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https://www.flickr.com/photos/sharynmorrow/643126727
Speed Matters…
So why is your site so slow?
@AndyDavies
ReDevelop 2015, August 2015
https://www.flickr.com/photos/dullhunk/3930915541
But I’m frustrated…
http://www.flickr.com/photos/sybrenstuvel/2468506922
The Web is Too Slow
http://www.flickr.com/photos/the_justified_sinner/3507390621
Speed matters, So why is your site so slow?
(it’s just) Too many sites are too slow
http://www.flickr.com/photos/the_justified_sinner/3507390621
and it’s getting worse!
Only 12% of the top 100 (US) retail sites rendered
feature content in less than 3 seconds. !
!
Year-on-year the median page has slowed down
by 23%
Tammy Everts - Radware State of the Union Fall 2014
“We’re not being deliberate about performance”!
Tim Kadlec
https://www.flickr.com/photos/lukew/7382528728
But only if we build it that way…
http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-0RqujOyE1ro/Up9HF7bPxbI/AAAAAAAAAbM/Ijudm6uq-dg/s1600/This+is+for+Everyone.jpg
Reader panel (3,000 people) rated speed (fast page
load time) as their second most important driver!
!
Speed had the highest percentage of people saying it
was VERY important to them
Speed matters!
Walmart 2012
http://www.slideshare.net/cliffcrocker/velocity-ny-how-to-measure-revenue-in-milliseconds
Increased conversions by 10%!
!
Shaved 1 second off median home page time!
6 seconds of 98th percentile
Improved load time from 1.2s to 0.5s!
!
+28% page views / session!
+21% time on site / visit!
+20% conversion rate
http://blog.quanta-computing.com/etam-earns-20-of-conversion-by-optimising-its-online-store/
We’re more tolerant as we get further into purchase funnels
Less Tolerant
More Tolerant
and sometimes we get suspicious if something’s too fast
and sometimes we get suspicious if something’s too fast
Design is all about finding solutions within constraints,!
if there were no constraints, it’s not design — it’s art.!
Matias Duarte
“
”
http://www.flickr.com/photos/communityfriend/2342578485
Embrace those constraints… set a performance budget
Setting a budget
An event that matters to the visitor!
within a set time!
under defined network conditions
“Usable within 10 seconds on GPRS connection”!
BBC News
“SpeedIndex under 1000”!
Paul Irish
Could use page size or number of objects but…
…how well would they work here?
We know how to make fast sites, there are plenty of recipes out there
How well do we understand our medium?
https://www.flickr.com/photos/37873897@N06/6924775578
Do we understand our fundamental building blocks?
https://www.flickr.com/photos/ogimogi/2253657555
Which will be faster?
10Mbps 1Mbps
Which will be faster?
10Mbps 1Mbps
Which will be faster?
10Mbps 1Mbps
Which will be faster?
10Mbps 1Mbps
Which will be faster?
10Mbps 1Mbps/ 280ms RTT / 28ms RTT
We often think of the network as a pipe
https://www.flickr.com/photos/63567936@N00/4181042889
that’s sometimes really bad
https://www.flickr.com/photos/chesh2000/4487000196
but the reality is closer to
http://1m0esx2939yhjwld8419obqhyb.wpengine.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/DSC_0492.jpg
“More Bandwidth Doesn’t Matter (much)”!
Mike Belshe
PageLoadTime
Bandwidth (Mbps)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1.36s1.37s1.38s1.39s1.41s1.44s1.50s
1.63s
1.95s
3.11s
Latency = time between request and response
Browser Server
Request
Response
Time
But latency has a linear impact
PageLoadTime(s)
1
2
3
4
Round Trip Time (ms)
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240
http://www.vectortemplates.comBT Backbone roundtrip times from London: http://ippm.bt.net/hour/europe/lo.shtml
Latency increases with distance
http://www.vectortemplates.comBT Backbone roundtrip times from London: http://ippm.bt.net/hour/europe/lo.shtml
Latency increases with distance
81ms
201ms
156ms
266ms
232ms
28ms
http://www.vectortemplates.com
CDN = content closer to visitor = less latency = faster
There’s the last mile latency too
(and routers, other networking kit, mobile latencies too)
https://www.flickr.com/photos/kiwanja/3170292282
TCP and the Lower Bound of Web Performance!
John Rauser
Will probably need more than one round trip
71kB
143kB
214kB
285kB
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
(TCP Segments)
Round Trips
Size
We can cheat the latency penalty
(sometimes)
https://speakerdeck.com/mikeyk/secrets-to-lightning-fast-mobile-design
Speed matters, So why is your site so slow?
User gets
feedback
User gets
feedback
Network request
still in progress
???
Convert HTML …
<html>
<head>
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1.0">
<link href="styles.css" rel="stylesheet">
<script src="script.js"></script>
<title>HTML Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Title</h1>
<p>Some introductory text and picture! <img src="image.jpg"/></p>
</body>
</html>
… into Document Object Model (DOM)
html
head body
meta link script title h1 p
img
Convert CSS …
body { font-size: 16px }
h1 { text-decoration: underline}
p { font-weight: bold }
p > span { color: #000 }
img { border: 1px solid #ccc }
… into CSS Object Model (CSSOM)
body
h1 p
span
font-size: 16px
font-size: 16px
text-decoration: underline
font-size: 16px
font-weight: bold
font-size: 16px
font-weight: bold
color: #000
img
font-size: 16px
border: 1px solid #ccc
Combine DOM and CSSOM to build Render Tree
body
h1 p
img
font-size: 16px
text-decoration: underline
font-size: 16px
font-weight: bold
border: 1px solid #ccc
font-size: 16px
font-weight: bold
Render the Page
HTML
CSS
DOM
CSSOM
Render!
Tree
Layout Paint
But what about JavaScript?
HTML
CSS
DOM
CSSOM
Render!
Tree
Layout PaintJavaScript
But what about JavaScript?
HTML
CSS
DOM
CSSOM
Render!
Tree
Layout PaintJavaScript
DOM
CSSOM
JavaScript
JavaScript blocks DOM construction!
CSSOM construction blocks JavaScript execution
async attribute avoids JavaScript blocking DOM construction
!
<script async src="myscript.js"></script>
Widely supported - 89.59% (http://caniuse.com/script-async)!
!
Doesn’t incur delays of using inline script to load other scripts e.g.
Google Analytics snippet
HTML
CSS
DOM
CSSOM
Render!
Tree
Layout PaintJavaScript Render!
Tree
HTML
CSS
DOM
CSSOM
Render!
Tree
Layout PaintJavaScript Render!
Tree
Fonts and background
images discovered
when render tree builds
And we all hate this… right?
Use font foundries that prioritise your visitor’s experience
http://www.flickr.com/photos/splorp/4951916342
! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q
R S T U V W X Y Z [  ] ^ _ ` a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z { | } ~ ¡ ¢ £ ¤ ¥ ¦
§ ¨ © ª « ¬ ® ¯ ° ± ² ³ ´ µ ¶ · ¸ ¹ º » ¼ ½ ¾ ¿ À Á Â Ã Ä Å Æ Ç È É Ê Ë Ì Í Î Ï Ð Ñ Ò Ó Ô Õ Ö
× Ø Ù Ú Û Ü Ý Þ ß à á â ã ä å æ ç è é ê ë ì í î ï ð ñ ò ó ô õ ö ÷ ø ù ú û ü ý þ ÿ Ā ā Ă ă Ą ą Ć
ć Ĉ ĉ Ċ ċ Č č Ď ď Đ đ Ē ē Ĕ ĕ Ė ė Ę ę Ě ě Ĝ ĝ Ğ ğ Ġ ġ Ģ ģ Ĥ ĥ Ħ ħ Ĩ ĩ Ī ī Ĭ ĭ Į į İ ı IJ ij Ĵ ĵ Ķ ķ
ĸ Ĺ ĺ Ļ ļ Ľ ľ Ŀ ŀ Ł ł Ń ń Ņ ņ Ň ň ʼn Ŋ ŋ Ō ō Ŏ ŏ Ő ő Œ œ Ŕ ŕ Ŗ ŗ Ř ř Ś ś Ŝ ŝ Ş ş Š š Ţ ţ Ť ť Ŧ ŧ
Ũ ũ Ū ū Ŭ ŭ Ů ů Ű ű Ų ų Ŵ ŵ Ŷ ŷ Ÿ Ź ź Ż ż Ž ž ſ ƒ Ơ ơ Ư ư ǰ Ǻ ǻ Ǽ ǽ Ǿ ǿ Ș ș Ț ț ȷ ʼ ˆ ˇ ˉ ˘ ˙
˚ ˛ ˜ ˝ ˳ ̀ ́ ̃ ̉ ̏ ̣΄ ΅ Ά · Έ Ή Ί Ό Ύ Ώ ΐ Α Β Γ Δ Ε Ζ Η Θ Ι Κ Λ Μ Ν Ξ Ο Π Ρ Σ Τ Υ Φ Χ Ψ Ω Ϊ Ϋ ά έ
ή ί ΰ α β γ δ ε ζ η θ ι κ λ μ ν ξ ο π ρ ς σ τ υ φ χ ψ ω ϊ ϋ ό ύ ώ ϑ ϒ ϖ Ѐ Ё Ђ Ѓ Є Ѕ І Ї Ј Љ
Њ Ћ Ќ Ѝ Ў Џ А Б В Г Д Е Ж З И Й К Л М Н О П Р С Т У Ф Х Ц Ч Ш Щ Ъ Ы Ь Э Ю Я а б
в г д е ж з и й к л м н о п р с т у ф х ц ч ш щ ъ ы ь э ю я ѐ ё ђ ѓ є ѕ і ї ј љ њ ћ ќ ѝ ў џ Ѡ ѡ
Ѣ ѣ Ѥ ѥ Ѧ ѧ Ѩ ѩ Ѫ ѫ Ѭ ѭ Ѯ ѯ Ѱ ѱ Ѳ ѳ Ѵ ѵ Ѷ ѷ Ѹ ѹ Ѻ ѻ Ѽ ѽ Ѿ ѿ Ҁ ҁ ҂ ҃ ҄ ҅ ҆ ҈ ҉ Ҋ ҋ Ҍ ҍ
Ҏ ҏ Ґ ґ Ғ ғ Ҕ ҕ Җ җ Ҙ ҙ Қ қ Ҝ ҝ Ҟ ҟ Ҡ ҡ Ң ң Ҥ ҥ Ҧ ҧ Ҩ ҩ Ҫ ҫ Ҭ ҭ Ү ү Ұ ұ Ҳ ҳ Ҵ ҵ Ҷ ҷ Ҹ
ҹ Һ һ Ҽ ҽ Ҿ ҿ Ӏ Ӂ ӂ Ӄ ӄ Ӆ ӆ Ӈ ӈ Ӊ ӊ Ӌ ӌ Ӎ ӎ ӏ Ӑ ӑ Ӓ ӓ Ӕ ӕ Ӗ ӗ Ә ә Ӛ ӛ Ӝ ӝ Ӟ ӟ Ӡ ӡ Ӣ ӣ
Ӥ ӥ Ӧ ӧ Ө ө Ӫ ӫ Ӭ ӭ Ӯ ӯ Ӱ ӱ Ӳ ӳ Ӵ ӵ Ӷ ӷ Ӹ ӹ Ӻ ӻ Ӽ ӽ Ӿ ӿ Ԁ ԁ Ԃ ԃ Ԅ ԅ Ԇ ԇ Ԉ ԉ Ԋ ԋ Ԍ ԍ Ԏ
ԏ Ԑ ԑ Ԓ ԓ Ḁ ḁ Ḿ ḿ Ẁ ẁ Ẃ ẃ Ẅ ẅ Ạ ạ Ả ả Ấ ấ Ầ ầ Ẩ ẩ Ẫ ẫ Ậ ậ Ắ ắ Ằ ằ Ẳ ẳ Ẵ ẵ Ặ ặ Ẹ ẹ Ẻ ẻ
Ẽ ẽ Ế ế Ề ề Ể ể Ễ ễ Ệ ệ Ỉ ỉ Ị ị Ọ ọ Ỏ ỏ Ố ố Ồ ồ Ổ ổ Ỗ ỗ Ộ ộ Ớ ớ Ờ ờ Ở ở Ỡ ỡ Ợ ợ Ụ ụ Ủ ủ
Ứ ứ Ừ ừ Ử ử Ữ ữ Ự ự Ỳ ỳ Ỵ ỵ Ỷ ỷ Ỹ ỹ Ὅ – — ― ‗ ‘ ’ ‚ ‛ “ ” „ † ‡ • … ‰ ′ ″ ‹ › ‼ ⁄ ⁰ ⁴ ⁵ ⁶ ⁷ ⁸ ⁹ ⁿ ₣
₤ ₧ ₫ € ℅ № ℠ ™ Ω ⅛ ⅜ ⅝ ⅞ ∂ ∆ ∏ ∑ − √ ∞ ∫ ≈ ≠ ≤ ≥ ◊ ff fi fl ffi ffl 
Do we need all those glyphs?
Open Sans — 22.1 kB
! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q
R S T U V W X Y Z [  ] ^ _ ` a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z { | } ~ ¡ ¢ £ ¤ ¥ ¦
§ ¨ © ª « ¬ ® ¯ ° ± ² ³ ´ µ ¶ · ¸ ¹ º » ¼ ½ ¾ ¿ À Á Â Ã Ä Å Æ Ç È É Ê Ë Ì Í Î Ï Ð Ñ Ò Ó Ô Õ Ö
× Ø Ù Ú Û Ü Ý Þ ß à á â ã ä å æ ç è é ê ë ì í î ï ð ñ ò ó ô õ ö ÷ ø ù ú û ü ý þ ÿ Ā ā Ă ă Ą ą Ć
ć Ĉ ĉ Ċ ċ Č č Ď ď Đ đ Ē ē Ĕ ĕ Ė ė Ę ę Ě ě Ĝ ĝ Ğ ğ Ġ ġ Ģ ģ Ĥ ĥ Ħ ħ Ĩ ĩ Ī ī Ĭ ĭ Į į İ ı IJ ij Ĵ ĵ Ķ ķ
ĸ Ĺ ĺ Ļ ļ Ľ ľ Ŀ ŀ Ł ł Ń ń Ņ ņ Ň ň ʼn Ŋ ŋ Ō ō Ŏ ŏ Ő ő Œ œ Ŕ ŕ Ŗ ŗ Ř ř Ś ś Ŝ ŝ Ş ş Š š Ţ ţ Ť ť Ŧ ŧ
Ũ ũ Ū ū Ŭ ŭ Ů ů Ű ű Ų ų Ŵ ŵ Ŷ ŷ Ÿ Ź ź Ż ż Ž ž ſ ƒ Ơ ơ Ư ư ǰ Ǻ ǻ Ǽ ǽ Ǿ ǿ Ș ș Ț ț ȷ ʼ ˆ ˇ ˉ ˘ ˙
˚ ˛ ˜ ˝ ˳ ̀ ́ ̃ ̉ ̏ ̣΄ ΅ Ά · Έ Ή Ί Ό Ύ Ώ ΐ Α Β Γ Δ Ε Ζ Η Θ Ι Κ Λ Μ Ν Ξ Ο Π Ρ Σ Τ Υ Φ Χ Ψ Ω Ϊ Ϋ ά έ
ή ί ΰ α β γ δ ε ζ η θ ι κ λ μ ν ξ ο π ρ ς σ τ υ φ χ ψ ω ϊ ϋ ό ύ ώ ϑ ϒ ϖ Ѐ Ё Ђ Ѓ Є Ѕ І Ї Ј Љ
Њ Ћ Ќ Ѝ Ў Џ А Б В Г Д Е Ж З И Й К Л М Н О П Р С Т У Ф Х Ц Ч Ш Щ Ъ Ы Ь Э Ю Я а б
в г д е ж з и й к л м н о п р с т у ф х ц ч ш щ ъ ы ь э ю я ѐ ё ђ ѓ є ѕ і ї ј љ њ ћ ќ ѝ ў џ Ѡ ѡ
Ѣ ѣ Ѥ ѥ Ѧ ѧ Ѩ ѩ Ѫ ѫ Ѭ ѭ Ѯ ѯ Ѱ ѱ Ѳ ѳ Ѵ ѵ Ѷ ѷ Ѹ ѹ Ѻ ѻ Ѽ ѽ Ѿ ѿ Ҁ ҁ ҂ ҃ ҄ ҅ ҆ ҈ ҉ Ҋ ҋ Ҍ ҍ
Ҏ ҏ Ґ ґ Ғ ғ Ҕ ҕ Җ җ Ҙ ҙ Қ қ Ҝ ҝ Ҟ ҟ Ҡ ҡ Ң ң Ҥ ҥ Ҧ ҧ Ҩ ҩ Ҫ ҫ Ҭ ҭ Ү ү Ұ ұ Ҳ ҳ Ҵ ҵ Ҷ ҷ Ҹ
ҹ Һ һ Ҽ ҽ Ҿ ҿ Ӏ Ӂ ӂ Ӄ ӄ Ӆ ӆ Ӈ ӈ Ӊ ӊ Ӌ ӌ Ӎ ӎ ӏ Ӑ ӑ Ӓ ӓ Ӕ ӕ Ӗ ӗ Ә ә Ӛ ӛ Ӝ ӝ Ӟ ӟ Ӡ ӡ Ӣ ӣ
Ӥ ӥ Ӧ ӧ Ө ө Ӫ ӫ Ӭ ӭ Ӯ ӯ Ӱ ӱ Ӳ ӳ Ӵ ӵ Ӷ ӷ Ӹ ӹ Ӻ ӻ Ӽ ӽ Ӿ ӿ Ԁ ԁ Ԃ ԃ Ԅ ԅ Ԇ ԇ Ԉ ԉ Ԋ ԋ Ԍ ԍ Ԏ
ԏ Ԑ ԑ Ԓ ԓ Ḁ ḁ Ḿ ḿ Ẁ ẁ Ẃ ẃ Ẅ ẅ Ạ ạ Ả ả Ấ ấ Ầ ầ Ẩ ẩ Ẫ ẫ Ậ ậ Ắ ắ Ằ ằ Ẳ ẳ Ẵ ẵ Ặ ặ Ẹ ẹ Ẻ ẻ
Ẽ ẽ Ế ế Ề ề Ể ể Ễ ễ Ệ ệ Ỉ ỉ Ị ị Ọ ọ Ỏ ỏ Ố ố Ồ ồ Ổ ổ Ỗ ỗ Ộ ộ Ớ ớ Ờ ờ Ở ở Ỡ ỡ Ợ ợ Ụ ụ Ủ ủ
Ứ ứ Ừ ừ Ử ử Ữ ữ Ự ự Ỳ ỳ Ỵ ỵ Ỷ ỷ Ỹ ỹ Ὅ – — ― ‗ ‘ ’ ‚ ‛ “ ” „ † ‡ • … ‰ ′ ″ ‹ › ‼ ⁄ ⁰ ⁴ ⁵ ⁶ ⁷ ⁸ ⁹ ⁿ ₣
₤ ₧ ₫ € ℅ № ℠ ™ Ω ⅛ ⅜ ⅝ ⅞ ∂ ∆ ∏ ∑ − √ ∞ ∫ ≈ ≠ ≤ ≥ ◊ ff fi fl ffi ffl 
Just Latin glyphs… 14.9 kB — 33% saving
A proposal that may help…
font-display: auto | block | swap | fallback | optional;
https://tabatkins.github.io/specs/css-font-rendering/
Proposal to help control font blocking - CSS Font Rendering Controls
Another proposal that should help - link rel=“preload”…
https://w3c.github.io/preload/
<!-- preload a widget component -->
<link rel="preload" href="/components/widget.html" as="iframe">
!
<!-- preload an application script -->
<link rel="preload" href="/app/script.js" as="javascript">
!
<!-- preload a CSS stylesheet -->
<link rel="preload" href="/style/style.css" as="stylesheet">
!
<!-- preload a font -->
<link rel="preload" href="//example.com/font.woff2" as="font">
!
<!-- preload an image asset -->
<link rel="preload" href="//example.com/image.jpg" as="image" media="max-width: 640px">
Some other ways of hinting are already here
<link rel="dns-prefetch" href="other.hostname.com">
!
<link rel="subresource" href="/some_other_resource.js">
!
<link rel="prefetch" href="/some_other_resource.jpeg">
!
<link rel="prerender" href=“//domain.com/next_page.html”>
https://www.flickr.com/photos/christian_bachellier/582457911
And HTTP/2 server push is here now too
Be deliberate, design for performance
https://www.flickr.com/photos/9760699@N08/3748770917
Measure frequently - during build and in live
http://www.flickr.com/photos/chandramarsono/4324373384
Remember the constraints of our medium
https://www.flickr.com/photos/33649815@N03/3367739514
https://www.flickr.com/photos/basheertome/4762529213
http://www.flickr.com/photos/nzbuu/4093456029
ThankYou!
@andydavies
andy.davies@nccgroup.com
http://slideshare.net/andydavies

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Speed matters, So why is your site so slow?

  • 1. https://www.flickr.com/photos/sharynmorrow/643126727 Speed Matters… So why is your site so slow? @AndyDavies ReDevelop 2015, August 2015
  • 4. The Web is Too Slow http://www.flickr.com/photos/the_justified_sinner/3507390621
  • 6. (it’s just) Too many sites are too slow http://www.flickr.com/photos/the_justified_sinner/3507390621
  • 7. and it’s getting worse! Only 12% of the top 100 (US) retail sites rendered feature content in less than 3 seconds. ! ! Year-on-year the median page has slowed down by 23% Tammy Everts - Radware State of the Union Fall 2014
  • 8. “We’re not being deliberate about performance”! Tim Kadlec https://www.flickr.com/photos/lukew/7382528728
  • 9. But only if we build it that way… http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-0RqujOyE1ro/Up9HF7bPxbI/AAAAAAAAAbM/Ijudm6uq-dg/s1600/This+is+for+Everyone.jpg
  • 10. Reader panel (3,000 people) rated speed (fast page load time) as their second most important driver! ! Speed had the highest percentage of people saying it was VERY important to them
  • 12. http://www.slideshare.net/cliffcrocker/velocity-ny-how-to-measure-revenue-in-milliseconds Increased conversions by 10%! ! Shaved 1 second off median home page time! 6 seconds of 98th percentile
  • 13. Improved load time from 1.2s to 0.5s! ! +28% page views / session! +21% time on site / visit! +20% conversion rate http://blog.quanta-computing.com/etam-earns-20-of-conversion-by-optimising-its-online-store/
  • 14. We’re more tolerant as we get further into purchase funnels Less Tolerant More Tolerant
  • 15. and sometimes we get suspicious if something’s too fast
  • 16. and sometimes we get suspicious if something’s too fast
  • 17. Design is all about finding solutions within constraints,! if there were no constraints, it’s not design — it’s art.! Matias Duarte “ ”
  • 19. Setting a budget An event that matters to the visitor! within a set time! under defined network conditions
  • 20. “Usable within 10 seconds on GPRS connection”! BBC News
  • 22. Could use page size or number of objects but…
  • 23. …how well would they work here?
  • 24. We know how to make fast sites, there are plenty of recipes out there
  • 25. How well do we understand our medium? https://www.flickr.com/photos/37873897@N06/6924775578
  • 26. Do we understand our fundamental building blocks? https://www.flickr.com/photos/ogimogi/2253657555
  • 27. Which will be faster? 10Mbps 1Mbps
  • 28. Which will be faster? 10Mbps 1Mbps
  • 29. Which will be faster? 10Mbps 1Mbps
  • 30. Which will be faster? 10Mbps 1Mbps
  • 31. Which will be faster? 10Mbps 1Mbps/ 280ms RTT / 28ms RTT
  • 32. We often think of the network as a pipe https://www.flickr.com/photos/63567936@N00/4181042889
  • 33. that’s sometimes really bad https://www.flickr.com/photos/chesh2000/4487000196
  • 34. but the reality is closer to http://1m0esx2939yhjwld8419obqhyb.wpengine.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/DSC_0492.jpg
  • 35. “More Bandwidth Doesn’t Matter (much)”! Mike Belshe PageLoadTime Bandwidth (Mbps) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1.36s1.37s1.38s1.39s1.41s1.44s1.50s 1.63s 1.95s 3.11s
  • 36. Latency = time between request and response Browser Server Request Response Time
  • 37. But latency has a linear impact PageLoadTime(s) 1 2 3 4 Round Trip Time (ms) 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240
  • 38. http://www.vectortemplates.comBT Backbone roundtrip times from London: http://ippm.bt.net/hour/europe/lo.shtml Latency increases with distance
  • 39. http://www.vectortemplates.comBT Backbone roundtrip times from London: http://ippm.bt.net/hour/europe/lo.shtml Latency increases with distance 81ms 201ms 156ms 266ms 232ms 28ms
  • 40. http://www.vectortemplates.com CDN = content closer to visitor = less latency = faster
  • 41. There’s the last mile latency too (and routers, other networking kit, mobile latencies too) https://www.flickr.com/photos/kiwanja/3170292282
  • 42. TCP and the Lower Bound of Web Performance! John Rauser Will probably need more than one round trip 71kB 143kB 214kB 285kB 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 (TCP Segments) Round Trips Size
  • 43. We can cheat the latency penalty (sometimes) https://speakerdeck.com/mikeyk/secrets-to-lightning-fast-mobile-design
  • 47. ???
  • 48. Convert HTML … <html> <head> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1.0"> <link href="styles.css" rel="stylesheet"> <script src="script.js"></script> <title>HTML Example</title> </head> <body> <h1>Title</h1> <p>Some introductory text and picture! <img src="image.jpg"/></p> </body> </html>
  • 49. … into Document Object Model (DOM) html head body meta link script title h1 p img
  • 50. Convert CSS … body { font-size: 16px } h1 { text-decoration: underline} p { font-weight: bold } p > span { color: #000 } img { border: 1px solid #ccc }
  • 51. … into CSS Object Model (CSSOM) body h1 p span font-size: 16px font-size: 16px text-decoration: underline font-size: 16px font-weight: bold font-size: 16px font-weight: bold color: #000 img font-size: 16px border: 1px solid #ccc
  • 52. Combine DOM and CSSOM to build Render Tree body h1 p img font-size: 16px text-decoration: underline font-size: 16px font-weight: bold border: 1px solid #ccc font-size: 16px font-weight: bold
  • 54. But what about JavaScript? HTML CSS DOM CSSOM Render! Tree Layout PaintJavaScript
  • 55. But what about JavaScript? HTML CSS DOM CSSOM Render! Tree Layout PaintJavaScript DOM CSSOM JavaScript JavaScript blocks DOM construction! CSSOM construction blocks JavaScript execution
  • 56. async attribute avoids JavaScript blocking DOM construction ! <script async src="myscript.js"></script> Widely supported - 89.59% (http://caniuse.com/script-async)! ! Doesn’t incur delays of using inline script to load other scripts e.g. Google Analytics snippet
  • 58. HTML CSS DOM CSSOM Render! Tree Layout PaintJavaScript Render! Tree Fonts and background images discovered when render tree builds
  • 59. And we all hate this… right?
  • 60. Use font foundries that prioritise your visitor’s experience http://www.flickr.com/photos/splorp/4951916342
  • 61. ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ ] ^ _ ` a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z { | } ~ ¡ ¢ £ ¤ ¥ ¦ § ¨ © ª « ¬ ® ¯ ° ± ² ³ ´ µ ¶ · ¸ ¹ º » ¼ ½ ¾ ¿ À Á Â Ã Ä Å Æ Ç È É Ê Ë Ì Í Î Ï Ð Ñ Ò Ó Ô Õ Ö × Ø Ù Ú Û Ü Ý Þ ß à á â ã ä å æ ç è é ê ë ì í î ï ð ñ ò ó ô õ ö ÷ ø ù ú û ü ý þ ÿ Ā ā Ă ă Ą ą Ć ć Ĉ ĉ Ċ ċ Č č Ď ď Đ đ Ē ē Ĕ ĕ Ė ė Ę ę Ě ě Ĝ ĝ Ğ ğ Ġ ġ Ģ ģ Ĥ ĥ Ħ ħ Ĩ ĩ Ī ī Ĭ ĭ Į į İ ı IJ ij Ĵ ĵ Ķ ķ ĸ Ĺ ĺ Ļ ļ Ľ ľ Ŀ ŀ Ł ł Ń ń Ņ ņ Ň ň ʼn Ŋ ŋ Ō ō Ŏ ŏ Ő ő Œ œ Ŕ ŕ Ŗ ŗ Ř ř Ś ś Ŝ ŝ Ş ş Š š Ţ ţ Ť ť Ŧ ŧ Ũ ũ Ū ū Ŭ ŭ Ů ů Ű ű Ų ų Ŵ ŵ Ŷ ŷ Ÿ Ź ź Ż ż Ž ž ſ ƒ Ơ ơ Ư ư ǰ Ǻ ǻ Ǽ ǽ Ǿ ǿ Ș ș Ț ț ȷ ʼ ˆ ˇ ˉ ˘ ˙ ˚ ˛ ˜ ˝ ˳ ̀ ́ ̃ ̉ ̏ ̣΄ ΅ Ά · Έ Ή Ί Ό Ύ Ώ ΐ Α Β Γ Δ Ε Ζ Η Θ Ι Κ Λ Μ Ν Ξ Ο Π Ρ Σ Τ Υ Φ Χ Ψ Ω Ϊ Ϋ ά έ ή ί ΰ α β γ δ ε ζ η θ ι κ λ μ ν ξ ο π ρ ς σ τ υ φ χ ψ ω ϊ ϋ ό ύ ώ ϑ ϒ ϖ Ѐ Ё Ђ Ѓ Є Ѕ І Ї Ј Љ Њ Ћ Ќ Ѝ Ў Џ А Б В Г Д Е Ж З И Й К Л М Н О П Р С Т У Ф Х Ц Ч Ш Щ Ъ Ы Ь Э Ю Я а б в г д е ж з и й к л м н о п р с т у ф х ц ч ш щ ъ ы ь э ю я ѐ ё ђ ѓ є ѕ і ї ј љ њ ћ ќ ѝ ў џ Ѡ ѡ Ѣ ѣ Ѥ ѥ Ѧ ѧ Ѩ ѩ Ѫ ѫ Ѭ ѭ Ѯ ѯ Ѱ ѱ Ѳ ѳ Ѵ ѵ Ѷ ѷ Ѹ ѹ Ѻ ѻ Ѽ ѽ Ѿ ѿ Ҁ ҁ ҂ ҃ ҄ ҅ ҆ ҈ ҉ Ҋ ҋ Ҍ ҍ Ҏ ҏ Ґ ґ Ғ ғ Ҕ ҕ Җ җ Ҙ ҙ Қ қ Ҝ ҝ Ҟ ҟ Ҡ ҡ Ң ң Ҥ ҥ Ҧ ҧ Ҩ ҩ Ҫ ҫ Ҭ ҭ Ү ү Ұ ұ Ҳ ҳ Ҵ ҵ Ҷ ҷ Ҹ ҹ Һ һ Ҽ ҽ Ҿ ҿ Ӏ Ӂ ӂ Ӄ ӄ Ӆ ӆ Ӈ ӈ Ӊ ӊ Ӌ ӌ Ӎ ӎ ӏ Ӑ ӑ Ӓ ӓ Ӕ ӕ Ӗ ӗ Ә ә Ӛ ӛ Ӝ ӝ Ӟ ӟ Ӡ ӡ Ӣ ӣ Ӥ ӥ Ӧ ӧ Ө ө Ӫ ӫ Ӭ ӭ Ӯ ӯ Ӱ ӱ Ӳ ӳ Ӵ ӵ Ӷ ӷ Ӹ ӹ Ӻ ӻ Ӽ ӽ Ӿ ӿ Ԁ ԁ Ԃ ԃ Ԅ ԅ Ԇ ԇ Ԉ ԉ Ԋ ԋ Ԍ ԍ Ԏ ԏ Ԑ ԑ Ԓ ԓ Ḁ ḁ Ḿ ḿ Ẁ ẁ Ẃ ẃ Ẅ ẅ Ạ ạ Ả ả Ấ ấ Ầ ầ Ẩ ẩ Ẫ ẫ Ậ ậ Ắ ắ Ằ ằ Ẳ ẳ Ẵ ẵ Ặ ặ Ẹ ẹ Ẻ ẻ Ẽ ẽ Ế ế Ề ề Ể ể Ễ ễ Ệ ệ Ỉ ỉ Ị ị Ọ ọ Ỏ ỏ Ố ố Ồ ồ Ổ ổ Ỗ ỗ Ộ ộ Ớ ớ Ờ ờ Ở ở Ỡ ỡ Ợ ợ Ụ ụ Ủ ủ Ứ ứ Ừ ừ Ử ử Ữ ữ Ự ự Ỳ ỳ Ỵ ỵ Ỷ ỷ Ỹ ỹ Ὅ – — ― ‗ ‘ ’ ‚ ‛ “ ” „ † ‡ • … ‰ ′ ″ ‹ › ‼ ⁄ ⁰ ⁴ ⁵ ⁶ ⁷ ⁸ ⁹ ⁿ ₣ ₤ ₧ ₫ € ℅ № ℠ ™ Ω ⅛ ⅜ ⅝ ⅞ ∂ ∆ ∏ ∑ − √ ∞ ∫ ≈ ≠ ≤ ≥ ◊ ff fi fl ffi ffl  Do we need all those glyphs? Open Sans — 22.1 kB
  • 62. ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ ] ^ _ ` a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z { | } ~ ¡ ¢ £ ¤ ¥ ¦ § ¨ © ª « ¬ ® ¯ ° ± ² ³ ´ µ ¶ · ¸ ¹ º » ¼ ½ ¾ ¿ À Á Â Ã Ä Å Æ Ç È É Ê Ë Ì Í Î Ï Ð Ñ Ò Ó Ô Õ Ö × Ø Ù Ú Û Ü Ý Þ ß à á â ã ä å æ ç è é ê ë ì í î ï ð ñ ò ó ô õ ö ÷ ø ù ú û ü ý þ ÿ Ā ā Ă ă Ą ą Ć ć Ĉ ĉ Ċ ċ Č č Ď ď Đ đ Ē ē Ĕ ĕ Ė ė Ę ę Ě ě Ĝ ĝ Ğ ğ Ġ ġ Ģ ģ Ĥ ĥ Ħ ħ Ĩ ĩ Ī ī Ĭ ĭ Į į İ ı IJ ij Ĵ ĵ Ķ ķ ĸ Ĺ ĺ Ļ ļ Ľ ľ Ŀ ŀ Ł ł Ń ń Ņ ņ Ň ň ʼn Ŋ ŋ Ō ō Ŏ ŏ Ő ő Œ œ Ŕ ŕ Ŗ ŗ Ř ř Ś ś Ŝ ŝ Ş ş Š š Ţ ţ Ť ť Ŧ ŧ Ũ ũ Ū ū Ŭ ŭ Ů ů Ű ű Ų ų Ŵ ŵ Ŷ ŷ Ÿ Ź ź Ż ż Ž ž ſ ƒ Ơ ơ Ư ư ǰ Ǻ ǻ Ǽ ǽ Ǿ ǿ Ș ș Ț ț ȷ ʼ ˆ ˇ ˉ ˘ ˙ ˚ ˛ ˜ ˝ ˳ ̀ ́ ̃ ̉ ̏ ̣΄ ΅ Ά · Έ Ή Ί Ό Ύ Ώ ΐ Α Β Γ Δ Ε Ζ Η Θ Ι Κ Λ Μ Ν Ξ Ο Π Ρ Σ Τ Υ Φ Χ Ψ Ω Ϊ Ϋ ά έ ή ί ΰ α β γ δ ε ζ η θ ι κ λ μ ν ξ ο π ρ ς σ τ υ φ χ ψ ω ϊ ϋ ό ύ ώ ϑ ϒ ϖ Ѐ Ё Ђ Ѓ Є Ѕ І Ї Ј Љ Њ Ћ Ќ Ѝ Ў Џ А Б В Г Д Е Ж З И Й К Л М Н О П Р С Т У Ф Х Ц Ч Ш Щ Ъ Ы Ь Э Ю Я а б в г д е ж з и й к л м н о п р с т у ф х ц ч ш щ ъ ы ь э ю я ѐ ё ђ ѓ є ѕ і ї ј љ њ ћ ќ ѝ ў џ Ѡ ѡ Ѣ ѣ Ѥ ѥ Ѧ ѧ Ѩ ѩ Ѫ ѫ Ѭ ѭ Ѯ ѯ Ѱ ѱ Ѳ ѳ Ѵ ѵ Ѷ ѷ Ѹ ѹ Ѻ ѻ Ѽ ѽ Ѿ ѿ Ҁ ҁ ҂ ҃ ҄ ҅ ҆ ҈ ҉ Ҋ ҋ Ҍ ҍ Ҏ ҏ Ґ ґ Ғ ғ Ҕ ҕ Җ җ Ҙ ҙ Қ қ Ҝ ҝ Ҟ ҟ Ҡ ҡ Ң ң Ҥ ҥ Ҧ ҧ Ҩ ҩ Ҫ ҫ Ҭ ҭ Ү ү Ұ ұ Ҳ ҳ Ҵ ҵ Ҷ ҷ Ҹ ҹ Һ һ Ҽ ҽ Ҿ ҿ Ӏ Ӂ ӂ Ӄ ӄ Ӆ ӆ Ӈ ӈ Ӊ ӊ Ӌ ӌ Ӎ ӎ ӏ Ӑ ӑ Ӓ ӓ Ӕ ӕ Ӗ ӗ Ә ә Ӛ ӛ Ӝ ӝ Ӟ ӟ Ӡ ӡ Ӣ ӣ Ӥ ӥ Ӧ ӧ Ө ө Ӫ ӫ Ӭ ӭ Ӯ ӯ Ӱ ӱ Ӳ ӳ Ӵ ӵ Ӷ ӷ Ӹ ӹ Ӻ ӻ Ӽ ӽ Ӿ ӿ Ԁ ԁ Ԃ ԃ Ԅ ԅ Ԇ ԇ Ԉ ԉ Ԋ ԋ Ԍ ԍ Ԏ ԏ Ԑ ԑ Ԓ ԓ Ḁ ḁ Ḿ ḿ Ẁ ẁ Ẃ ẃ Ẅ ẅ Ạ ạ Ả ả Ấ ấ Ầ ầ Ẩ ẩ Ẫ ẫ Ậ ậ Ắ ắ Ằ ằ Ẳ ẳ Ẵ ẵ Ặ ặ Ẹ ẹ Ẻ ẻ Ẽ ẽ Ế ế Ề ề Ể ể Ễ ễ Ệ ệ Ỉ ỉ Ị ị Ọ ọ Ỏ ỏ Ố ố Ồ ồ Ổ ổ Ỗ ỗ Ộ ộ Ớ ớ Ờ ờ Ở ở Ỡ ỡ Ợ ợ Ụ ụ Ủ ủ Ứ ứ Ừ ừ Ử ử Ữ ữ Ự ự Ỳ ỳ Ỵ ỵ Ỷ ỷ Ỹ ỹ Ὅ – — ― ‗ ‘ ’ ‚ ‛ “ ” „ † ‡ • … ‰ ′ ″ ‹ › ‼ ⁄ ⁰ ⁴ ⁵ ⁶ ⁷ ⁸ ⁹ ⁿ ₣ ₤ ₧ ₫ € ℅ № ℠ ™ Ω ⅛ ⅜ ⅝ ⅞ ∂ ∆ ∏ ∑ − √ ∞ ∫ ≈ ≠ ≤ ≥ ◊ ff fi fl ffi ffl  Just Latin glyphs… 14.9 kB — 33% saving
  • 63. A proposal that may help… font-display: auto | block | swap | fallback | optional; https://tabatkins.github.io/specs/css-font-rendering/ Proposal to help control font blocking - CSS Font Rendering Controls
  • 64. Another proposal that should help - link rel=“preload”… https://w3c.github.io/preload/ <!-- preload a widget component --> <link rel="preload" href="/components/widget.html" as="iframe"> ! <!-- preload an application script --> <link rel="preload" href="/app/script.js" as="javascript"> ! <!-- preload a CSS stylesheet --> <link rel="preload" href="/style/style.css" as="stylesheet"> ! <!-- preload a font --> <link rel="preload" href="//example.com/font.woff2" as="font"> ! <!-- preload an image asset --> <link rel="preload" href="//example.com/image.jpg" as="image" media="max-width: 640px">
  • 65. Some other ways of hinting are already here <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="other.hostname.com"> ! <link rel="subresource" href="/some_other_resource.js"> ! <link rel="prefetch" href="/some_other_resource.jpeg"> ! <link rel="prerender" href=“//domain.com/next_page.html”>
  • 67. Be deliberate, design for performance https://www.flickr.com/photos/9760699@N08/3748770917
  • 68. Measure frequently - during build and in live http://www.flickr.com/photos/chandramarsono/4324373384
  • 69. Remember the constraints of our medium https://www.flickr.com/photos/33649815@N03/3367739514