000. Industry spillovers from leading companies like Caterpillar, and rapid growth in the industry generally, created an environment in which equipment manufacturers and other industrial companies were able to establish their own leasing companies. Additionally, many professional service firms in legal, strategy consulting and leasing tax-consulting services have also proliferated in the market. The government has also recently announced its plan to promote financial leasing as it sees it as a strong driver to support economic growth in China. Figure 17: Year-on-Year Capital Leasing in China Annual Amount of Capital Leased in China BillionRMB 2,500 2,000 1,500 1,000 500 0 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 economic Changing dynamics economic Changing dynamics Small individual contractors/ users Small individual contractors/ users Fragmented industrial and financial systems Fragmented industrial and financial systems Massive labor migration Massive labor migration Figure 16: Small Customer’s Market Environment Source: China Industry News Network, 2014
  • 21. 17 Strong corporate citizenship and well-developed corporate social responsibility (CSR) programs are top priorities for global enterprises that realize that their business impact goes beyond financial impact or performance—and that their “social license to operate” depends on much more than complying with relevant laws and regulations. It can be argued that being viewed as socially responsible and trustworthy is, today, just as important as the “core” business activities companies engage in. As China has reintegrated with the global community over the past four decades, global enterprises operating in China have brought CSR best practices with them and have been expected to serve as CSR role models in China. Global enterprises’ CSR efforts in China focus on participating in, promoting or even leading China’s sustainable development. They can leverage their advantages of advanced concepts, energy conservation and emissions reduction and standardized operation to continuously participate in the transformation, upgrading and sustainable development of Chinese industries. Through a combination of intrinsic motivation and government encouragement, Chinese companies have also engaged in CSR as they grow domestically and reach abroad, learning by example as well as through sharing of best practices (see Figure 18 and Figure 19). Citizenship and CSR initiatives have enabled companies to “give back,” while also addressing issues of concern to local stakeholders—in creating shared value. Global enterprises have succeeded in this area, in part, by building the institutional capacity to understand and engage with local stakeholders—to collaborate in addressing and achieving common interests. Caterpillar CSR and CSI Caterpillar is committed to upgrading the entire value chain, contributing new concepts to the industry and making upgrades across China, including innovations in social dimensions. In terms of CSR, Caterpillar represents some of the best practices in terms of industrial standards and experience sharing, which make it a leading figure in the industry. Caterpillar has supported the philanthropic work of the Caterpillar Foundation, which has contributed more than $600 million to charitable causes, including many that help make sustainable progress possible around the world. Different from traditional CSR, Caterpillar’s approach is defined as “corporate social innovation” (CSI) or “catalytic philanthropy.” It begins by understanding the major human needs and then seeks and establishes partnerships with organizations that provide those basic necessities—creating an economic landscape in which economies can grow and girls and women in particular can thrive. Caterpillar’s CSI approach considers the human implications of business at the front end of the value creation chain and integrates philanthropy and business needs to conquer global issues. Philanthropy allows an entry point for business in markets not yet ripe for “for profit” solutions to human need. CSR as Value Creation CSR as Risk Management CSR as Corporate Philanthropy Corporate programs provide funds and capabilities, creating some strategic/operational impact. CSR as a fundamental element of business strategy, drives real operational impact and creates shared value by promoting competitiveness, innovation and human capital, harmonizing economic, social and environmen- tal sustainability. Compliance measures have medium strategic and operational impact, mostly mitigating operational risks and potential impacts. social benefit and Figure 18: CSR Value Chain Strong Corporate Citizenship
  • 22. 18 Figure 19: Caterpillar’s CSI Impact in China Environment Education Basic Human Needs Employee Volunteerism Caterpillar’s CSI Employee Giving - In the past five years, over 3,000 Caterpillar employees held and participated in various volunteer activities - Over 4,000 Caterpillar China and Caterpillar dealer employees donated RMB 450,688 for Ya’an earthquake relief - Caterpillar employees in different cities make regular donations to their communities Promoting Education - Pre-school to vocational education for rural students - Programs in STEM education, reading, language and emergency safety - Providing school buildings, books, school kitchens, computers and eye-glasses - Hundreds of thousands students benefitting Caterpillar Foundation Charity Forest - 7,340 kg of dust reduced per year (2014) - 48,771 tons of carbon stored per year (2014) - 33,639 tons of oxygen released per year (2014) - Over 300,000 trees planted (end of 2015) Great River Partnership - Environmental protection planning, policy research, environmental flow practice and aquatic life monitoring standardization along the Yangtze River - Identified 24 biodiversity conservation priority areas - Aquatic life monitoring network established - Environment flow proposal for dams along Yangtze River Sustainable Urbanization and Livable City Construction Project - GHG reduction, energy efficiency improvement, water quality and urban transport improvement and land use research - Three main phases: 1) Blueprints for environmentally smarter growth; 2) Demonstration projects; 3) Spreading success to other emerging cities - Pilot cities in Chengdu and Qingdao Poverty Alleviation - Goal: 50 million people worldwide on the “Path to Prosperity” by 2020 - 125 rural families supported. 1,800 farmers trained on agriculture practices and accounting. Average incomes rose 20% (collaboration with China Foundation for Poverty Alleviation, 2014) - 186,401 jobs and training for 5,540 people in rural areas (collaboration with Opportunity International, 2014) Disaster Relief - 2008 Snow Disaster - 2008 Wenchuan earthquake - 2010 Qinghai earthquake - 2013 Ya’an earthquake - 2014 Ludian earthquake - Established Disaster Preparedness and Mitigation Special Fund with the China Foundation for Poverty Alleviation in 2015
  • 23. 19 Attracting and retaining top global as well as local talent is of critical importance to global enterprises, and competition for this talent is exceptionally intense in China. In AmCham’s annual China Business Climate Survey, 66 percent of global companies in China’s resources and industrial industries reported 75 percent or more of their top country management was Chinese. This growing majority of local leadership illustrates global enterprises’ understanding of the importance of strong local teams with technical expertise and understanding of the business and wider operating context. From a Chinese developmental perspective, it has been a healthy phenomenon to see senior executives of global enterprises move on to Chinese companies or start their own firms. This has been one of the most obvious “spill over” benefits of foreign investment in China, as it is in other developing countries. Indeed, many of China’s most innovative and dynamic companies are now led by executives with experience and expertise from working with leading global enterprises. Global enterprises are commonly seen as a “university” for local talent to develop professional skills. In the short term, these efforts have helped develop talents in China, and in the long run, the talent development spillovers from global enterprises to the rest of the Chinese economy will help China move up the value chain and develop a more services- based economy (see Figure 20). Successful global firms have elevated their talent- development strategy to the level of overall business strategy. This includes: • Making local talent global, by working to understand what local employees truly value, such as a healthy work- life balance, taking a long-term view to training and developing local employees and providing top talent with global opportunities • Making global talent local, by expecting longer-term commitments from executives transferring to China from abroad, along with extensive training on the local culture and business environment. In this way, global enterprises developed much more integrated and effective leaders in China • Importantly, the most successful global enterprises also understand that fostering a strong sense of community and commitment among employees through a strong company culture is a critical factor in retaining talent. Caterpillar Talent Development Caterpillar’s talent development efforts have created a strong environment for cultivating leadership. The company makes employee career development a high priority, understanding that fostering a high sense of self-fulfillment among employees is a win-win proposition. Source: Strategy & 2014 China Innovation Survey: China’s innovation is Going Global Figure 20: Chinese Companies and MNCs Innovation Challenges Average responses where 1 = don’t agree and 5 = strongly agree. Average responses to the question, “In the process of conducting innovation in Mainland China, is your company facing the following challenges? 5 4 3 2 1 0 Talent Access Talent Retention Inadequate in tellectural property protection Rapid cost increases Inadequate infrastructure and innovative ecosystem Difficulties in understanding market needs Chinese Companies MNCs Talent Develoment Senior managers in China: 80%Chinese Employees trained in 2014: 8,000 Leadership training investment: $70million The Caterpillar Career Development Plan is a centerpiece in building this employee satisfaction. This is a highly interactive process where employees take initiative to form their own career development plan, receive feedback from their managers and get support from the company. In 2014, Caterpillar provided training for employees in China, with an average of two trainings per person. This encompassed management, operations, production, professional skills, exchange programs, mentoring and coaching and general career development. This philosophy of helping employees achieve their potential helped the company achieve a turnover rate of about half the market average.
  • 24. 20 Through years of operating in various markets throughout the world, global enterprises have realized that environmental performance makes good business sense. As China’s economy became more developed and sophisticated, global enterprises considered the environmental impacts of their business operations earlier and acted more swiftly to promote sustainability. Global enterprises have contributed to China’s sustainable development and environmental protection by serving as role models for Chinese firms by developing and leveraging environmentally friendly technologies and practices and by supporting China as it continued to strengthen its policies to improve the energy and carbon efficiency of its economy. They have helped to develop global and local environmental management standards, such as ISO 14000, which have been shown to help enterprises improve performance, identify savings and position themselves to compete more effectively in the global market by demonstrating commitment to and alignment with the needs and requirements of customers, shareholders, local communities and relevant regulatory agencies.iii This context motivated global enterprises to advance their developmental agenda in a sustainable way that does not put their future business operations and resources at risk. This has frequently involved encouraging or even requiring suppliers and dealers to undertake sustainability measures themselves. Studies have concluded that China could attract $620 billion in clean energy investment between 2010 and 2020. Global enterprises that have developed the needed technologies for other markets, or that are developing new technologies tailored for Chinese needs, stand ready to supply this growing demand as we will explore in Chapter 4. With their active engagement in the China market, these enterprises have supported official policies and the achievement of higher efficiency of energy use in electricity generation, transportation, green buildings and other areas. Many also collaborated with Chinese partners in R&D to develop the next generation of environmental technologies with global applications.iv Caterpillar and Environmental Sustainability Caterpillar recognizes the value of sustainability and has worked to integrate sustainability into their business operations by promoting environmental stewardship, social responsibility and efficient economic growth. In China, these enterprise-level contributions are significant. However, greater potential impacts are possible through contributing innovative business models and processes, as mentioned above (see: Introduction of Innovative Concept). For example, Caterpillar’s facilities in China have achieved significant results in emissions reduction, energy saving and waste reduction, including: • Wuxi facility: Reduced total phosphate emissions by 30 kilograms per year, and VOC emissions by around 8.4 metric tons in 2013 • Suzhou facility: A natural gas conservation project launched in 2012 saved 116,000 cubic meters of natural gas in eight months and was recognized as a role model for saving energy in the Suzhou Industrial Park • Over the last three years, Caterpillar’s Shanghai reman facility has saved 13,000 tons of CO2 emissions and 7 million kWh of electricity. Compared with new production, reman can save 50 percent in costs, 60 percent in energy and 70 percent in materials Operational energy intensity by 28% since 2006 … and achieved 90.6% enterprise recycling rate in 2014 Figure 21: Social Impact—Sustainable Development Integration • Reduce operational costs and organzational complexity • Build stakeholder acceptance • Reduce pollutants and contamination • Save natural resources Environment impact Business impact Better social impact-sustainable development Caterpillar’s global operations reduce: 38% 34% Greenhouse gas emissions intensity by Water consumption intensity by Environmental Performance
  • 25. 21 By viewing their role in China through the development prism, global enterprises have made significant contributions to China’s development in the “impact areas” discussed in this chapter. Going forward, as China develops in the “new normal" period, global enterprises continue to have a positive role to play in supporting China’s development in a wide range of areas for sustainable development. What’s more, as more and more Chinese companies strive to become global enterprises themselves, they can learn from the experience of established global enterprises—from their success not only in China but also in global markets. Shanxi Liheng Steel Co., Ltd. avoided over 300,000 metric tons of CO2 emissions per year, roughly equal to removing 55,000 cars from the roads each year, through use of Solar Turbines’ CHP system. Equally important, Caterpillar has helped many of its Chinese customers make improvements in sustainability. Shanxi Liheng Steel Co., Ltd. (Liheng Steel), one of Caterpillar subsidiary Solar Turbines’ customers, received a Certificate of Avoided GHG Emissions from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for its achievement in reducing carbon emissions through its combined heat and power (CHP) system. The company has used specialized gas turbine generator sets to burn the coke oven gas that is a byproduct of steel making. The process reduces the coke oven gas being released into the atmosphere while at the same time producing electricity. Saved raw materials (t) Saved energy (tce) Saved water (t) CO2 emission reduction (t) 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 2012 2013 2014 0 Figure 22: Remanufacturing Resource Savings—Caterpillar Shanghai Facility 300,000metric tons
  • 26. 22 Chapter 3 Developing strong companies and integrating them in the global economy has been among China’s national priorities for decades. In the current “new normal” stage of development, developing strong companies is more vital than ever, as China works to move its industries up the value chain and to rebalance its economy so it is more sustainable. This chapter discusses how the experience of global enterprises in China is relevant to the growing number of Chinese companies that are now going global themselves. With China’s economic growth momentum, strategic policy support and competitive advantages in certain industries, many Chinese companies, including State-owned enterprises (SOEs), have grown to sizes rivaling or surpassing top firms around the world. Chinese-headquartered companies on Fortune’s Global 500 list have risen from 12 in 2001, to 98 in 2015 (second only to the U.S., with 128 companiesv ). Chinese companies have meanwhile developed operations and a presence all over the world. However, big does not necessarily mean effective or efficient. And having an international presence does not mean they are truly global. While there are excellent examples of Chinese companies already succeeding globally, on the whole they still face many challenges and obstacles on the path to global success. While some Chinese firms have been able to apply competitive China-specific advantages such as cost innovation and manufacturing strengths to succeed globally, many struggle due to limited customer and stakeholder knowledge abroad, low brand recognition and a lack of global management experience and related systems. However, as more and more expand internationally, they can overcome these challenges, including by leveraging the experience and approaches of global enterprises. The report highlights below five areas where global enterprises excel, and the implications for Chinese companies as they transform to become truly global. Becoming Global with China 22 China’s overseas investments in the development- critical industries of construction, manufacturing, energy and resources extraction have seen impressive growth over the past decade—and provide a useful focal point for discussion. Chinese companies in these sectors entered the global market as a result of both market drivers pushing firms to expand abroad and government policies guiding and supporting such activities. The new One Belt, One Road (Belt and Road) Initiative is an example of a government initiative that supports Chinese companies to expand internationally in these industries. The new Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) will meanwhile help supply $100 billion in capital for infrastructure projects, and the Chinese Government has also dedicated $40 billion for the Silk Road Fund to develop infrastructure projects. Such investments will create myriad opportunities for business. Key considerations for going global Understand and align with local stakeholders Innovate and integrate globally Adopt a long-term view of building intangible assets Adopt a global perspective Develop strong culture and human resource systems
  • 27. 23 Global enterprises succeed in different markets by understanding and systematically engaging local regulatory, government, business, general public and other stakeholders. They align their business strategy and operations with national development priorities and local stakeholder expectations. They work to develop partnerships with local stakeholders with shared benefits and to introduce the positive impacts they are making to local audiences. They engage their local partners as advocates to enhance their acceptability—while continuously mapping and building relationships with the stakeholders that are essential for business success and acceptance of a social license to operate. These approaches help global firms stand out as trusted partners in the economic development process and as responsible and productive members of local communities. This approach has worked well for global enterprises in China. As discussed in Chapter 2, Caterpillar’s extensive network of local dealers is widely considered one of the company’s greatest assets for understanding and reaching its local stakeholders. For example, while Chinese companies are participating in overseas construction projects, they may face different situations than in China, where it is common for a construction project to be subcontracted among many different individual subcontractors. When it comes to overseas projects, Chinese companies need to compete with bidders from other countries. In these circumstances, the brand and the local connections the bidders have will make a major difference in securing the project. In Caterpillar’s case, its partnership with dealers and collaboration with suppliers consistently developed over the past 20 years are one of the company’s greatest assets for understanding local markets and providing customers suitable products and services. Changing perceptions and behavior through communication and education The initial selling prices of Caterpillar products are higher than many other brands, which can be a barrier for customers. However the total costs of ownership and operation can be significantly lower when product reliability, component availability, dealer support, value of second-hand equipment and other factors are considered. Caterpillar has invested much time and effort into helping customers understand the benefits of this perspective. For example, Caterpillar developed a Value Estimating Tool that dealers use to help customers and industry calculate the total costs of ownership over entire product lifecycles. With customers becoming more sophisticated and the industry trending toward sustainable development, the acceptance of this perspective is becoming more widespread. Understand and Align With Local Stakeholders
  • 28. 24 Global enterprises generally outsource non-core business activities to service providers or partners around the globe so that they can focus their in-house efforts in areas that are either more profitable or that will enable the firm to develop a competitive advantage. They also create global business practices through complex, often highly fragmented, global value chains, which allow them to integrate globally. Operating as a systematic global value chain enables global enterprises to leverage relevant local and global expertise to support their expansion across markets, cultures and geographies. Firms like Caterpillar have succeeded globally because they have developed the institutional frameworks and capacities that enabe them to operate, innovate and collaborate on a truly global level.Their China-based operations are one part of the fully integrated global whole. As Chinese companies move up the value chain into innovation-focused, high-technology areas of the global economy, they will continue to become better integrators and collaborators with both internal and external partners. Made in China 2025, for example, will encourage diversity and partnerships among Chinese firms going global, with a stated goal of “guiding enterprises to integrate into local cultures, enhance social responsibility and improve risk management in foreign investment and operation as well as localization capacity in the global market.” Caterpillar’s Global Business Integration Currently, over 60 percent of Caterpillar’s revenue comes from outside the United States, its home market, as Caterpillar has taken many measures to transform itself from a U.S. company to a global enterprise, including, but not limited to: • Streamlined its global supply chains • Initiated significant cost controls globally • Brought to market a continuing series of best-in-class products developed by global teams • Created the internal culture and management training necessary to develop a strong, internationally experienced global team • Made and integrated strategic acquisitions around the world to develop a competitive advantage in strategic industries • Developed and created a highly-regarded global dealership network • Opened numerous facilities and offices in strategic locations throughout key markets globally • Leveraged partners and service providers with local and global expertise Innovate and Integrate Globally
  • 29. 25 Intangible Assets Innovation Legacy Business Relationships Experience Knowledge Intellectual Property Brands Culture Talent & Building intangible assets takes time, is costly and does not always provide immediate benefits, particularly in the industries discussed in this report. Yet, intangible assets are essential to the success of global enterprises aiming to prosper over the long-term. Indeed, these intangible assets can provide a major area of strategic differentiation and value on both a global and local level. Chinese firms need to develop these assets by adapting a long-term view of their global operations. This may involve partnering with specialist global professional services firms, where necessary, to develop relevant in-house capacities. Figure 23: Intangible Assets Distribution networks are an example of intangible assets that are especially critical to an enterprise’s success in overseas markets. In addition to driving sales, these networks can provide important local knowledge, pathways to developing trust and a more nuanced understanding of and access to important stakeholders. Developing strong distribution networks can be one key to success for Chinese companies seeking to go abroad in line with the One Belt, One Road (Belt and Road) Initiative. Caterpillar executives often refer to their robust network of dealers as a valuable asset that has taken decades to fully cultivate. At the root of the unique relationship that Caterpillar has with its dealers is a mutual respect and trust arising from a truly balanced partnership. Caterpillar is dependent on its dealers for sales and servicing its products, while the dealers are dependent on Caterpillar for products and technology to win customers. This relationship has developed because both parties have invested in the relationship over the long-term, adopting similar value systems and upholding a sense of responsibility that benefits both. This type of asset cannot be easily replicated, and few companies in existence today, global or local, are able to sustain such a strategy. With brands and reputational assets, world-leading environmental and social stewardship are also paramount for global success—especially in industries where companies face challenges to maintain local stakeholder acceptance. The Belt and Road Initiative covers 63 percent of the world’s population, accounting for 30 percent of the global economy. The initiative brings about an unprecedented broad market for manufacturing industries with regional infrastructure upgrading, connection and communication. However, this initiative also requires local contractors to enhance their overall asset management capacities, safety and work efficiency and sustainable development as well as to create win-win opportunities. This is vital, for example, in constructing large-scale, complex and sustainable engineering projects with international cooperation. Adopt a Long-term View of Building Intangible Assets
  • 30. 26 Adopt a Global Perspective Chinese companies going global must become “global” companies, not simply “Chinese” companies with international operations. Becoming global requires the development of a global perspective, the ability to think across disciplines, geographies and cultures—while seeing a larger global picture that is greater than the sum of its parts. This kind of viewpoint on global business operations enables firms to succeed in the fast-paced global business arena. It is important to know how to act on that perspective, how to leverage global market dynamics and adapt sufficiently to local market conditions. This dynamic market perspective enables firms to build out successful local operations into dynamic global value chains. A global perspective provides advantages in building stakeholder acceptance, finding and retaining key staff and partners and in developing international brand value and reputation. A key approach to making this credible—in addition to acting like a global company—is to develop and share global thought-leadership on topics that resonate with audiences around the world. Having a global perspective also means recognizing the importance and influence of different cultures around the world—and being effective in cross- cultural situations. Caterpillar, for example, has adapted and stayed on top of various market developments in an effort to maintain its global leadership position. Today, recognizing the significant changes in the market place, Caterpillar is focusing on creating innovative solutions that will enable the company to succeed in the 21st century. As Caterpillar Chairman and CEO Doug Oberhelman noted, “We’re investing in companies that think and act differently than we do. That’s intentional and it’s new for Caterpillar. We are trying to disrupt ourselves in our own way, before others can disrupt us.” There are expanding opportunities for global companies to partner with Chinese companies in other regions. The energy and resources sector are obvious examples— in these sectors, global companies are forming JVs, investment-partnerships and other joint projects with China’s energy companies in Africa, North America, the Middle East and other parts of the world. In many instances, these Chinese companies are transforming into global enterprises themselves.
  • 31. 27 Develop Strong Culture and Human Resource Systems Strong culture, specifically shared values, attitudes, principles, standards and beliefs, enable an organization to expand globally. In fact, effective culture can account for 20-30 percent of the differential in corporate performance when compared with “culturally unremarkable” competitors. Companies with strong culture have better operational, financial, social, environmental and other performance. Global enterprises have succeeded on a global scale, in part, because they develop strong cultural principles, which can be applied to different scenarios in different countries. Strong culture provides a company with the DNA that enables it to sustain growth in an ever evolving and increasingly complex global economy. For global enterprises with publically traded stocks and accompanying high demands for solid financial performance, culture is what enables the balancing of short- term demands with long-term vision. Additionally, global firms are successful in many different markets because they employ dynamic human resource management systems to attract, develop and retain top global as well as local talent. At the global scale, many global enterprises have a designated HR unit specifically to coordinate international HR policies and concentrate some tasks in shared service centers to provide standard HR services for all locations. At the local level, global enterprises tailor HR measures to local conditions and empowering local leaders, enabling them to succeed and adapt to different operating and regulatory environments. Some successful global enterprises utilize a non-hierarchical, localized management structure that enables them to be more dynamic and capable in specific local markets. They also provide incentives for their employees that reflect individual performance, and factor in local cultural norms and sensitivities. As Chinese companies go global, they will have to move away from centralized management structures to adapt to more dynamic and adaptable structures that suit a wide range of local market conditions and cultures. Caterpillar’s Corporate Culture and Management Systems Caterpillar’s global success benefited greatly from its strong corporate culture. It has developed a mature and thorough management system for enterprise culture. For instance, all the leaders of Caterpillar are required to participate in a number of trainings throughout the year. All employees are required to annually review the Worldwide Code of Conduct, a set of standards dating back to 1974, which define what behaviors are prohibited and what behaviors are encouraged at Caterpillar. Building a strong local talent pipeline is set as a key part of Caterpillar’s strategy in China. Approximately 80 percent of the leaders of Caterpillar in China are local Chinese, and 28 out of the 29 manufacturing facilities are led by home- grown Chinese talent. This localized management helps Caterpillar better understand and serve its employees, local industries, markets, customers and communities. At the same time, Caterpillar also recognizes the need to integrate international talent in its operations in China for the purpose of diversity of culture and ideas. The company utilizes global HR systems that are adapted as appropriate to local market requirements—to enable it to attract, develop and retain the optimal mix of talent. Employee attrition rate in China Percentage of foreign employees in China Longest facility safety record—days without injury in China Percentage of local leaders in manufacturing facilities in China Percentage of employees with college diploma or above in China Figure 25: Caterpillar’s Talent Management, Safety and Development Indicators Figure 24: Caterpillar’s “Vision 2020” Wedeliversuperiorreturnsthroughthecycles. Weattractanddevelopthebesttalent. We take pride in helping our customers succeed. C U S T O M E R S P E O P L E S T O C K H O L D E R S VISION 2020 OUR VALUES IN ACTION STRATEGIC GOALS OPERATING PRINCIPLES
  • 32. 28 As Chinese firms look to enter the global market, global enterprises can serve as important role models and partners. Chinese companies are expanding abroad not just for the sake of reaching foreign markets (which many have been doing for some time), but also in order to integrate global management expertise, access advanced technologies, build global R&D capabilities and acquire or build globally recognized brands. Initiatives like the Belt and Road will help Chinese companies develop new capabilities abroad. Moreover, partnering with successful global enterprises like Caterpillar can offer Chinese companies valuable resources and partnership opportunities as they continue to expand internationally. Going forward, global enterprises of all origins will continue supporting the sustainable development of the global economy. Working together with governments, civil society and other stakeholders, global enterprises will continue playing important roles in addressing existing and new developmental challenges in China and around the world. This report’s final chapter discusses the future outlook for China’s development, some of the key dynamics that global enterprises will need to navigate and how they will continue positively impacting China’s economic development in the decades to come. Global Partners for Progress
  • 33. 29Chapter 4 29 Figure 27: Ratio of Working-age Population to Old-age Dependency in China Source: Deloitte, 2014 Millions Ratio Forecast Working-age population (LHS) Old-age dependency ratio (RHS) 1,050 1,000 950 900 850 800 750 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 Now, China is entering a new stage of an attempted transformation of its development mode—as the country adapts to a “new normal” of lower speed but better-quality, more sustainable economic growth. Global enterprises need to refine their understanding of the spectrum of challenges and opportunities that China faces, in order to find their own place and to be part of the solution. To drive an economic transition and transformation, the Chinese government has formulated and is implementing several complementary economic strategies. This includes the Belt and Road Initiative, the Coordinated Development of Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei and the Yangtze River Economic Belt. It also includes efforts to drive State-owned enterprises (SOE) reform, decentralization of administrative approvals, In the Decades to Come So what will China look like in decades to come? This report will not provide a comprehensive overview—but here are some key dynamics for the scenario where China continues to develop stably along the path it is currently on—in line with Party/government plans. Demographic shifts: China will be more urbanized. By 2025, China will have over 200 cities with a population over 1 million. Europe has only 35 such cities today. By 2030, 300 to 400 million more people will move into China’s cities, requiring an investment of between 41 and 75 trillion RMB.vi The urban population in 2035 will reach one billion (71 percent)—up from 763 million (56 percent) today. China will have an older population with a much lower percentage of working age people (leading to labor shortages and rising wages) (see Figure 26 and Figure 27vii ). Figure 26: Projected Percentage of Population Age 60 and Over Source: World Bank, China 2030 500 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 Population(millions) Population age 60 and over % of total population Percent the development of free trade zones (FTA), “connecting into” the global value chain, tax and financial reforms, the Internet+ action plan, Made in China 2025, as well as a series of new measures in promoting industrial cooperation. The combined impact will be greater market and innovation dividends as China achieves higher quality and more sustainable development in the future. To further understand China’s future development and the role that global enterprises can and will be expected to play in the coming decades, we need to envisage how China will develop. We can utilize the prism of Chinese development from a longer-term perspective to anticipate the nature of the Chinese economy, society and environment—for example in 2030 or 2050. China’s Future Landscape
  • 34. 30 Economic shifts: China will be wealthier. By 2025 China is expected to have doubled the size of its middle class—and will very likely be the world’s largest economy. With wages constituting a larger share of GDP, wealthier Chinese will consume more and have a much wider range of tastes and preferences—even if they are still not as wealthy per capita as Americans or Europeans. They will also be more focused on life quality and have a more global outlook—informed for many by more experience travelling and living abroad and more awareness of environmental quality. China will be more connected. Currently, there is still vast potential for development in China’s interior regions, with an underserved potential market of 720 million people and a combined $3.15 billion GDP, roughly equivalent to Africa or Latin America.viii China’s interior will also be where the majority of the new megacities will arise. With a wealth of natural resources and favorable terms on non-capital factors of production, global enterprises are eager to access this potential. China is already expanding infrastructure to connect the interior with the coast, making it easier and more profitable to transfer energy and products to China’s coast and the world beyond. China will be more innovative—with stronger capacity for novel technology innovation—as well as organizational and business model innovation. It remains to be seen however how fast China can reach the technology frontier, if at all in certain areas, given the lead currently enjoyed by advanced economies and the challenges it faces to develop innovation capabilities across the economy. China will be more rules-based—with stronger emphasis on the “rule of law” and more narrowly defined role for government. Industrial shifts: While much attention has focused on the promise of information technology, biotechnology and other new industries for future economic growth, it is important to remember that the construction, manufacturing and energy industries still form the bedrock of significant economic activity in developed economies. The U.S., Germany and Japan, three of the world’s most developed economies, are also still three of the world’s most advanced manufacturers. The focus will shift from labor-intensive, low- value added manufacturing to higher-value added, more innovative and services-driven manufacturing operations. Moreover, these industries make outsized contributions to commerce, research and development and productivity, comprising large portions of trade and exports. Going forward, China will likely provide a growing share of the world’s production in machinery and manufactured goods (see Figure 28ix ), as it seeks to transform itself “from a manufacturing giant into a world manufacturing power” through the Made in China 2025 plan.x % of world output China U.S. Germany France Japan South Korea Forecast 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 2028 2032 Figure 28: Global Share in Machinery and Engineering Goods Source: Deloitte, 2014 International shifts: China will be even more integrated in the global economy—with Chinese companies expanding globally and China playing a larger role in relevant international organizations. China will continue to welcome foreign investment and global enterprises on a discerning and targeted basis (favoring “technology partners” for example). China will also ensure continuing—and potentially even expanded in some areas—market access in return for Chinese companies having access to global markets and to achieve its development goals. In the most recent guideline issued by the State Council for the reform of SOEs, for example, non-state capital was introduced into the energy, railway, telecommunication, resource development and public service sectors. There is in fact continuing and renewed emphasis on the benefits of “openness” and “global integration” in China today—for example in relation to innovation and the importance of being integrated in the global innovation ecosystem where the ability to collaborate, partner and share in fast evolving combinations of actors is key. All these shifts bode well for global enterprises in China— even if they may face more direct competition from Chinese players moving up the value chain and becoming global enterprises themselves.
  • 35. 31 How Global Enterprises Will Contribute in Future China The impacts of global enterprises will continue to be substantial, not just for China’s domestic development, but also for the country’s growing international influence, through partnerships with China and Chinese firms around the globe. Below the report highlights some of these projected impacts. Urbanization, Infrastructure & Energy Global enterprises will support China’s urbanization in myriad ways—including by enabling smart cities and supplying products and services to build relevant infrastructure. By 2020 China will build 43,000 km of expressways and 70 new airports.xi By 2025, it will need to build five billion square meters of roadways and 170 mass transit systems, and 40 billion square meters of floor space in five million new buildings. Between 700 and 900 gigawatts of new electrical generation capacity will be needed to power and sustain this development,xii as energy consumption is projected to double from 2005 to 2050.xiii Similar to how Caterpillar provided much-needed technologies to China in the early stages of the opening and reform of the late 20th century, global enterprises will continue to do the same in other emerging economies around the world during the 21st century. Chinese-originating global enterprises will be key partners in this regard, bringing their own years of experience building China’s infrastructure and applying the newly-gained insights of a development prism. Global enterprises originating in other regions will play a key role in meeting China’s growing need for a larger and more diversified energy supply—as reliance on energy imports continues to rise. This will include energy projects in China as well as increasing collaboration with Chinese energy companies around the world. Economic Restructuring Management Systems & Culture Innovation & New Strategic Industries Global Trade Global Environmental Harmony Urbanization & Infastructure Energy Developing China’s Interior Figure 29: Future Impact Areas for Global Enterprises in China