5. Classification according to actionClassification according to action
[Haritha samhitha][Haritha samhitha]
1.1. Pachana kashaya : water is reduced to half the totalPachana kashaya : water is reduced to half the total
quantityquantity
2.2. Deepana kashaya : water is reduced to 1/10Deepana kashaya : water is reduced to 1/10
3.3. Sodhana kashaya : water is reduced to 1/12Sodhana kashaya : water is reduced to 1/12
4.4. Samana kashaya : water is reduced to 1/8Samana kashaya : water is reduced to 1/8
5.5. Tharpana kashya : water is boiled till its boiling point.Tharpana kashya : water is boiled till its boiling point.
6.6. Kledana kashaya : water is reduced to 1/4Kledana kashaya : water is reduced to 1/4
7.7. Visoshi kashaya : water is reduced to 1/16Visoshi kashaya : water is reduced to 1/16
6. • TYPES OF KASHAYAS ACCORDING TO BHOJATYPES OF KASHAYAS ACCORDING TO BHOJA
• Sl.no. name of kashaya quantity of water take initially reduced toSl.no. name of kashaya quantity of water take initially reduced to
• sneha kashya 4 timessneha kashya 4 times ¼¼
• peya kashaya 8 timespeya kashaya 8 times 1/81/8
• aschotana kashaya on requiredaschotana kashaya on required 1/251/25
• asthapana kashaya 4 timesasthapana kashaya 4 times 1/161/16
• vrana prakshalana kashaya 8 timesvrana prakshalana kashaya 8 times 1/121/12
• vasthi kashaya 10 timesvasthi kashaya 10 times 1/161/16
• gandoosha kashaya 4 timesgandoosha kashaya 4 times 1/51/5
• avagaha kashaya 10 times ¼avagaha kashaya 10 times ¼
• paniya kashaya 4 timespaniya kashaya 4 times ¼¼
• snana salila kashaya 4 times ½snana salila kashaya 4 times ½
• yavagu kashaya 4 timesyavagu kashaya 4 times ½½
• vamana kashaya 4 timesvamana kashaya 4 times ½½
• parisheka kashaya 4 timesparisheka kashaya 4 times ½½
• ushnodaka kashayaushnodaka kashaya 4 times ½4 times ½
10. Kwatha kalpanaKwatha kalpana
• Particle size & extractionParticle size & extraction
• Differnece between kashayam & extractDiffernece between kashayam & extract
• Anupana in maha rasnadi kwathaAnupana in maha rasnadi kwatha
• Nagaram as powderNagaram as powder
• Eranda thailamEranda thailam
• Mode of action of pathya shadanga kashya withMode of action of pathya shadanga kashya with
anuapanaanuapana
14. DRUGDRUG
• Swarasa – Total dissolved material + starch &Swarasa – Total dissolved material + starch &
waterwater
• Kalkam – Micro particles of total drugKalkam – Micro particles of total drug
• Kashaya – Fractional isolation of water solubleKashaya – Fractional isolation of water soluble
particleparticle
• Seetham – Heat sensitiveSeetham – Heat sensitive
• Phanta – Controlled temperaturePhanta – Controlled temperature
21. Arithemetic progression ofArithemetic progression of
formulationsformulations
• A progession in which a constant is added toA progession in which a constant is added to
each term in order to obtain the next termeach term in order to obtain the next term
• Example hingu trigunaExample hingu triguna
22. Geometric progressionGeometric progression
• A progression in which each term is multipliedA progression in which each term is multiplied
by a constant in order to obtain the next termby a constant in order to obtain the next term
• example sneha pakaexample sneha paka
23. • All the formulations mentioned in the classicsAll the formulations mentioned in the classics
are only combinations of pancha vidha kasayaare only combinations of pancha vidha kasaya
kalpanakalpana
25. Principles of DrugPrinciples of Drug
modification with respect tomodification with respect to
pancha vidha kashayapancha vidha kashaya
kalpanakalpana
26. Merits and demerits ofMerits and demerits of
Product development inProduct development in
AyurvedaAyurveda
41. DEFINITION OF ADEFINITION OF A
FORMULATIONFORMULATION
• Formulation is a meticulous balance ofFormulation is a meticulous balance of
ingredients in a single entity. Ayurvedicingredients in a single entity. Ayurvedic
formulations are composed of multipleformulations are composed of multiple
ingredients of different physiochemicalingredients of different physiochemical
properties.properties.
42. DIFFICULTIES INDIFFICULTIES IN
STANDARDISATIONSTANDARDISATION
1.1. Evolved from different epistemology andEvolved from different epistemology and
perspective on disease cause and cure.perspective on disease cause and cure.
2.2. Epistemic frame work, principle concept&Epistemic frame work, principle concept&
practice are quite different from modernpractice are quite different from modern
science.science.
3.3. Ayurvedic ‘sastra’s posses qualitativeAyurvedic ‘sastra’s posses qualitative
standards that are derived by a subjectivestandards that are derived by a subjective
but impersonal approach tobut impersonal approach to
standardization.standardization.
43. What is neededWhat is needed
1.1. Collaboration between modernCollaboration between modern
scientists and Ayurvedic scholars soscientists and Ayurvedic scholars so
as to promote mutual understandingas to promote mutual understanding
for appropriate researchfor appropriate research
44. AYURVEDIC QUALITY STANDARDS &AYURVEDIC QUALITY STANDARDS &
THEIR SOCIAL &EPISTEMOLOGICALTHEIR SOCIAL &EPISTEMOLOGICAL
CONTEXTCONTEXT
• Stability of kashaya’sStability of kashaya’s
• Role of prekshepa choornaRole of prekshepa choorna
• Limitation of kashaya in specific regionLimitation of kashaya in specific region
• Shelf life of formulationShelf life of formulation
• Particle size & stabilityParticle size & stability
• List of medicine used as freshList of medicine used as fresh
45. • List of medicine used after one monthList of medicine used after one month
• Significance of pakaSignificance of paka
• Conversion of formulationConversion of formulation
• Photochemical changesPhotochemical changes
• Use of preservatives & their adverse effectsUse of preservatives & their adverse effects
• Method of preparation of coarse powderMethod of preparation of coarse powder
• Standards are given as advices or as recommendationsStandards are given as advices or as recommendations
to find out the scientific validity.to find out the scientific validity.
46. • Collection, season, stage of maturity & habit ofCollection, season, stage of maturity & habit of
collection , storage etc.collection , storage etc.
eg: The fruit of madana (Randia spinosa) shouldeg: The fruit of madana (Randia spinosa) should
be collected between spring and summer inbe collected between spring and summer in
pushya , Aswini & margasiras constellations.pushya , Aswini & margasiras constellations.
eg. The storage period of atleast one year foreg. The storage period of atleast one year for
certain drugs like vidanga.certain drugs like vidanga.
47. SENSORY & PHYSIOLOGICALSENSORY & PHYSIOLOGICAL
RESPONSE USED INRESPONSE USED IN
STANDARDISATIONSTANDARDISATION
• Ayurvedic standards were assured on the basisAyurvedic standards were assured on the basis
of reputation- dependant on the integrity ofof reputation- dependant on the integrity of
collectors and physicians.collectors and physicians.
• Industrial manufacture and global distributionIndustrial manufacture and global distribution
and use of products and services the traditionaland use of products and services the traditional
standards are difficult to followstandards are difficult to follow
48. • What is going on in a modern Pharmacognosy &What is going on in a modern Pharmacognosy &
pharmacology laboratories all over India inpharmacology laboratories all over India in
standardization – on by superficial and feeblestandardization – on by superficial and feeble
effortsefforts
49. NEXT STEPNEXT STEP
• Understanding the context of interculturalUnderstanding the context of intercultural
researchresearch
• Traditional science recognize physical ,Traditional science recognize physical ,
biological & spiritual planes of existence. Eachbiological & spiritual planes of existence. Each
plane is merely a transformation of the other.plane is merely a transformation of the other.
• Western scientists only acknowledge theWestern scientists only acknowledge the
existence of physical & biological words – theirexistence of physical & biological words – their
scheme of understanding nature is differentscheme of understanding nature is different
50. • Ayurveda perceives natural objects not in termsAyurveda perceives natural objects not in terms
of atomic configuration but in terms of itsof atomic configuration but in terms of its
pancha bhoutic nature.pancha bhoutic nature.
• This difference in the view , foundation theoriesThis difference in the view , foundation theories
& categories of two sciences should decide& categories of two sciences should decide
methodology that is used for establishingmethodology that is used for establishing
functional co relations between two .functional co relations between two .
51. SCOPE & LIMITATION OF USING MODERN TOOLSSCOPE & LIMITATION OF USING MODERN TOOLS
FOR STANDARDISATION OF HERBALFOR STANDARDISATION OF HERBAL
FORMULATONSFORMULATONS
• Quality assurance involvesQuality assurance involves
1.1. Quality of raw materialsQuality of raw materials
2.2. Quality of processingQuality of processing
3.3. Quality of finished productsQuality of finished products
4.4. Quality of stabilityQuality of stability
52. RAW MATERIALSRAW MATERIALS
1.1. Reliable traditional sourceReliable traditional source
2.2. Identification – biological (morphological)Identification – biological (morphological)
microscopic , chemical & bio chemical methods.microscopic , chemical & bio chemical methods.
[practical problem with brahmi[practical problem with brahmi
1.1. Bacopa monnieriBacopa monnieri
2.2. Centella asiaticaCentella asiatica
Both possess similar properties , standards for both is toBoth possess similar properties , standards for both is to
be specified ]be specified ]
53. HIGH LEVEL STANDARDS CAN BEHIGH LEVEL STANDARDS CAN BE
ACHIEVED BYACHIEVED BY
1.1. Traditionally prescribed collection timeTraditionally prescribed collection time
2.2. Region of collectionRegion of collection
3.3. Manner of processing & storage conditionManner of processing & storage condition
They are essential forThey are essential for
1.1. Richer in phyto constituentsRicher in phyto constituents
2.2. Increased bio activity several foldIncreased bio activity several fold
54. PHARMOCOPIAL STANDARDSPHARMOCOPIAL STANDARDS
METIONED MAINLY INCLUDEMETIONED MAINLY INCLUDE
1.1. MorphologyMorphology
2.2. MicroscopicMicroscopic
3.3. Physio chemical charactersPhysio chemical characters
4.4. Nature of phyto constituentsNature of phyto constituents
5.5. Chromatographic profileChromatographic profile
55. Techniques involved in processingTechniques involved in processing
1.1. Nature of heatNature of heat
2.2. Duration of heatDuration of heat
3.3. Time indicated for pharmaceutical addictivesTime indicated for pharmaceutical addictives
4.4. Corrects packsCorrects packs
57. Problems to the modern scientistsProblems to the modern scientists
with finished productwith finished product
1.1. Identify the correct tools to tackle theIdentify the correct tools to tackle the
complexities.complexities.
2.2. Cost effective & easily follow ableCost effective & easily follow able
3.3. To design tools that are not only for theTo design tools that are not only for the
control of quality of ingredients but for onlinecontrol of quality of ingredients but for online
process controlprocess control
58. Combination of physical chemical & biologicalCombination of physical chemical & biological
techniques are required to study ayurvedictechniques are required to study ayurvedic
formulationsformulations
1.1. Taxonomists for correct identity of plantsTaxonomists for correct identity of plants
2.2. Microscopic – character of powderMicroscopic – character of powder
3.3. ChromatographicChromatographic
HPTLC - high performance thin layer chromatographyHPTLC - high performance thin layer chromatography
HPLC – high performance liquid chromatographyHPLC – high performance liquid chromatography
4. Flame photo meter4. Flame photo meter
5. AAS – atomic absorption spectro photo meter (for detecting the traces of5. AAS – atomic absorption spectro photo meter (for detecting the traces of
metals & minerals )metals & minerals )
6. Gas chromatography – volatile principles6. Gas chromatography – volatile principles
59. • NMR – nuclear magnetic resonanceNMR – nuclear magnetic resonance
• ESCA – electron spectroscopy for chemicalESCA – electron spectroscopy for chemical
analysisanalysis
• MS – mass spectroscopy (to study the medicineMS – mass spectroscopy (to study the medicine
& characterize the compound of interest)& characterize the compound of interest)
60. • Molecular DNA based techniqueMolecular DNA based technique
• To study intra specific & inter specific variationTo study intra specific & inter specific variation
in crude drug of plant & animal originin crude drug of plant & animal origin
• Biological assays in vitro have also been used inBiological assays in vitro have also been used in
research , standardization & q.c of ayurvedaresearch , standardization & q.c of ayurveda
61. Limitations of modern scientificLimitations of modern scientific
techniquestechniques
1.1. No one tool can answer all the issues ofNo one tool can answer all the issues of
ayurvedic formulationsayurvedic formulations
2.2. Available technologies & biological modelsAvailable technologies & biological models
may not able to handle the complex mixtures.may not able to handle the complex mixtures.
3.3. Many of these current technologies wereMany of these current technologies were
developed for the pharma industry where thedeveloped for the pharma industry where the
trend & reqirements was to study singletrend & reqirements was to study single
compound .compound .
62. What is the view of EuropeanWhat is the view of European
countries towards ayurvedacountries towards ayurveda
• Restricted the role of ayurveda to supplementsRestricted the role of ayurveda to supplements
that can only be used for indications such asthat can only be used for indications such as
invitatory & strengthening that cannot beinvitatory & strengthening that cannot be
intended to cure or treat disease. [Blumenthal,intended to cure or treat disease. [Blumenthal,
1998]1998]
• Most of the pharmacological standards availableMost of the pharmacological standards available
globally have been restricted to single drugs.globally have been restricted to single drugs.
