It includes the detail analysis of the various types electrical load, how to estimatate the load, methods of load forecasting and explanation of the load duration curves.

1. Azfar Rasool (12-EL-04)
Wasif Hussain Sherwani (12-EL-36)
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3. Table of Content
Types of Load
Load Estimation
Load Growth
Load Forecasting
Load Duration Curves

4. What is Load?

5. What is Load?
The Electrical Load is the part or
component in a circuit that converts
electricity into light, heat, or mechanical
motion. Example of loads are a light bulbs,
heater, motor or combination of all three.

6. Table of Content
Types of Load
Load Estimation
Load Growth
Load Forecasting
Load Duration Curves

7. Types of Load
According To Load Nature-1
Resistive Electrical Loads.
Capacitive Electrical Loads.
Inductive Electrical Loads.
Combination Electrical Loads.

8. Types of Load
Linear Electrical Load.
Non-Linear Electrical
Load.

9. Types of Load

10. Types of Load
According To Load Consumer Category
• Residential Electrical Loads (Dwelling Loads).
• Commercial Electrical Loads.
• Industrial Electrical Loads.
• Municipal / Governmental Electrical Loads (Street Lighting, Power
Required For Water Supply and Drainage Purposes, Irrigation Loads
And Traction Loads).

11. Table of Content
Types of Load
Load Estimation
Load Growth
Load Forecasting
Load Duration Curves

12. What is Load Estimation?

13. What is Load Estimation?
At the beginning of the project , in the
draft design (early design) stage, the
electrical design professionals calculate
the estimate load of a particular confine
area

14. What is Load estimation?
 The preliminary calculation of the load before the installation of
the power system is load estimation.
 It is planned in the mind and designed on the paper, booklet,
sketch book and checked in the computer simulation software
for the correction, optimization and estimation.
 Load estimation is completed, if simulation gives the desire
results of the designing.

15. Load estimation
Methodology
 Make Analysis of load characteristics,
 Review The available voltage system types/classes and levels.
 Review the utility's rate structure,
 Make roughly a key single-line diagram and a set of subsidiary
single-line diagrams. The key single-line diagram should show the
sources of power e.g. generators, utility intakes, the main
switchboard and the interconnections to the subsidiary or secondary
switchboards.
 Develop Demand factor relationship between connected loads and
the actual demand imposed On the system.

16. How to do Load estimation?
(5) methods of electrical load estimations which are:
 A)- Preliminary load calculation which divide to:
1. Space by space (functional area method),
2. Building Area method.
3. Area method.
 B)- NEC load calculations.
 C- Final load calculations.

17. Load Estimation
Importance
Importance of Electrical Load Estimation (preliminary load calculations)
 Plan the connection to upstream network and MV circuit
configurations.
 Plan the transformers substation(s) (if any) and the main
switchgear room.
 Apply to Power Company for supply.
 Calculate initial budget for the electrical works.

18. Table of Content
Types of Load
Load Estimation
Load Growth
Load Forecasting
Load Duration Curves

19. What is Electrical Load Growth?

20. What is Electrical Load Growth?
 It is simply an increase in energy demand.
 Load growth occurs either through natural growth of a
service territory resulting from increased prosperity,
productivity or population growth.
 It was once a common practice of utility companies to
encourage increased energy consumption and reliance

21. Electrical Load Growth
Two Causes of Load Growth
 New Customer Addition: In migration, increase in
population, availability of electrical utility to remote
areas.
 New uses of electricity: Gas heaters converted to
electrical heaters. Likewise, use of Air Conditioning
increase due to effect of global warming.

22. Load Growth Terms
 Dormant period: The time "before growth" when no load growth
occurs. The small area has no load and experiences no growth.
 Growth ramp: During this period growth occurs at a relatively
rapid rate, because of new construction in the small area.
 Saturated period: The small area is "filled up" — fully developed.
Load growth may continue, but at a low level compared to that
during the growth ramp.

23. Load Growth Terms
Graph

24. Table of Content
Types of Load
Load Estimation
Load Growth
Load Forecasting
Load Duration Curves

25. What is Load Forecasting?

26. Load Forecasting
Definition: A process in which the aim is to decide on
new as well as upgrading existing system elements, to
adequately satisfy the loads for a foreseen future
Elements can be:
Generation facilities
Substations
Transmission lines and/or cables
Capacitors/Reactors
Etc.

27. Load Forecasting
Decision should be
Where to allocate the element (for instance, the
sending and receiving end of a line),
 When to install the element (for instance, 2020),
 What to select, in terms of the element
specifications (for instance, number of bundles and
conductor type).
The loads should be adequately satisfied.

28. Load Forecasting
The first crucial step for any planning study
Forecasting refers to the prediction of the load
behavior for the future
Words such as, demand and consumption are also
used instead of electric load
Energy (MWh, kWh) and power (MW,kW) are the two
basic parameters of a load.
By load, we mean the power.
Demand forecast
To determine capacity of generation, transmission and
distribution required
Energy forecast
To determine the type of generation facilities required

29. Load Forecasting
Methodology
Forecasting: systematic procedure for quantitatively
defining future loads.
Classification depending on the time period:
Short term
Intermediate
Long term
Forecast will imply an intermediate-range forecast
Planning for the addition of new generation,
transmission and distribution facilities must begin 4-10
years in advance of the actual in-service date.

30. Load Forecasting
Techniques
Three broad categories based on:
• Extrapolation:
– Time series method
– Use historical data as the basis of estimating
future outcomes.
• Correlation:
– Econometric forecasting method
– identify the underlying factors that might
influence the variable that is being forecast.
• Combination of both

31. Load Forecasting
Factors
Time factors such as:
Hours of the day (day/night)
Day of the week (week day/weekend)
Time of the year (season)
Weather conditions (temperature and humidity)
Class of customers (residential, commercial,
industrial, agricultural, public, etc.)
Special events (TV programmes, public holidays, etc.)
Population
Economic indicators (per capita income, Gross
National Product (GNP), Gross Domestic Product
(GDP), etc.)
Trends in using new technologies
Electricity price

32. Load Forecasting
Impact of Weather
Average temperature is the most significant
weather dependent factor that influences load
variations.
Temperature and load are not linearly related.
Non-linearity is further complicated by the
influence of
Humidity
Extended periods of extreme heat or cold spells
In load forecast models proper temperature
ranges and representative average temperatures
which cover all regions of the area served by the
electric utility should be selected.

33. Load Forecasting
Peak Load
 Extrapolate historical demand data
Weather conditions can be included
 Basic approach for weekly peak demand forecast is:
1. Determine seasonal weather load model.
2. Separate historical weather-sensitive and non-weather sensitive
components of weekly peak demand using weather load model.
3. Forecast mean and variance of non-weather-sensitive component of
demand.
4. Extrapolate weather load model and forecast mean and variance of
weather sensitive component.
5. Determine mean, variance and density function of total weekly forecast.
6. Calculate density function of monthly/annual forecast.

34. Load Forecasting
Peak Load
Assume that the seasonal variations of the peak
demand are primarily due to weather.
 Otherwise, before step-3 can be undertaken, any
additional seasonal variation remaining after
weather-sensitive variations must be removed
To use the proposed forecasting method, a data base
of at least 12 years is recommended.
To develop weather load models daily peaks and
coincident weather variable values are needed.

35. Table of Content
Types of Load
Load Estimation
Load Growth
Load Forecasting
Load Duration Curves

36. What is Load Duration Curves?
Definition:
When the load elements of a load curve are
arranged in the order of descending
magnitudes, the curve thus obtained is called a
load duration curve


37. What is Load Duration Curves?

38. Load Duration Curves
Variations in load on a power station from time to time:
Daily load curves
Monthly load curves
Annual load curves
Load curve gives:
Variation of load during different time
Total no. of units generated
Maximum demand
Average load on a power station
Load factor

39. Load Duration Curves
Daily Load Curve

40. Load Duration Curves
Residential Load Curve

41. Load Duration Curves
Commercial Load Curve

42. Load Duration Curves
Industrial Load Curve

43. Load Duration Curves
Annual Load Duration Curve

44. Table of Content
Overview
Types of Load
Load Estimation
Load Growth
Load Forecasting
Load Duration Curves

45. Questions?

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