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International Journal of Smart Computing and Information Technology
2020, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 35–38
Copyright © 2020 BOHR Publishers
www.bohrpub.com
National COVID-19 Health Contact Tracing and Monitoring System:
A Sustainable Global and Namibian E-business and E-governance
Context
Nikodemus Angula and Faye Tjaheja Kandjeo
Department of Management Science, Faculty of Economic and Management Sciences, University of Namibia,
Windhoek, Namibia
E-mail: chcangula@gmail.com; angulan@unam.edu.na; fkandjeo@unam.na
Abstract. Covid-19 is the destructive world’s most recent pandemic that is experienced in every part of the world.
This deadly virus affects different people in different ways. Most infected people will develop mild to moderate
illness and recover without hospitalisation. Covid-19 most common symptoms include fever, dry and tiredness.
It is against this background that in Namibian health environment the country uses a manual system to record
public member’s demographic information when visiting public places which do not allow tracing and monitor-
ing of every public member who visited the 14 regions in the country. Therefore, the present study developed a
National COVID-19 health contact tracing and monitoring system which will allow every public member who visits
an enclosed public place by capturing their demographic information as well as the date and time the facility was
visited. The system replaces the paper-based method of recording the information of people visiting public places
with an entrance that allows the coming in and out of people. The system will also allow for real-time monitoring of
temperature changes of individuals.
Keywords: National COVID-19, Health Contact Tracing System, Health Monitoring System.
1 Introduction
Monitoring and evaluation has become the buzz word in
business and government sector in today’s world. Similar
studies such as of [1] discuss the contribution of monitor-
ing and evaluation as a way of promoting good governance
through the implication of three perspectives: Monitoring
and evaluation of accountability, management decisions,
and organizational learning. This study discovered that
the input of these three perspectives towards good gover-
nance has not yet statistically been achieved. Henceforth,
Covid-19 as the world’s most recent pandemic that has
been encountered in every nation of the world and a com-
ponent of monitoring is needed for institution and business
decision making. The tracing and monitoring tool of Covid
19 would assist in bringing the world of technology, busi-
ness strategy and e-governance together. The pandemic
has been destroying many of the world’s economies and
causing death to many in the society. As such, this is not
an exceptional case for Namibia. In light of the challenges
caused by this pandemic, this study developed a tracing
and monitoring system that could trace and capture all
the demographic details for public members visiting pub-
lic places and businesses with entrance and exit points.
On the foregoing, the system will allow Namibia’s Min-
istry of Health and Social Services to easily trace all the
public members who visited any public place anywhere
and anytime without the social workers having to phys-
ically visit public places where the members who would
have been diagnosed with the case of Covid-19 would have
visited specific business and other public places. The sys-
tem will capture demographic data of every customer or
public member who visit an enclosed public place or busi-
ness facility as well as the date and time the facility was
visited. This approach is environmental friendly and sus-
tainable as it is not paper based and incorporate technology
in the tracing and monitoring system. The system replaces
the paper-based method of recording the information of
people visiting public places or business with an entrance
that permits the coming in and out of people. The sys-
tem will also allow for real-time monitoring of temperature
35
36 Nikodemus Angula and Faye Tjaheja Kandjeo
changes of individuals. Moving into a new era of health-
care, new tools and devices need to be developed to extend
and improve health services such as remote patient mon-
itoring and risk prevention. In this concept, Internet of
Things (IoT) and Cloud Computing present great advan-
tages by providing remote and efficient services [2]. In
India, many patients are dying because of heart attacks and
the reason behind some of the deaths is that they are not
getting timely and proper help. To give them timely and
proper help first there is a need to continuously monitor
the patients’ health [2]. The fixed monitoring system can
be used only when the patient is on the bed and this sys-
tem is only available in hospitals. Additionally this system
is helpful in business decision making as consumer behav-
ior and perception towards their decision on what product
they may likely purchase as a result of ill health will be
readily available. The system has also been developed for
home use by patients that are not in a critical condition but
need to be constantly or periodically monitored by a clini-
cian or family member. In any critical condition the SMS is
sent to the doctor or any family member.
2 Problem Statement
In the Namibian health domain, there is the chal-
lenge of public members visiting public places and their
demographic information is captured manually which is
yet another risk in the spreading of Covid-19. This is
because the public members visiting any facility across the
14 regions of the country use one pen that is availed at
each facility to write their details and as such this might
put public members at risk of contracting Covid-19. This
study developed a monitoring and tracing surveillance
system that can capture all the details of every public mem-
ber visiting any public place that has entrance and exit
points country wide. Public health surveillance system are
important as they enable contributes data and information
to assess and characterise the burden and distribution of
adverse health events [3].
3 Aim and Objectives
The main objective of this study is to develop and design a
National COVID-19 Health contact tracing and monitoring
system for Namibia.
Specific objectives are as follows:
(a) To identity the current methods used to trace and
monitor members of business and public when visit-
ing any enclosed public place in Namibia;
(b) To analyse the current methods that are being used to
trace and monitor members of the public when visit-
ing any enclosed public place in Namibia; and
Figure 1. Individual’s temperature tracing and monitoring system for Covid-19.
(Source: Own source, prototype developed, 2020)
The above application system will be used to record and capture details of the member of the public who will visit different public place
in Namibia as this will allow health professionals to trace and monitor member of the public’s details in real time and statistical reports
would be generated by the system which would aid in health decision making process. The system will be accessed through mobile
devices such as smartphone, tablets, laptops, personal computers etc. The patient’s body like temperature, heartbeat, and blood pressure
sensors will be used and the sensors will sense the body.
National COVID-19 Health Contact Tracing and Monitoring System 37
(c) To evaluate the current methods used to trace and
monitor members of the public when visiting any pub-
lic place in Namibia;
(d) To develop a database from which government and
business fraternity could draw information for deci-
sion making.
4 Literature Review
4.1 Health Monitoring System
In today’s world mobile technologies and smart devices in
the health zone has brought on advantage on the world
critical care which can be utilized to support healthcare
across the globe [4]. With an improvement in technol-
ogy and the miniaturisation of sensors, there have been
attempts to utilise the new technology in various areas to
improve the quality of human life [5]. One main area of
research that has seen an adoption of the technology is the
healthcare sector. The people in need of healthcare services
find it expensive and this is particularly true in develop-
ing countries [6]. As a result, this project is an attempt to
solve a healthcare problem that society is currently facing.
The main objective of the project was to design a remote
healthcare monitoring system.
4.2 Contact Tracing and Monitor System
This system can be implemented in hospitals as well as in
places of residence of the patient. The system monitors the
vital health parameter: that is, the heart beat and temper-
ature. These parameters are automatically monitored and
stored simultaneously by the system [8]. If these parame-
ters deviate from their nominal values, an alert message is
sent to the concerned doctor [7]. The system promises to
provide cost effective, ease of implementation, automatic
and continuous monitoring of the patient.
4.3 The Tracing and Monitor Health Surveil-
lance System
In today’s world surveillance systems play a crucial role
in improving population health [10]. Similarly, [11] public
health surveillance systems function is to generate infor-
mation that aid businesses to make strategic decisions.
Morever, public health surveillance systems enable remote
mobile health monitoring system to provide end-to-end
solution such as physiologic parameters, provides doctors
and family with necessary data [12].
5 Research Significance
The system is crucial because the system can keep track
of the individual’s temperature from “yesterday”, “today”
and “last month”. The study will also encourage real time
ordering system for government medication and schedul-
ing of materials. It will further assist to link government
and business procurement services.
6 Research Methods
The study used a survey to gather requirements that
enabled the development of a prototype guided by design
science research which focuses on the development and
performance of (designed) artifacts with the explicit inten-
tion of improving the functional performance of the
artifact.
7 The Tracing and Monitor Health
Surveillance System Demonstrator
This system can trace and monitor the temperature for
an individual that visits public places in Namibia, which
includes the temperature for the present day, temperature
for last month and also the temperature for the individual
for the previous day (yesterday).
7.1 Covid-19 Contact Tracer on the Namibian
Map
The system can monitor and trace contact through the 14
regions of Namibia. A public member or customer that vis-
its any public place or business anywhere, anytime in the
14 regions can be traced any time and information of that
particular public member can be reported directly to the
database at the Ministry of Health and Social Services in
Namibia.
8 Business Benefits of the Tracing
and 3.5 Monitoring System
The system will keep record of all individuals visiting pub-
lic places that have an entrance for coming in and out of
public places. The system replaces the paper based method
of recording the details of the people visiting public places.
The system will allow for the real-time monitoring of
temperature changes of individuals. The social cultural
variables of customers in the business environment can
easily be traced by suppliers and correct business decisions
that will add on to the business competitive advantage will
be effected. Just in time ordering system would then be eas-
ily adopted through e-procurement.
38 Nikodemus Angula and Faye Tjaheja Kandjeo
9 Conclusion
In today’s world healthcare monitoring systems are very
crucial as they allow continuous monitoring of the patient’s
vital signs and also help the doctor or people in the family
to monitor the emergency alarm from patients. In addition,
healthcare monitoring systems help to prevent and protect
the patients while the need of customers in the health sec-
tors will be attended to without delay.
References
[1] Abdelmageed, S. T., Virrankoski, R., & El-musrati, P. M.
(2014). Wireless Health Monitoring System The Vital Trans-
mitter, (August). https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.4995.2648.
[2] Albusaidi, S. (2018). Contribution of Monitoring and Eval-
uation to Promote Good Governance in, (January). https:
//doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.30075.62247.
[3] Gay, V., Gay, V., & Leijdekkers, P. (2015). A health monitoring
system using smart phones and wearable sensors A Health
Monitoring System Using Smart Phones and Wearable Sen-
sors, (November).
[4] Groseclose, S. L., & Buckeridge, D. L. (2017). Public health
surveillance systems: Recent advances in their use and eval-
uation, (December 2016), 1–23. Retrieved from https://doi.
org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031816-044348.
[5] Hassan, A., & Sheng, S. B. (2019). An Automated Irrigation
System Using Arduino Microcontroller, 1908(January), 2–6.
[6] Ibrahim, A. A., & Zhuopeng, W. (2018). Open access IoT
patient health monitoring system, 8(1), 77–80. https://doi.org/
10.9790/9622-0801037780.
[7] Patel, M., Narde, R. S., Shivnatri, V., Pavankumar, B.,
& Chakraborty, S. (2013). Design and implementation of
remote medical health monitoring system. Proceedings – 2013
Texas Instruments India Educators’ Conference, TIIEC, 2(6),
77–83.
[8] Priya, B., Rajendran, S., Bala, R., & Gobbi, R. (2009).
Remote wireless health monitoring systems. 2009 Inno-
vative Technologies in Intelligent Systems and Industrial
Applications, CITISIA 2009, (July 2009), 383–388. https://
doi.org/10.1109/CITISIA.2009.5224177. https://doi.org/10.
1109/TIIEC.2013.21.
[9] Priya, B., Rajendran, S., Bala, R., & Gobbi, R. (2009). Remote
wireless health monitoring.
[10] Rani, S. U., Ignatious, A., Hari, B. V., & Balavishnu, V. J.
(2017). Iot patient health monitoring.
[11] Rodrigues, M. J., Postolache, O., & Cercas, F. (2020). Physio-
logical and behavior monitoring systems for smart health-
care environments: A review. Sensors (Switzerland), 20(8),
1–26. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20082186.
[12] Systems. 2009 Innovative Technologies in Intelligent Systems
and Industrial Applications, CITISIA 2009, (June), 383—388.
https://doi.org/10.1109/CITISIA.2009.5224177.
Zhang, Y., Liu, H., Su, X., Jiang, P., & Wei, D. (2015). On
smart phone and browser/server structure. Journal of Health-
care Engineering, 6(4), 717–738.

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National COVID-19 Health Contact Tracing and Monitoring System: A Sustainable Global and Namibian E-business and E-governance Context

  • 1. International Journal of Smart Computing and Information Technology 2020, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 35–38 Copyright © 2020 BOHR Publishers www.bohrpub.com National COVID-19 Health Contact Tracing and Monitoring System: A Sustainable Global and Namibian E-business and E-governance Context Nikodemus Angula and Faye Tjaheja Kandjeo Department of Management Science, Faculty of Economic and Management Sciences, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia E-mail: chcangula@gmail.com; angulan@unam.edu.na; fkandjeo@unam.na Abstract. Covid-19 is the destructive world’s most recent pandemic that is experienced in every part of the world. This deadly virus affects different people in different ways. Most infected people will develop mild to moderate illness and recover without hospitalisation. Covid-19 most common symptoms include fever, dry and tiredness. It is against this background that in Namibian health environment the country uses a manual system to record public member’s demographic information when visiting public places which do not allow tracing and monitor- ing of every public member who visited the 14 regions in the country. Therefore, the present study developed a National COVID-19 health contact tracing and monitoring system which will allow every public member who visits an enclosed public place by capturing their demographic information as well as the date and time the facility was visited. The system replaces the paper-based method of recording the information of people visiting public places with an entrance that allows the coming in and out of people. The system will also allow for real-time monitoring of temperature changes of individuals. Keywords: National COVID-19, Health Contact Tracing System, Health Monitoring System. 1 Introduction Monitoring and evaluation has become the buzz word in business and government sector in today’s world. Similar studies such as of [1] discuss the contribution of monitor- ing and evaluation as a way of promoting good governance through the implication of three perspectives: Monitoring and evaluation of accountability, management decisions, and organizational learning. This study discovered that the input of these three perspectives towards good gover- nance has not yet statistically been achieved. Henceforth, Covid-19 as the world’s most recent pandemic that has been encountered in every nation of the world and a com- ponent of monitoring is needed for institution and business decision making. The tracing and monitoring tool of Covid 19 would assist in bringing the world of technology, busi- ness strategy and e-governance together. The pandemic has been destroying many of the world’s economies and causing death to many in the society. As such, this is not an exceptional case for Namibia. In light of the challenges caused by this pandemic, this study developed a tracing and monitoring system that could trace and capture all the demographic details for public members visiting pub- lic places and businesses with entrance and exit points. On the foregoing, the system will allow Namibia’s Min- istry of Health and Social Services to easily trace all the public members who visited any public place anywhere and anytime without the social workers having to phys- ically visit public places where the members who would have been diagnosed with the case of Covid-19 would have visited specific business and other public places. The sys- tem will capture demographic data of every customer or public member who visit an enclosed public place or busi- ness facility as well as the date and time the facility was visited. This approach is environmental friendly and sus- tainable as it is not paper based and incorporate technology in the tracing and monitoring system. The system replaces the paper-based method of recording the information of people visiting public places or business with an entrance that permits the coming in and out of people. The sys- tem will also allow for real-time monitoring of temperature 35
  • 2. 36 Nikodemus Angula and Faye Tjaheja Kandjeo changes of individuals. Moving into a new era of health- care, new tools and devices need to be developed to extend and improve health services such as remote patient mon- itoring and risk prevention. In this concept, Internet of Things (IoT) and Cloud Computing present great advan- tages by providing remote and efficient services [2]. In India, many patients are dying because of heart attacks and the reason behind some of the deaths is that they are not getting timely and proper help. To give them timely and proper help first there is a need to continuously monitor the patients’ health [2]. The fixed monitoring system can be used only when the patient is on the bed and this sys- tem is only available in hospitals. Additionally this system is helpful in business decision making as consumer behav- ior and perception towards their decision on what product they may likely purchase as a result of ill health will be readily available. The system has also been developed for home use by patients that are not in a critical condition but need to be constantly or periodically monitored by a clini- cian or family member. In any critical condition the SMS is sent to the doctor or any family member. 2 Problem Statement In the Namibian health domain, there is the chal- lenge of public members visiting public places and their demographic information is captured manually which is yet another risk in the spreading of Covid-19. This is because the public members visiting any facility across the 14 regions of the country use one pen that is availed at each facility to write their details and as such this might put public members at risk of contracting Covid-19. This study developed a monitoring and tracing surveillance system that can capture all the details of every public mem- ber visiting any public place that has entrance and exit points country wide. Public health surveillance system are important as they enable contributes data and information to assess and characterise the burden and distribution of adverse health events [3]. 3 Aim and Objectives The main objective of this study is to develop and design a National COVID-19 Health contact tracing and monitoring system for Namibia. Specific objectives are as follows: (a) To identity the current methods used to trace and monitor members of business and public when visit- ing any enclosed public place in Namibia; (b) To analyse the current methods that are being used to trace and monitor members of the public when visit- ing any enclosed public place in Namibia; and Figure 1. Individual’s temperature tracing and monitoring system for Covid-19. (Source: Own source, prototype developed, 2020) The above application system will be used to record and capture details of the member of the public who will visit different public place in Namibia as this will allow health professionals to trace and monitor member of the public’s details in real time and statistical reports would be generated by the system which would aid in health decision making process. The system will be accessed through mobile devices such as smartphone, tablets, laptops, personal computers etc. The patient’s body like temperature, heartbeat, and blood pressure sensors will be used and the sensors will sense the body.
  • 3. National COVID-19 Health Contact Tracing and Monitoring System 37 (c) To evaluate the current methods used to trace and monitor members of the public when visiting any pub- lic place in Namibia; (d) To develop a database from which government and business fraternity could draw information for deci- sion making. 4 Literature Review 4.1 Health Monitoring System In today’s world mobile technologies and smart devices in the health zone has brought on advantage on the world critical care which can be utilized to support healthcare across the globe [4]. With an improvement in technol- ogy and the miniaturisation of sensors, there have been attempts to utilise the new technology in various areas to improve the quality of human life [5]. One main area of research that has seen an adoption of the technology is the healthcare sector. The people in need of healthcare services find it expensive and this is particularly true in develop- ing countries [6]. As a result, this project is an attempt to solve a healthcare problem that society is currently facing. The main objective of the project was to design a remote healthcare monitoring system. 4.2 Contact Tracing and Monitor System This system can be implemented in hospitals as well as in places of residence of the patient. The system monitors the vital health parameter: that is, the heart beat and temper- ature. These parameters are automatically monitored and stored simultaneously by the system [8]. If these parame- ters deviate from their nominal values, an alert message is sent to the concerned doctor [7]. The system promises to provide cost effective, ease of implementation, automatic and continuous monitoring of the patient. 4.3 The Tracing and Monitor Health Surveil- lance System In today’s world surveillance systems play a crucial role in improving population health [10]. Similarly, [11] public health surveillance systems function is to generate infor- mation that aid businesses to make strategic decisions. Morever, public health surveillance systems enable remote mobile health monitoring system to provide end-to-end solution such as physiologic parameters, provides doctors and family with necessary data [12]. 5 Research Significance The system is crucial because the system can keep track of the individual’s temperature from “yesterday”, “today” and “last month”. The study will also encourage real time ordering system for government medication and schedul- ing of materials. It will further assist to link government and business procurement services. 6 Research Methods The study used a survey to gather requirements that enabled the development of a prototype guided by design science research which focuses on the development and performance of (designed) artifacts with the explicit inten- tion of improving the functional performance of the artifact. 7 The Tracing and Monitor Health Surveillance System Demonstrator This system can trace and monitor the temperature for an individual that visits public places in Namibia, which includes the temperature for the present day, temperature for last month and also the temperature for the individual for the previous day (yesterday). 7.1 Covid-19 Contact Tracer on the Namibian Map The system can monitor and trace contact through the 14 regions of Namibia. A public member or customer that vis- its any public place or business anywhere, anytime in the 14 regions can be traced any time and information of that particular public member can be reported directly to the database at the Ministry of Health and Social Services in Namibia. 8 Business Benefits of the Tracing and 3.5 Monitoring System The system will keep record of all individuals visiting pub- lic places that have an entrance for coming in and out of public places. The system replaces the paper based method of recording the details of the people visiting public places. The system will allow for the real-time monitoring of temperature changes of individuals. The social cultural variables of customers in the business environment can easily be traced by suppliers and correct business decisions that will add on to the business competitive advantage will be effected. Just in time ordering system would then be eas- ily adopted through e-procurement.
  • 4. 38 Nikodemus Angula and Faye Tjaheja Kandjeo 9 Conclusion In today’s world healthcare monitoring systems are very crucial as they allow continuous monitoring of the patient’s vital signs and also help the doctor or people in the family to monitor the emergency alarm from patients. In addition, healthcare monitoring systems help to prevent and protect the patients while the need of customers in the health sec- tors will be attended to without delay. References [1] Abdelmageed, S. T., Virrankoski, R., & El-musrati, P. M. (2014). Wireless Health Monitoring System The Vital Trans- mitter, (August). https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.4995.2648. [2] Albusaidi, S. (2018). Contribution of Monitoring and Eval- uation to Promote Good Governance in, (January). https: //doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.30075.62247. [3] Gay, V., Gay, V., & Leijdekkers, P. (2015). A health monitoring system using smart phones and wearable sensors A Health Monitoring System Using Smart Phones and Wearable Sen- sors, (November). [4] Groseclose, S. L., & Buckeridge, D. L. (2017). Public health surveillance systems: Recent advances in their use and eval- uation, (December 2016), 1–23. Retrieved from https://doi. org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031816-044348. [5] Hassan, A., & Sheng, S. B. (2019). An Automated Irrigation System Using Arduino Microcontroller, 1908(January), 2–6. [6] Ibrahim, A. A., & Zhuopeng, W. (2018). Open access IoT patient health monitoring system, 8(1), 77–80. https://doi.org/ 10.9790/9622-0801037780. [7] Patel, M., Narde, R. S., Shivnatri, V., Pavankumar, B., & Chakraborty, S. (2013). Design and implementation of remote medical health monitoring system. Proceedings – 2013 Texas Instruments India Educators’ Conference, TIIEC, 2(6), 77–83. [8] Priya, B., Rajendran, S., Bala, R., & Gobbi, R. (2009). Remote wireless health monitoring systems. 2009 Inno- vative Technologies in Intelligent Systems and Industrial Applications, CITISIA 2009, (July 2009), 383–388. https:// doi.org/10.1109/CITISIA.2009.5224177. https://doi.org/10. 1109/TIIEC.2013.21. [9] Priya, B., Rajendran, S., Bala, R., & Gobbi, R. (2009). Remote wireless health monitoring. [10] Rani, S. U., Ignatious, A., Hari, B. V., & Balavishnu, V. J. (2017). Iot patient health monitoring. [11] Rodrigues, M. J., Postolache, O., & Cercas, F. (2020). Physio- logical and behavior monitoring systems for smart health- care environments: A review. Sensors (Switzerland), 20(8), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20082186. [12] Systems. 2009 Innovative Technologies in Intelligent Systems and Industrial Applications, CITISIA 2009, (June), 383—388. https://doi.org/10.1109/CITISIA.2009.5224177. Zhang, Y., Liu, H., Su, X., Jiang, P., & Wei, D. (2015). On smart phone and browser/server structure. Journal of Health- care Engineering, 6(4), 717–738.