Oft for higher productivity and ssustainability

1. LALITA KUMAR MOHANTY
KRISHI VIGYAN KENDRA, KENDRAPARA,
OUAT
OFT FOR HIGHER PRODUCTIVITY
AND SUSTAINABILITY

2.  Rice plays pivotal role in Indian
Agriculture
 Staple food for 70 per cent Indians
 Source of livelihood for 120-150 million
rural households.
 Accounts for about 43 per cent of food
grain production and 53 per cent of cereal
production in the country.
IMPORTANCE OF RICE

3.  Rice is grown in 44.6 m ha which constitutes 36% of
net cropped area and 44 % of area under cereals
 It is the staple food for 60% of Indian population and
thus rice means life and also its cultivation is a way of
life to millions of farmer households.

4. WORLD POPULATION AND RICE PRODUCTION GROWTH RATE
(%)
– 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2005
2.17
3.48
2.03
2.71
1.86
3.14
1.55
1.31
1.13
1.5
1.14
0.68
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
Population
Rice production
FAO STAT, Database, 2006 FAO, Rome

5. 361.1
439.2
548.2
646.3
1012.4
1200
1400
65.46
85.00 111.53
146.55 201.6
253
305
90 1401000
400
800
1200
1600
1951-60 1961-70 1971-80 1981-90 1999-00 2009-10 2024-25
InMillions
Population
Food grain
Rice
POPULATION, PRODUCTION OF FOOD GRAINS
AND RICE TRENDS AND PROJECTIONS

6. 1. Evolution of varieties % increase 2. Agronomic measures % contribution
in yield to yield
Local variety --- Quality seeds 13.5
HYVs 12-15 Planting geometry 13.5
Hybrid 20 Fertilizer management 39.4
Bt rice 20-28
Super rice 35
Approaches for increasing Rice
productivity
Crop improvement Agronomic measures
Thus Agronomic manipulation/management becomes
important

7. System of rice intensification is a suite of management
method that raises factor productivity of land, labour and
capital. Research has demonstrated that SRI is a model of
sustainable agriculture that reduces inputs, conserves water,
improves soil structure and increases yield. It mainly
emphasizes on careful transplanting of younger seeding at a
wider spacing which ensures more root growth.
DEFINITION
SRI…?
SRI is an acronym for
System of Rice Intensification

8. PEOPLE DIFFER ON SRI AND SO DO WE….
•Go for SRI
•SRI gives higher yield
•It maintains soil fertility
•It saves water and labour
•Other states have adopted it
successfully
•Modify SRI
•Apply inorganic
fertilizers
•Reduce spacing
•Practise only during rabi
season
•SRI is a fallacy
•Yield is not more
than conventional
method
•Scientists have not
tested over it
• Results from
farmers field are
erratic
What is our role now ?

9. • Higher grain and straw yield
• Reduction in crop duration by about 10 days
 Lesser seed rate
 Less water requirement
• Lesser or no chemical inputs (fertilizers and pesticides)
• Less chaffy grain
• Higher grain weight
• Higher head rice recovery
 Resistance to cyclonic gales
 Improvement in soil health through biological activity
ADVANTAGES OF SRI METHOD

10. Comparison of SRI against conventional method practices
Conventional
method
SRI method
Seeds input 50-60 kg / ha 5 kg / ha
Transplanting of
seedlings
after 25-35 days after 8-12 days
Number of hills /
m²
about 30-40 hills about 16 hills (with a
spacing of
25 cm between the hills)
Number of
seedlings / hill
3 or more one
Fertilization application of
chemical
fertilizers,
pesticides,
herbicides and
insecticides
preferred application of
organic fertilization,
non-chemical weed
management; pesticides
& insecticides usually
not required
Water
management
continuous
flooding
moist conditions, no
submergence
Source: WWF/ICRISAT (2007).

11. SRI HEXAGON
Enhanced
water, labour,
land and
nutrient
productivity
Young
seedlings
Single
seedling
per hill
Wider
spacing
Intercultivation
with weeder
Unflooded
irrigation
More
organic
manures

12. How?
The altered soil environment activates root oxygenation
appreciably during different stages of growth.
The enhanced root activity during later stages of growth is
considered to be an important physiological characteristics
in SRI rice plant.

13. ROOT ACTIVITY IN SRI AND CONVENTIONAL RICE
Var- Wuxianglng 9 Source:Research report China

14. DRY MATTER DISTRIBUTION OF ROOTS IN
SRI AND TRC PLANTS AT HEADING STAGE
Sorce: Research report China, 2002

15. If we could hear the rice plants crying out, our lowland rice
would be begging us: ‘Help me! Do not flood me anymore...’

16. MICROBIAL POPULATION IN RICE RHIZOSPHERE
Microorganism Conventional SRI
Total bacteria 88 x 106 105 x 106
Azospirillum 8 x 105 31 x 105
Azotobacter 39 x 103 66 x 103
Phosphobacteria 33 x 103 59 x 103
Compiled by: T.M. Thiyagarajan

17. Selecting the right site
•Saline soils are not suitable. Saline soils need flooding. In SRI
field is drained immediately. Dried soil leads to accumulation of
salts on surface.
•Land selected for SRI should be leveled. This will facilitate
uniform spreading and draining of water.
•SRI method responds better to organic manures rather than
chemicals.
Organic matter encourages microbial population and activity.
Nutrients are found in readily available form.
Plants are healthy and posses resistance to diseases
Field preparation cont..

18. Sourcing the organic manure
• Tank silt @ 15-20 t/ha
• FYM/ compost @ 10-12
t/ha
• Green manure crop:
Cultivated for 45 days.
Paddy nursery is sown on
the day of incorporating
the green manure crop
• Livestock penning:
The cattle, goats and
sheep are flocked in
the field during night.
The soil gets enriched
with dung and urine.
Field preparation cont..

19. Putting the seedlings on bed
• Single seedling to be transplanted
•In conventional method of transplanting the root takes U
turn and takes time to turn downward but in SRI the root
takes L shape
•It requires about 20 persons to transplant 1 Ac
•In case of seedling mortality, preserve some seedlings along
the edge of the field- to transplant in to vacant spaces
Transplanting cont..

20. Phyllochrons and tillering
• Tiller starts in second month and in exponential rate
• To understand one has to know phyllochron in paddy.
• Phyllochron is the time taken to form a new tiller with a leaf and
root.
• In favorable situation one phyllochron is completed in 5 -6days. A
new tiller after completing two phyllocrons also starts tillering.
• If germination is considered the first phyllochron stage, it is ideal to
transplant it in 2nd phyllocron stage, so that the growth of the plant
continues undisturbed from 4th phyllochron.
Transplanting cont..

21. Phyllochron stage and tiller production
Phyllochron stage
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Total
tillers
1 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 33 53 84
Transplanting cont..

22. WATER MANAGEMENT
•Rice plant tolerates standing water but responds better to
aerobic condition like other plants
• Roots die under flooded condition due to lack of oxygen
(hypoxic situation)
•In SRI water is provided to wet the soil
•Irrigation is given when the soil develops hair line cracks
The roots grow healthily, deeply and in all directions
Favors microbial activity
•A day before using weeder, the field should be lightly irrigated
After weeding water should not be allowed to drain
•From P.I. to maturity one inch of water should be maintained
in the field. The water is removed after 70 % grains get
hardened

23. WEED MANAGEMENT
•Due to wider spacing and soil being kept moist only-
more weeds come up
•Weeders are used at 10-12 days interval and turns the
weed in to the soil. A person moves 16 km in 1 ac.
•The weeds are controlled, organic matter is added,
soil is aerated, surface layer roots are exposed to air,
profuse growth of diverse soil microbes,nutrients
enzymes and hormones secreted by microbes are also
helpful
•Chemical herbicides should not be used
•Weeders may be made available through equipment
banks

24. PEST MANAGEMENT
• Chemical pesticides and herbicides are not used
• Wider spacing and organic manures results in healthy
growth and incidence of pest and diseases is naturally low
• Pest can be managed by use of organic concoction
• Preparation:Cow urine one Litre + Cow dung one Kg
+ Jaggery 250 g + Water 10 Litre
All these materials are mixed in an earthen pot. Allowed to
ferment for 24 hrs.Diluted with water in 1:10 ratio.Filtered.
Sprayed. This gives N and repels insects and
microorganisms.
The incidence of pests and diseases is naturally low in
SRI because of wider spacing and the usage of organic
manures.

25. MANAGEMENT AFTER FLOWERING
 SRI focuses on better establishment of rice plants in soil
 Encourages active increase of roots and tillers during
vegetative stage
 Operation of weeder ceases from flowering stage
 Water management strategy changes once flowering begins
 Thin layer of water(1”) is maintained continuously on the
field
 The water is removed after 70 % grains get hardened
 The issues on saturation vrs. standing water is under active
experimentation

26. CONSTRAINTS
• The uneven levelling will not allow the uniform
establishment of the rice crop.
• The rotary weeder will not be effective in high weed
infested areas.
• Water management and lack of co-ordination
• The application of nitrogen must be well balanced and
controlled.
• We must plan well in advance; so that the transplanted
young seedlings are not affected by monsoon rain.

27. EXPERIENCES

28. RESULTS OF ON FARM TRIALS AND FLDS ON SRI AT KVK KORAPUT AND KVK
KENDRAPARA
SL.
NO
OFT/ FLD Village Variety FP (kg/ha) RP(kg/ha) %
increase in
Yield
1 OFT Gahaga,Derabish JKRH 401 5650 7245 28.23
2 FLD Krushnadaspur
(NICRA)
Lalat 4450 5475 23.03
3 FLD Bandaguda &
Pabliguda
MTU 1010 4120 4955 20.26
5 OFT Deopattangi MTU 1010 4075 4735 16.19
6 OFT Durukaguda MTU 1010 3980 4844 21.7
7 DEMO KVK Campus Lalat 4325(RF) 5250 21.38

32. Effect of organic and inorganic sources of nutrition on
yield components and yield of rice at various spacing
Treatment
No
Ear bearing tillers
(No)
Panicle
length(cm)
Grain yield
(q/ha)
S12S25x25No 11.8 24.0 56.43
S12S20x20No
8.4 25.1 51.91
S12S25x25Ni 14.7 24.7 58.29
S12S20x20Ni
10.8 25.3 59.45
S25S20x15Ni 5.9 20.5 47.00
C.D. (0.05) 0.9 2.4 4.32
The organic sources of nutrition comprises of application of 20 t FYM+1t Vermicompost +0.25 t Neem cake/ha, the
inorganic sources include application of chemical fertilizers @ 120-60-60 kg N: P2O5: K2 O/ha. --

33. Effect of sources of nutrition and water management on
grain yield (q/ha) of rice grown with different methods
CR Mean SRI Mean
Standing
water
Saturation Mean Standing
water
Saturation Mean
Organic 62.0 63.3 62.6 66.0 67.0 66.5
Inorganic 50.0 50.5 50.3 57.3 62.3 59.8
Mean 56.0 56.9 56.5 61.7 64.7 63.2

34. SIGNIFICANCE OF YIELD ATTRIBUTING CHARACTERS ON SRI RICE

35. EVALUATIONS
• A promising way to realize potential yield regardless of
the variety but water control is the prime necessity
• Varieties with strong tillering habit and good plant type
are more favourable
• SRI method can promote more vigorous growth of rice
plant especially tillering and root system
• There are definite response to organic nutrition in SRI
practices but availability of organics is the issue
• Less insect and disease problem are observed
• SRI gives higher output with less input but it requires
more manual works
• SRI should be modified wherever possible, to be more
suitable for local condition.

36. CONCLUSIONS
♦ Performance of SRI is location specific
♦ Varieties respond differentially to this method.
♦ It is a water and seed saving method.
♦ Can be a best option to promote hybrid rice as hybrids perform better
under SRI and it helps to save significantly in seed cost.
♦ Has potential to improve soil health and environmental protection (
Methane gas emission studies).
♦ Further LONG TERM RESEARCH ON SRI is needed to understand the
factors contributing to higher yield, soil health parameters, and various
aspects green house gases and sustainability